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== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Mehmet Shehu was born into a [[Tosks|Tosk Albanian]] family,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0dAQAAMAAJ |title=Mashriq: Proceedings of the Eastern Mediterranean Seminar, University of Manchester, 1979-1982 |date=1983 |publisher=University of Manchester |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jelavich |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC |title=History of the Balkans: Volume 2 |date=1983-07-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-27459-3 |language=en}}</ref> with his father being an [[Islam in Albania|Albanian Muslim]] [[Imam]]. He was born in [[Çorrush]], [[Mallakastër District]], [[southern Albania]].
Mehmet Shehu was born into a [[Tosks|Tosk Albanian]] family,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0dAQAAMAAJ |title=Mashriq: Proceedings of the Eastern Mediterranean Seminar, University of Manchester, 1979-1982 |date=1983 |publisher=University of Manchester |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jelavich |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC |title=History of the Balkans: Volume 2 |date=1983-07-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-27459-3 |language=en}}</ref> and his father was an [[Islam in Albania|Albanian Muslim]] [[Imam]]. He was born in [[Çorrush]], [[Mallakastër District]], [[southern Albania]].


Shehu graduated in 1932 at the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School funded by the [[American Red Cross]]. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in finding employment within the Ministry of Agriculture he managed to get a scholarship to attend the [[Nunziatella military academy]] of [[Naples]], [[Italy]]. After being expelled from this school for his pro-Communist sympathies in 1936 he gained entry to the Tirana Officers School, but he left the following year after volunteering to fight for the republican side in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He joined the [[Communist Party of Spain]] and was a machine-gunner<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tremlett |first1=Giles |title=The International Brigades |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-5398-6 |page=531}}</ref> who rose to the command of the Fourth Battalion of the [[XII International Brigade|XIIth ''Garibaldi'' Brigade]]. After the defeat of the Republican forces he was arrested in France in early 1939 as he was retreating from Spain along with his friends. He was imprisoned in an [[internment]] camp in [[France]] and later was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.<ref name="auto"/>
In 1932, Shehu graduated from the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School, a school which was funded by the [[American Red Cross]]. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in his attempt to find employment within the Ministry of Agriculture, he managed to get a scholarship to attend the [[Nunziatella military academy]] in [[Naples]], [[Italy]]. After he was expelled from that school for his pro-Communist activities in 1936, he gained entry into the Tirana Officers School, but the following year, he left that school after he volunteered to fight on the [[Second Spanish Republic|republican side]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He joined the [[Communist Party of Spain]], fought for it as a machine-gunner<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tremlett |first1=Giles |title=The International Brigades |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-5398-6 |page=531}}</ref> and became the commander of the Fourth Battalion of the [[XII International Brigade|XIIth ''Garibaldi'' Brigade]]. After the Republican forces were defeated in early 1939, he and his friends retreated and escaped to France, where he was arrested. He was imprisoned in an [[internment]] camp in [[France]] and later, he was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.<ref name="auto"/>


== Partisan life ==
== Partisan life ==

Revision as of 02:24, 1 July 2024

Mehmet Shehu
Official portrait, c. 1950s
23rd Prime Minister of Albania
In office
20 July 1954 – 18 December 1981
LeaderEnver Hoxha (First Secretary)
Preceded byEnver Hoxha
Succeeded byAdil Çarçani
Minister of Internal Affairs
In office
23 November 1948 – 23 July 1954
Prime MinisterEnver Hoxha
Preceded byNesti Kerenxhi
Succeeded byKadri Hazbiu
Minister of People's Defence
In office
28 October 1974 – 18 December 1981
Prime MinisterHimself
Adil Çarçani
Preceded byBeqir Balluku
Succeeded byKadri Hazbiu
Personal details
Born(1913-01-10)January 10, 1913
Çorrush, Fier County, Albania
DiedDecember 18, 1981(1981-12-18) (aged 68)
Tirana, Albania
Manner of deathSuicide, Assassination (allegedly)
Political partyParty of Labour of Albania
SpouseFiqrete Sanxhaktari
Signature
Military service
Battles/wars

Mehmet Ismail Shehu (January 10, 1913 – December 18, 1981) was an Albanian communist politician who served as the Prime Minister of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1954 to 1981. He was known as a close confidant of Enver Hoxha and served in various high-ranking positions in the government.

