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'''Michel Jules Alfred Bréal''' ({{IPA-fr|miʃɛl bʁeal|lang}}; 26 March 1832{{snd}}25 November 1915), French [[philologist]], was born at [[Landau]] in [[Palatinate region|Rhenish Palatinate]]. He is often identified as a founder of modern [[semantics]]. He was also the driving force behind the creation of the [[marathon]] race.
'''Michel Jules Alfred Bréal''' ({{IPA-fr|miʃɛl bʁeal|lang}}; 26 March 1832{{snd}}25 November 1915), French [[philologist]], was born at [[Landau]] in [[Palatinate region|Rhenish Palatinate]]. He is often identified as a founder of modern [[semantics]]. He was also the creator of the modern [[marathon]] race, having proposed its first running at the [[1896 Olympic Games]] and offered what would become known as [[Breal's Silver Cup]] to the winner.


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
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After studying at [[Wissembourg]], [[Metz]] and [[Paris]], he entered the [[École Normale Supérieure]] in 1852. In 1857 he went to Berlin, where he studied [[Sanskrit]] under [[Franz Bopp]] and [[Albrecht Weber]]. On his return to France he obtained an appointment in the department of oriental manuscripts at the [[Bibliothèque Impériale]]. In 1864 he became professor of [[comparative grammar]] at the [[Collège de France]], in 1875 member of the [[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres]], in 1879 ''inspecteur général'' for higher education until the abolition of the office in 1888. In 1890 he was made commander of the [[Legion of Honour]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred |volume=4 |page=481}}</ref> He resigned his chair in 1905, and died in Paris.<ref>{{EB1922|inline=1 |title=Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred |volume=30 |page=494 |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri30chisrich#page/494/mode/1up}}</ref>
After studying at [[Wissembourg]], [[Metz]] and [[Paris]], he entered the [[École Normale Supérieure]] in 1852. In 1857 he went to Berlin, where he studied [[Sanskrit]] under [[Franz Bopp]] and [[Albrecht Weber]]. On his return to France he obtained an appointment in the department of oriental manuscripts at the [[Bibliothèque Impériale]]. In 1864 he became professor of [[comparative grammar]] at the [[Collège de France]], in 1875 member of the [[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres]], in 1879 ''inspecteur général'' for higher education until the abolition of the office in 1888. In 1890 he was made commander of the [[Legion of Honour]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred |volume=4 |page=481}}</ref> He resigned his chair in 1905, and died in Paris.<ref>{{EB1922|inline=1 |title=Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred |volume=30 |page=494 |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri30chisrich#page/494/mode/1up}}</ref>


In 1883, Bréal coined the term [[semantics]] in the article “Les lois intellectuelles du langage. Fragment de sémantique” published in the journal ''Annuaire de l'association des études grecques en France'' (page 133).<ref name="aaegf">Michel Bréal, “Les lois intellectuelles du langage. Fragment de sémantique”, ''Annuaire de l'association des études grecques en France'' 17 (1883) 132-142. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44253893?read-now=1&seq=2 Text on JSTOR]</ref>
In 1883, Bréal coined the term [[semantics]] in the article “Les lois intellectuelles du langage. Fragment de sémantique” published in the journal ''Annuaire de l'association des études grecques en France'' (page 133).<ref name="aaegf">Michel Bréal, “Les lois intellectuelles du langage. Fragment de sémantique”, ''Annuaire de l'association des études grecques en France'' 17 (1883) 132-142. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44253893?read-now=1&seq=2 Text on JSTOR]</ref>

Michel Bréal is also credited with the invention of the [[marathon (sport)|marathon]] race. He suggested the event to his friend [[Pierre de Coubertin]] for inclusion at the [[1896 Summer Olympics|first modern Olympics]] in [[Athens]]. The event, meant to connect the modern games with their ancient predecessors, commemorated the Greek soldier [[Pheidippides]] who, according to several legends, ran from the [[Battle of Marathon]] to either Athens or Sparta. [[Breal's Silver Cup]] was awarded to the winner, [[Spyros Louis]], despite initial concerns that a race of such distance was "contrary to the principles of sport and of hygiene."<ref>{{cite news |title=HELLENIC GAMES REVIVED |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean/151013469/ |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=The Inter Ocean |date=19 April 1895 |pages=3}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
Line 42: Line 44:
*a translation of Bopp's ''Comparative Grammar'' (1866–1874), with introductions, which is highly valued.
*a translation of Bopp's ''Comparative Grammar'' (1866–1874), with introductions, which is highly valued.
He also wrote pamphlets on education in France, the teaching of ancient languages, and the reform of French orthography. In 1906 he published ''Pour mieux connaitre Homère''.<ref name="EB1911"/>
He also wrote pamphlets on education in France, the teaching of ancient languages, and the reform of French orthography. In 1906 he published ''Pour mieux connaitre Homère''.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Michel Bréal can also be credited with the invention of the [[marathon (sport)|marathon]] race. He made the suggestion to put this event on the programme of the [[1896 Summer Olympics|first modern Olympics]] in [[Athens]] in 1896 to his friend [[Pierre de Coubertin]]. The event was to commemorate the Greek soldier [[Pheidippides]] who, according to several legends, ran from the [[Battle of Marathon]] to either Athens or Sparta.


