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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Euodice malabarica'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22719770A131997686 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719770A131997686.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Euodice malabarica'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22719770A131997686 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719770A131997686.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Indian Silverbill3.jpg
| image = Indian Silverbill3.jpg
| image2 = [[File:20211231102339 IMG 1076~3.jpg|thumb|Pair at timbi lake vadodara Gujarat]]
| image2 =
| genus = Euodice
| genus = Euodice
| species = malabarica
| species = malabarica

Revision as of 17:22, 29 June 2024

Indian silverbill
Pair at timbi lake vadodara Gujarat
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Estrildidae
Genus: Euodice
Species:
E. malabarica
Binomial name
Euodice malabarica
Synonyms
  • Loxia malabarica Linnaeus, 1758
  • Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus, 1758)

The Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (Euodice malabarica) is a small passerine bird found in the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining regions that was formerly considered to include the closely related African silverbill (Euodice cantans). This estrildid finch is a common resident breeding bird in the drier regions of the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent. It has also been introduced into many other parts of the world and has become established in some areas. They forage in small flocks in grassland and scrub habitats.

Taxonomy

The Indian silverbill was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed the species with the crossbills in the genus Loxia and coined the binomial name Loxia malabarica. [2] The specific epithet is from the Malbar region on the west coast of India.[3] Linnaeus specified the locality as India but this was restricted to the Malabar region by E. C. Stuart Baker in 1926.[4][5] The Indian silverbill is now placed with the African silverbill in the genus Euodice that was introduced by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1862.[6][7] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[7]

The Indian and Africa silverbills were formerly placed in the genus Lonchura. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2020 found that these two silverbills formed a clade that was basal to the members of Lonchura.[7][8]

Description

The adult Indian silverbill is 11–11.5 cm long and has a conical silver-grey bill, buff-brown upperparts, white underparts, buffy flanks and dark wings. The tail is black and the wings are dark contrasting with a white rump. The sexes are similar, but immatures have buff underparts and a shorter tail. The tail appears pointed as the length of the feathers reduces from the centre outwards. It feeds mainly on seeds, but also takes insects and has been known to visit nectar bearing flowers, such as those of Erythrina trees.[9][10]

Habitat and distribution

It frequents dry open scrub, fallow land and cultivation, sometimes near water. Although mainly found on the plains, they can be found up to about 1200 m in some sub-Himalayan regions.[11] It occurs in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Iran and Israel. It has been accidentally introduced into many other parts of the world and has established itself in Jordan, Israel, Kuwait, Oman, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Egypt since 2019, United States, Virgin Islands (possibly extinct) and Nice (southern France).

Although largely sedentary, some populations make seasonal movements.[12][13]

Behaviour and ecology

These birds are gregarious and are found in flocks of as many as 60 birds. They feed on the ground or on low shrubs and grass stalks. They constantly utter a low cheeping or chirping contact call as they forage. They visit water and drink with a rapid sip and swallow action.[9] Their feed on a wide range of grass seeds and will also make use of crop species.[14] The breeding season is spread out and varies with region. They nest in winter in southern India and after summer in northern India. The nest, an untidy ball of grasses with an opening on the side, is placed in low shrubs, often on thorny Acacia. They are also known to make use of the old nests of baya weaver sometimes even visiting those that are occupied by the weaver birds. They will sometimes build their nest below the platform nests of vultures or storks.[15][16][17] Old nests are used as dormitories through the year for roosting. Females are known to lay their eggs in the nests of other pairs.[18][19] The clutch varies from 4 to 8 white eggs and these are incubated by both parents for about 11 days.[9][20][21] Helpers may be involved in breeding as more than a pair are sometimes seen at a nest.[22]

Several parasitic protozoans and coccidia (Sivatoshella lonchurae) have been described from the species.[23][24][25]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Euodice malabarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22719770A131997686. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719770A131997686.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 175.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Baker, E.C. Stuart (1930). The Fauna of British India Birds including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. p. 89.
  5. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 369.
  6. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1862). Die Singvögel als Fortsetzung de vollständigsten Naturgeschichte und zugleich als Central-Atlas für zoologische Gärten und für Thierfreunde. Ein durch zahlreiche illuminirte Abbildungen illustrirtes Handbuch zur richtigten Bestimmung und Pflege der Thiere aller Classen (in German). Dresden and Leipzig: Expedition Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. p. 46.
  7. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  8. ^ Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (2020). "A comprehensive phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the waxbills (Aves: Estrildidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 146: 106757. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106757.
  9. ^ a b c Ali, S; SD Ripley (1999). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 10 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 110–112.
  10. ^ Oates, EW (1890). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 2. Taylor and Francis, London. p. 188.
  11. ^ Rand, AL; Fleming, RC (1957). "Birds from Nepal". Fieldiana: Zoology. 41 (1): 1–218.
  12. ^ Fulton, HT (1904). "Notes on the birds of Chitral". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16 (1): 44–64.
  13. ^ Johnson, J Mangalaraj (1968). "White Throated Munias Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus) - local migration and nesting season". Indian Forester. 94: 780–781.
  14. ^ Verma, SK; Rana, BD (1977). "Observations on Lonchura malabarica, a serious pest of Panicum miliaceum in Rajasthan". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 17 (8): 9–10.
  15. ^ Thakkar, PS (1982). "White-throated Munia nesting in association with nest of Storks". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 22 (2): 9–10.
  16. ^ Parasharya, BM (1982). "Unusual nesting sites of Whitethroated Munia Lonchura malabarica". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 22 (11–12): 9.
  17. ^ Karanth, KP (1987). "Strange nesting habits of Munias". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 27 (11–12): 11.
  18. ^ Dhindsa, MS; Sandhu, PS (1988). "Response of the Baya Weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus) to eggs of the White-throated Munia (Lonchura malabarica): relation to possible incipient brood parasitism". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 220: 216–222.
  19. ^ Dhindsa, MS (1983). "Intraspecific nest parasitism in the White-throated Munia". Notornis. 30 (2): 87–92.
  20. ^ Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 214–215. ISBN 1-4067-4576-6.
  21. ^ Butler, AG (1899). Foreign finches in captivity (2nd ed.). Brumby and Clarke, Hull and London. pp. 204–211.
  22. ^ Rasmussen PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 572.
  23. ^ Das Gupta, DM; Siddons LB (1941). "On a Trypanosome of the white throated Munia - Uroloncha malabarica Linn". Ind. Med. Gaz. 76 (3): 151–152. PMC 5185183. PMID 29013662.
  24. ^ Grewal, MS (1963). "Studies on the blood parasites of the White-throated Munia, Uroloncha malabarica Linnaeus". Indian Journal of Malariology. 17: 55–64. PMID 14272605.
  25. ^ Ray HN; AC Sarkar (1968). "A New Coccidium Sivatoshella lonchurae n. gen., n. sp., from Lonchura malabarica and L. punctulata". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 15 (4): 640–643. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02186.x.
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