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==Uses==
==Uses==
''P. microphylla'' is used for food. The leaves can be used to make a [[pectin]]-rich gel that is something like [[tofu]].<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="LI">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Gang-feng |last2=YAN |first2=Hong-bo |last3=KANG |first3=Ming |last4=WANG |first4=Huan |last5=HE |first5=Zhi-jun |last6=ZHOU |first6=Qiang-ying |last7=ZHANG |first7=Hua-min |title=豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化 |journal=食品研究与开发 |date=19 February 2017 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015 |url=http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Optimization of Processing Technology of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz Leaf Tofu |language=zh |issn=1005-6521 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172717/http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This green gel is called '''{{lang|zh|神仙豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|shénxiān dòufu}}''', immortal/divine tofu)<ref name="LI" /> or '''{{lang|zh|观音豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|Guānyīn dòufu}}''', '''Guanyin tofu''').<ref name="LIWANG" /> The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),<ref name="LIWANG" /> and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like [[hard wheat]] (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).<ref name="steinke">{{cite book | last = Steinke | first = Waggle | name-list-style = vanc |title= New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy|publisher= CRC Press|year= 1992|pages=91–100|isbn= 978-0-8493-6904-9|display-authors= etal}}</ref><ref name=vernon>{{cite journal | vauthors = Young VR, Pellett PL | title = Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 59 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = 1203S–1212S | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8172124 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s | url = http://www.ajcn.org/content/59/5/1203S.full.pdf | access-date = 6 July 2024 | archive-date = 28 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200428173157/https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/59/5/1203S/24113861/1203s.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
''P. microphylla'' is used for food. The leaves can be used to make a [[pectin]]-rich gel that is something like [[tofu]].<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="LI">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Gang-feng |last2=YAN |first2=Hong-bo |last3=KANG |first3=Ming |last4=WANG |first4=Huan |last5=HE |first5=Zhi-jun |last6=ZHOU |first6=Qiang-ying |last7=ZHANG |first7=Hua-min |title=豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化 |journal=食品研究与开发 |date=19 February 2017 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015 |url=http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Optimization of Processing Technology of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz Leaf Tofu |language=zh |issn=1005-6521 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172717/http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This green gel is called '''{{lang|zh|神仙豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|shénxiān dòufu}}''', immortal/divine tofu)<ref name="LI" /> or '''{{lang|zh|观音豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|Guānyīn dòufu}}''', '''Guanyin tofu''').<ref name="LIWANG" /> The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),<ref name="LIWANG" /> and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like [[hard wheat]] (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).<ref name="steinke">{{cite book | last = Steinke | first = Waggle | name-list-style = vanc |title= New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy|publisher= CRC Press|year= 1992|pages=91–100|isbn= 978-0-8493-6904-9|display-authors= etal}}</ref><ref name=vernon>{{cite journal | vauthors = Young VR, Pellett PL | title = Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 59 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = 1203S–1212S | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8172124 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s | url = http://www.ajcn.org/content/59/5/1203S.full.pdf | access-date = 6 July 2024 | archive-date = 28 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200428173157/https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/59/5/1203S/24113861/1203s.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

Much effort has been made to develop ''P. microphylla'' as an industrial source of pectin.<ref name="LIWANG" /> The leaves contain 30-40% pectin.<ref name="LIWANG" />