Shehu was Chief of the General Staff of the Albanian People's Army from 1946 to 1948 and later served as Minister of the Interior from 1948 to 1954. He then assumed the position of Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1954 to 1981 and additionally served as Minister of People's Defense from 1974 to 1980. Shehu was often regarded as the right hand of Enver Hoxha and played a central role in Albania's political leadership during that era.[1]

In 1938, he joined the International Brigades in Spain and fought as an officer in the 4th Battalion of the Italian Garibaldi Brigade. A member of the Spanish Communist Party, he moved to France after Franco's victory and was interned there from 1939 to 1942. He was handed over by the Vichy government to the fascists who sent him to Tirana. He left the company of his escort and joined the maquis and the Albanian Communist Party. Commander of the 1st Brigade of the National Liberation Army since 1943, Mehmet Shehu took part in the Battle of Gjorm on January 1, Liberation of Tepelena on September 10 and liberation of Tirana on November 8, 1944.

As an acknowledged military tactician, without whose leadership the communist partisans may well have failed in their battle to win Albania for the Marxist-Leninist cause, Shehu exhibited an ideological understanding and work ethic that singled him out for rapid promotion in the communist party.[2]

Mehmet Shehu shared power with Enver Hoxha from the end of the Second World War. According to official Albanian government sources, he killed himself on December 18, 1981, after which his family was arrested. Persistent rumors remain, however, that Shehu was actually murdered on orders from Hoxha.

Early life

Mehmet Shehu was born into a Tosk Albanian family,[3][4] and his father was an Albanian Muslim Imam. He was born in Çorrush, Mallakastër District, southern Albania.

In 1932, Shehu graduated from the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School, a school which was funded by the American Red Cross. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in his attempt to find employment within the Ministry of Agriculture, he managed to get a scholarship to attend the Nunziatella military academy in Naples, Italy. After he was expelled from that school for his pro-Communist activities in 1936, he gained entry into the Tirana Officers School, but the following year, he left that school after he volunteered to fight on the republican side in the Spanish Civil War. He joined the Communist Party of Spain, fought for it as a machine-gunner[5] and became the commander of the Fourth Battalion of the XIIth Garibaldi Brigade. After the Republican forces were defeated in early 1939, he and his friends retreated and escaped to France, where he was arrested. He was imprisoned in an internment camp in France and later, he was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.[2]

Partisan life

Mehmet Shehu as a partisan, 1944

Shehu volunteered for the war in Spain, illegally crossing the border between France and Spain in November 1937. Once in Spain, he joined the 13th Interbrigade (the Garibaldi Brigade) and quickly rose to become the Deputy Commander of the 4th Battalion of the Garibaldi Brigade. He became a member of the Spanish Communist Party in December 1937.[6]

After the war in Spain, when the International Brigades and the Spanish Republican Army withdrew to France, Shehu was interned on February 9, 1939, in a French concentration camp by the regime of Daladier, Paul Reynaud, and Pétain. He remained there for 40 months and became a member of the Party Committee of the camp.[7]

Mehmet Shehu's military career began in 1942 when he returned to Albania under Italian occupation and promptly joined the Albanian Communist Party and the Albanian resistance in Mallakastra. He was regarded as highly successful and victorious in battles such as Gjorm, Tepelena, and Tirana. By 1943, he had been elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Due to his military expertise, he quickly rose to become the commander of the 1st Partisan Assault Brigade in August 1943. Subsequently, he led the 1st Partisan Assault Division of the National Liberation Army. He served as a member of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation, the provisional government, from 1944 to 1945.[8]

In 1944, he was promoted to Major General and became the Second Assistant to the Chief of Staff.