* Hans W. Giessen, Heinz-Helmut Lüger, Günther Volz (Hrsg.): Michel Bréal – Grenzüberschreitende Signaturen. Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2007 {{ISBN|3-9373-3363-0}}
* Hans W. Giessen, Heinz-Helmut Lüger, Günther Volz (Hrsg.): Michel Bréal – Grenzüberschreitende Signaturen. Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2007 {{ISBN|3-9373-3363-0}}

Revision as of 22:37, 9 July 2024

"Breal" redirects here. Not to be confused with B-Real.
Michel Bréal
Michel Bréal
Born(1832-03-26)26 March 1832
Landau, Kingdom of Bavaria
Died25 November 1915(1915-11-25) (aged 83)
Paris, France
Main interests
Semantics

Michel Jules Alfred Bréal (French: [miʃɛl bʁeal]; 26 March 1832 – 25 November 1915), French philologist, was born at Landau in Rhenish Palatinate. He is often identified as a founder of modern semantics. He was also the creator of the modern marathon race, having proposed its first running at the 1896 Olympic Games and offered what would become known as Breal's Silver Cup to the winner.

Life and career

Michel Bréal was born at Landau in Germany of French-Jewish parents.[1]

After studying at Wissembourg, Metz and Paris, he entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1852. In 1857 he went to Berlin, where he studied Sanskrit under Franz Bopp and Albrecht Weber. On his return to France he obtained an appointment in the department of oriental manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Impériale. In 1864 he became professor of comparative grammar at the Collège de France, in 1875 member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, in 1879 inspecteur général for higher education until the abolition of the office in 1888. In 1890 he was made commander of the Legion of Honour.[2] He resigned his chair in 1905, and died in Paris.[3]

In 1883, Bréal coined the term semantics in the article “Les lois intellectuelles du langage. Fragment de sémantique” published in the journal Annuaire de l'association des études grecques en France (page 133).[4]

Michel Bréal is also credited with the invention of the marathon race. He suggested the event to his friend Pierre de Coubertin for inclusion at the first modern Olympics in Athens. The event, meant to connect the modern games with their ancient predecessors, commemorated the Greek soldier Pheidippides who, according to several legends, ran from the Battle of Marathon to either Athens or Sparta. Breal's Silver Cup was awarded to the winner, Spyros Louis, despite initial concerns that a race of such distance was "contrary to the principles of sport and of hygiene."[5]

Works

Among his works, which deal mainly with mythological and philological subjects, may be mentioned:

  • L'Étude des origines de la religion zoroastrienne (1862), for which a prize was awarded him by the Académie des Inscriptions
  • Hercule et Cacus (1863), in which he disputes the principles of the symbolic school in the interpretation of myths
  • Le Mythe d'Œdipe (1864)
  • Les Tables eugubines (1875)
  • Mélanges de mythologie et de linguistique (2nd. ed., 1882)
  • Leçons de mots (1882, 1886)
  • Dictionnaire étymologique latin (1885)
  • Grammaire latine (1890).
  • Essai de sémantique (1897), on the signification of words, which was translated into English by Mrs Emmeline Cust with preface by J. P. Postgate.
  • a translation of Bopp's Comparative Grammar (1866–1874), with introductions, which is highly valued.

He also wrote pamphlets on education in France, the teaching of ancient languages, and the reform of French orthography. In 1906 he published Pour mieux connaitre Homère.[2]

  • Hans W. Giessen, Heinz-Helmut Lüger, Günther Volz (Hrsg.): Michel Bréal – Grenzüberschreitende Signaturen. Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2007 ISBN 3-9373-3363-0
  • Hans W. Giessen & Heinz-Helmut Lüger: Ein Grenzgänger der ersten Stunde. Michel Bréal: Vom Marathon zum Pynx in: Dokumente. Zs. für den deutsch-französischen Dialog. Gesellschaft für übernationale Zusammenarbeit, Bonn. Heft 4 / 2008, pp. 59 – 62 ISSN 0012-5172
  • Hans W. Giessen: Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart. (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17). Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2010, ISBN 978-3-941320-46-8.
  • Heinz-Helmut Lüger (dir.), Hans W. Giessen (dir.) et Bernard Weigel (dir.), Entre la France et l'Allemagne : Michel Bréal, intellectuel engagé, Limoges, Lambert-Lucas, 2012 (ISBN 978-2-35935-043-2)
  • Brigitte Nerlich: Michel Bréal: mettre l’homme dans la langue. In: Penser l’histoire des savoirs linguistiques. Hommage à Sylvain Auroux. Textes réunis par Sylvie Archaimbault Jean-Marie Fournier & Valérie Raby, 611-619. Lyon: ENS, 2013. (ISBN 978-2-84788-417-3).
  • Jan Noordegraaf: Salient scholars. Michel Bréal and his Dutch connections. In: Penser l’histoire des savoirs linguistiques. Hommage à Sylvain Auroux. Textes réunis par Sylvie Archaimbault Jean-Marie Fournier & Valérie Raby, 621-632. Lyon: ENS, 2013. (ISBN 978-2-84788-417-3). http://hdl.handle.net/1871/51333

References

  1. ^ Michel Bréal (1832–1915), A forgotten precursor of enunciation and subjectivity Arnaud Fournet
  2. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 481.
  3. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 494.
  4. ^ Michel Bréal, “Les lois intellectuelles du langage. Fragment de sémantique”, Annuaire de l'association des études grecques en France 17 (1883) 132-142. Text on JSTOR
  5. ^ "HELLENIC GAMES REVIVED". The Inter Ocean. 19 April 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
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