The plant is also used for [[bonsai]] because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.<ref name="Chan" /> The bonsai trunks are evocative of [[driftwood]], similar to [[Juniperus chinensis 'Shimpaku'|shimpaku juniper]].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Peter |title=The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai |date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=9781784720063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=897024475 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448#v=onepage&q=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A specimen of ''P. microphylla'' was used as an autonomous bonsai in the [[art installation]] titled ''Premna Daemon''.<ref name="Roth">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Christopher |last2=Malik |first2=Suhail |last3=Seidler |first3=Paul |last4=Rafferty |first4=Penny |last5=Noorizadeh |first5=Bahar |last6=Raesaar |first6=Kristel |title=REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH |isbn=9783775753432 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=1372166991 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521213549/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Medium">{{cite web |author1=((terra0)) |title=Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |website=Medium |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223011935/https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="github">{{cite web |title=terra0 |url=https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |website=github |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Info Institute">{{cite web |title=Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |website=Info Institute |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705162842/https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The plant is also used for [[bonsai]] because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.<ref name="Chan" /> The bonsai trunks are evocative of [[driftwood]], similar to [[Juniperus chinensis 'Shimpaku'|shimpaku juniper]].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Peter |title=The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai |date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=9781784720063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=897024475 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448#v=onepage&q=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A specimen of ''P. microphylla'' was used as an autonomous bonsai in the [[art installation]] titled ''Premna Daemon''.<ref name="Roth">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Christopher |last2=Malik |first2=Suhail |last3=Seidler |first3=Paul |last4=Rafferty |first4=Penny |last5=Noorizadeh |first5=Bahar |last6=Raesaar |first6=Kristel |title=REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH |isbn=9783775753432 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=1372166991 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521213549/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Medium">{{cite web |author1=((terra0)) |title=Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |website=Medium |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223011935/https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="github">{{cite web |title=terra0 |url=https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |website=github |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Info Institute">{{cite web |title=Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |website=Info Institute |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705162842/https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Revision as of 18:10, 6 July 2024

Premna microphylla
"Premna microphylla"
Premna microphylla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Premna
Species:
P. microphylla
Binomial name
Premna microphylla
Synonyms[3]

Premna microphylla is a tree[4] in the mint family (Lamiaceae).[3]

Names

P. microphylla has the English common names Japanese premna,[5] (Japanese) musk maple,[6] and Japanese neem tree.[6]

The specific epithet microphylla derives from Greek μικροϛ (micros) and φυλλον (phyllon) and means 'small leaves'.[6][7] The name for the genus Premna derives from the Greek πρέμνον (premnon, tree stump) refers to the short trunks that some species have.[6]

In Japanese it is called ハマクサギ (hamakusagi).[4]

In China, it is known as 豆腐柴 (dòufu chái 'tofu wood'), 斑鸠树 (bānjiū shù 'turtledove tree'),[8] 臭黄荆 (chòu huáng jīng 'stinky yellow thorn'), 腐蜱 (fǔ pí 'rotten tick'), and 观音草 (guānyīn cǎo 'Guanyin grass').[9]

In Taiwan it is called 臭黃荊 (chòu huáng jīng)[10]

The plant is called cách lá nhỏ in Vietnamese.[11]

小葉臭魚木?

Uses

P. microphylla is used for food. The leaves can be used to make a pectin-rich gel that is something like tofu.[9][8] This green gel is called 神仙豆腐 (shénxiān dòufu, immortal/divine tofu)[8] or 观音豆腐 (Guānyīn dòufu, Guanyin tofu).[9] The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),[9] and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like hard wheat (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).[12][13]

Much effort has been made to develop P. microphylla as an industrial source of pectin.[9] The leaves contain 30-40% pectin.[9]

The plant is also used for bonsai because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.[14] The bonsai trunks are evocative of driftwood, similar to shimpaku juniper.[14] A specimen of P. microphylla was used as an autonomous bonsai in the art installation titled Premna Daemon.[15][16][17][18]

Description

P. microphylla is a tree[4] and has square, woody, mostly smooth stems and branches.[2] The plant reaches 2–6 m in height.[9] It grows and a nanophanerophyte or phanerophyte.[3]

The leaves are sessile, ovate-lanceolate in shape and tapered near the tip.[2] The leaf margins are serrate from the middle to the apex.[2] Both sides of the leaves are scabrous and covered with very short 'hairs'.[2] The leaves have a strong odor[9] that has been compared to those Serissa.[14]