Military career

Mehmet Shehu as Chief of the General Staff of the Albanian People's Army in 1946

After Albania was liberated from the German occupation in November 1944, Shehu became the deputy chief of the general staff and, after he studied in Moscow, became the chief of the general staff. Later, he was also a lieutenant general and a full general.

In 1948, Shehu "expurgated" from the party the element who "tried to separate Albania from the Soviet Union and lead her under Belgrade's influence". This made him the nearest person to Enver Hoxha and brought him high offices. After the purge of Koçi Xoxe, he took over the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[9] However, he remained in Hoxha's shadow.

From 1948, he was a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, and, from 1948 to 1953, he was a secretary of the Central Committee. He lost the latter position on June 24 when Enver Hoxha gave up the posts of Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs while retaining the premiership. Hoxha was probably not willing to yield too much power to him. From 1948 to 1954 he was deputy prime minister (deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers) and Minister of Internal Affairs. The latter post made him commander of the secret police, the Sigurimi. In 1954, he succeeded Hoxha as Prime Minister. From 1974 he was also the Minister of People's Defence while from 1947 to his death he was a deputy of the People's Assembly.

Hard line man

During the war, Shehu won a reputation for brutality. Mike Burke, the American spymaster who set up a 1950 paramilitary project to destabilize and oust the Albanian government, said in 1986 that Shehu was "one tough son of a bitch", whose security forces gave U.S. agents "a tough time".

During the discussion at the Meeting of 81 Communist and Workers' Parties in November 1960, Nikita Khrushchev asked Shehu if he had any criticisms of Joseph Stalin, to which Shehu replied: "Yes, not getting rid of you!"[10]

Last years

Shehu was considered Enver Hoxha's right-hand man and he was also considered the second most powerful man in Albania. For 40 years, Hoxha was Shehu's friend and closest comrade. On his 50th birthday in 1963, Hoxha honored Shehu by attaching his name to the name of the local military-political academy, it was named the "Mehmet Shehu Military Academy".[11] Shehu was one of those who initiated the formation of the Chinese-Albanian alliance and he was also one of those who initiated the break in relations between Albania and the Soviet Union (December 1961). However, his relationship with Hoxha was damaged when his son married a woman who had anti-Communist relatives who lived in the United States. This situation led the Politburo to hold a meeting in which it discussed his future.[12]

On December 17, 1981, he was found dead in his bedroom, (he was lying in his bed and he was wearing sunglasses, a shirt and pyjamas) with a bullet wound to his chest. According to the official announcement on Radio Tirana, he killed himself in a nervous breakdown.[13] Many of his contemporaries, including his personal bodyguard, have repeatedly claimed that he was murdered. No official investigation into the matter has been conducted since the fall of the regime.

After his death, Shehu was accused of spying, not only was he accused of spying for Yugoslavia, he was also accused of spying for the CIA and the KGB. This accusation was substantiated by a CIA document which was obtained by Pirro Andoni, then the country's ambassador to Argentina, the document contained an outline of a plot in which Mehmet Shehu would assassinate Enver Hoxha, take control of the Party of Labour of Albania, and restore Albania's diplomatic and economic relations with the West.[14] In Hoxha's book The Titoites (1982) several chapters are dedicated to Hoxha's denunciation of Shehu.[15] In 1982, the Party of Labour issued a second edition of its official history, removing all references to Shehu from it.[16][17]

Reportedly, Shehu had begun to denounce Hoxha's policy of isolationism. He had reached out to the governments of some western nations like Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany in an attempt to form diplomatic and economic ties with them.[13] Albanians speculated that Hoxha, who was in the last years of his life, wanted to secure his legacy and he did not want Albania to be ruled by a successor who might outshine him.[12] He was denounced as an “enemy of the people” and then, he was buried in a wasteland which was located near the village of Ndroq, near Tirana.

Shehu’s family was also punished. His widow, Fiqerete, (born Sanxhaktari) and two of his sons were arrested without any explanation and later, they were imprisoned on different pretexts. One son committed suicide and his widow died in prison in 1988.[12] One of Shehu's surviving sons later launched a campaign to prove that his father was murdered. After the fall of Communism and after his release from prison in 1991, Mehmet Shehu's younger son Bashkim started to search for his father's remains. On November 19, 2001, it was announced that Mehmet Shehu's remains had been found.