The flowers are hermaphroditic. The 5-part calyx is short and surrounds a funnel-shaped corolla[2] that is pale yellow.[9] The petals are 0.3–0.4 inches (7.6–10.2 mm) long.[2] The cream-colored and zygomorphic flowers bloom in May and August[4]

The drupe is obovate to nearly spherical and purple-black when ripe.[9]

Major compounds found the the essential oil include blumenol c, β-cedrene, limonene, α-guaiene, cryptone, and α-cyperone.[19]

Distribution

The plant is found in southern China,[2][3], central and southern Japan,[3][4] and Taiwan.[3][10] It prefers growing in slightly acidic to acidic soil mainly on woodland edges or understory at an altitude of 500–1000 m in elevation.[9]

Ecology

The growing season is yearly from March to November.[9] The pollination syndrome for P. microphylla is melittophily, with bee and wasp pollinators including Xylocopa amamensis, Cerceris yuwanensis, and Hylaeus insularum.[4]

References

  1. ^ Zhao, L., Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. Premna microphylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T147650548A147650550. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147650548A147650550.en Archived 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed on 3 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Turczaninow, Nikolai (1863). Renard (ed.). "Verbenaceae et Myoporaceae Nonnullae Hucusque Indescriptae" [Verbenaceae and Myoporaceae Several Thus Far Undescribed] (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (in Latin). XXXVI (3): 217. OCLC 12176618. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Premna microphylla" (HTML). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Kew: Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kato, Makoto (31 March 2000). "Anthophilous insect community and plant-pollinator interactions on Amami Islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan". Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University. 29 (2): 157–254. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.861.2315. hdl:2433/156116. ISSN 0452-9987. OCLC 957900493.
  5. ^ Yang, Xinrong (9 March 2013). Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 325. ISBN 9783662051771. OCLC 1012445569. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d "Premna microphylla". Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, MO. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  7. ^ Griffith, Chuck. "micranthiformis – mitissimus". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b c LI, Gang-feng; YAN, Hong-bo; KANG, Ming; WANG, Huan; HE, Zhi-jun; ZHOU, Qiang-ying; ZHANG, Hua-min (19 February 2017). "豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化" [Optimization of Processing Technology of Premna microphylla Turcz Leaf Tofu]. 食品研究与开发 (in Chinese). 38 (14): 68–74. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015. ISSN 1005-6521. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l LI, Mei-qing; WANG, Yuan-li; DONG, Ming; HE, Jin-ling (2011). "豆腐柴的研究与应用综述" [Summarization of research and application of Premna microphylla Turcz]. Science and Technology of Food Industry (in Chinese) (3): 462–464. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029. ISSN 1002-0306. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  10. ^ a b Chung, KF; Shao, KT (17 August 2022). "The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL)". Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Premna microphylla Turcz". Vietnam Plant Data Center. BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2024. Scientific name: Premna microphylla Turcz. Vietnamese name: Cách lá nhỏ
  12. ^ Steinke W, et al. (1992). New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy. CRC Press. pp. 91–100. ISBN 978-0-8493-6904-9.
  13. ^ Young VR, Pellett PL (May 1994). "Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 (5 Suppl): 1203S – 1212S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s. PMID 8172124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  14. ^ a b c Chan, Peter (8 September 2014). The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai. Octopus. ISBN 9781784720063. OCLC 897024475. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  15. ^ Roth, Christopher; Malik, Suhail; Seidler, Paul; Rafferty, Penny; Noorizadeh, Bahar; Raesaar, Kristel (25 May 2022). REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification. Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH. pp. 151–152. ISBN 9783775753432. OCLC 1372166991. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  16. ^ terra0 (16 November 2018). "Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere". Medium. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  17. ^ "terra0". github. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  18. ^ "Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere". Info Institute. 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  19. ^ Zhang, Han-Yu; Gao, Yang; Lai, Peng-Xiang (March 2017). Tzakou, Olga (ed.). "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow". Molecules. 22 (3): 381. doi:10.3390/molecules22030381. OCLC 7181596296. PMC 6155397. PMID 28264507.
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