A fictionalised account of Mehmet Shehu's fall and death is the subject of Ismail Kadare's novel The Successor (2003).

Ideology

During his leadership, Shehu was often characterized as a nationalist figure[18] with a staunch anti-Yugoslav[19][20][21]and anti-Slavic stance.[22][23] Additionally, his ideology was sometimes perceived as reflecting elements of bourgeois nationalism, emphasizing the interests of certain elite groups within Albanian society. Moreover, he was seen as holding discriminatory views towards minorities such as the Roma, and in 1960, he attempted to ban Roma from entering Albanian cities.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mehmet Shehu | Communist leader, Prime Minister, Albania | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  2. ^ a b Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Volume 1 Author Bernard A. Cook Publisher Taylor & Francis, 2001 ISBN 0-8153-4058-3, ISBN 978-0-8153-4058-4
  3. ^ Mashriq: Proceedings of the Eastern Mediterranean Seminar, University of Manchester, 1979-1982. University of Manchester. 1983.
  4. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983-07-29). History of the Balkans: Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
  5. ^ Tremlett, Giles (2020). The International Brigades. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 531. ISBN 978-1-4088-5398-6.
  6. ^ Pipa, Arshi (1990). Albanian Stalinism: Ideo-political Aspects. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-184-5.
  7. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010-03-19). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3.
  8. ^ Hoxha, Enver (1982). The Titoites. Tirana: The «8 Nëntori» Publishing House. p. 597. OCLC 654529262.
  9. ^ Albert Lulushi (2014-06-13). "Operation Valuable Fiend: The CIA's First Paramilitary Strike Against the Iron Curtain". Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781628723946.
  10. ^ Ash, William (1974). Pickaxe and Rifle. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd. p. 201. ISBN 070300039X.
  11. ^ Agency, United States Central Intelligence (1963). Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts.
  12. ^ a b c Fred C. Abrahams (2015-05-15). "Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe". NYU Press. ISBN 9781479896684.
  13. ^ a b "Gen. Mehmet Shehu Dead at 68; Served Albania as Prime Minister". New York Times. 1981-12-19.
  14. ^ "Ish-ambasadori shqiptar në Argjentinë, Pirro Andoni: "Unë, ambasadori që rrëmbeva paktin e CIA-s me Mehmet Shehun"". Zani i Malësisë. 29 August 2017.
  15. ^ "Albanian Communist Leader Dies". Chicago Tribune. 1985-04-12.
  16. ^ Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies (1971). History of the Party of Labor of Albania. Tirana, Albania: Naim Frashëri Publishing House. p. 309. Having secured a footing in the Political Directorate, it concentrated its attacks on the General Staff of the Army and its Chief Comrade Mehmet Shehu who defended the correct line of the Party and the independence of the People's Army.
  17. ^ Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies (1982). History of the Party of Labor of Albania (PDF) (2nd ed.). Tirana, Albania: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. p. 229. Having secured a footing in the Political Directorate, it concentrated its attacks on the correct line of the Party in the military domain and the independence of the People's Army.
  18. ^ Bulletin: Inside China's Cold War. Cold War Bulletin.
  19. ^ Telos. 1984.
  20. ^ Pipa, Arshi (1990). Albanian Stalinism: Ideo-political Aspects. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-184-5. As a result, Hoxha survived, whereas Shehu was dismissed for his "anti-yugoslavism".
  21. ^ Kola, Paulin (2003). The Search for Greater Albania. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-596-1.
  22. ^ White, William Lindsay (1969). Report on the Asians. William Morrow. Mehmet Shehu , bitterly anti- Russian premier of Albania , but without saying where or when the picture had been taken .
  23. ^ World Literature Today. University of Oklahoma Press. 1993.

Bibliography

  • Shehu, Duro. Mehmet Shehu: Im vëlla, Tirana, Bota Shqiptare: 2008.
Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania
1954–1981 		Succeeded by
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