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{{User sandbox}}
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{{further|German Concentration Camps Factual Survey}}
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|quote = I felt the need to make a little contribution to the war effort, and I was both overweight and over-age for military service. I knew that if I did nothing, I'd regret it for the rest of my life
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{{short description|Type of license agreement}}
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{{for|the specific French open data license|Open licence (French)}}
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A '''free license''' or '''open license''' is a [[license]] that allows copyrighted work to be reused, modified, and redistributed. The term broadly covers [[free content#Licenses|free content licenses]] and [[open-source license]]s, also known as [[free software licenses]].
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{{further|German Concentration Camps Factual Survey}}
==Free software license==
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{{main|open-source license|free software license}}
|quote = I felt the need to make a little contribution to the war effort, and I was both overweight and over-age for military service. I knew that if I did nothing, I'd regret it for the rest of my life

|source = — Alfred Hitchcock (1967){{sfn|Truffaut|1983|p=159}}
[[File:Open-source-license-chart.svg|thumb|alt=A pie chart displays the most commonly used open source license as Apache at 30%, MIT at 26%, GPL at 18%, BSD at 8%, LGPL at 3%, MPL at 2%, and remaining 13% as licenses with below 1% market share each.|Popular free and open source licenses include the [[Apache License]], the [[MIT License]], the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL), the [[BSD Licenses]], the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] (LGPL) and the [[Mozilla Public License]] (MPL).]]
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[[Free software licenses]], also known as [[open-source licenses]], are [[software license]]s that allow content to be used, modified, and shared.{{sfn|Coleman|2004|loc="Political Agnosticism"}} They facilitate [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS) development.{{sfn|Rosen|2005|pp=73-90}} [[Intellectual property]] (IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works.{{sfn|Rosen|2005|pp=22-23}} Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose.{{sfn|Rosen|2005|pp=103-106}} They [[Grant (law)|grant]] the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the [[source code]], modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the [[Open Source Definition]] and [[The Free Software Definition]].{{sfn|Greenbaum|2016|pp=1304-1305}}
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After 1980, the United States began to treat software as a literary work covered by copyright law.{{sfn|Oman|2018|pp=641-642}} [[Richard Stallman]] founded the [[free software movement]] in response to the rise of [[proprietary software]].{{sfn|Williams|2002|loc=ch.&nbsp;1}} The term "open source" was used by the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), founded by free software developers [[Bruce Perens]] and [[Eric S. Raymond]].{{sfn|Carver|2005|pp=448–450}}{{sfn|Greenbaum|2016|loc=§ I.A}} "Open source" is alternative label that emphasizes the strengths of the [[Open-source software development|open development model]] rather than software freedoms.{{sfn|Brock|2022|loc=§&nbsp;16.3.4}} While the goals behind the terms are different, open-source licenses and [[free software license]]s describe the same type of licenses.{{sfn|Byfield|2008}}
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The two main categories of free and open-source licenses are [[Permissive software license|permissive]] and [[copyleft]].{{sfn|Smith|2022|loc=§&nbsp;3.2}} Both grant permission to change and distribute software. Typically, they require [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution]] and [[software product liability|disclaim liability]].{{sfn|Sen|Subramaniam|Nelson|2008|pp=211-212}}{{sfn|Meeker|2020|loc=16:13}} Permissive licenses come from academia.{{sfn|Rosen|2005|p=69}} Copyleft licenses come from the free software movement.{{sfn|Joy|2022|pp=990-992}} Copyleft licenses require [[derivative works]] to be distributed with the source code and under a similar license.{{sfn|Sen|Subramaniam|Nelson|2008|pp=211-212}}{{sfn|Meeker|2020|loc=16:13}} Since the mid-2000s, courts in multiple countries have upheld the terms of both types of license.{{sfn|Smith|2022|loc=§&nbsp;3.4.1}} Software developers have filed cases as copyright infringement and as breaches of contract.{{sfn|Smith|2022|loc=§&nbsp;3.4}}

==Free content license==
{{main|Free content#Licenses}}
[[File:Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg|thumb|upright=0.85|Definition of Free Cultural Works logo, selected in a logo contest in 2006<ref>[http://freedomdefined.org/Logo_contest Logo contest] on freedomdefined.org (2006)</ref>]]
[[Free content]] [[Free content license]]

[[Open-source hardware]]





A '''free license''' or '''open license'''<ref name="opendefinition"/><ref>[http://opensource.org/docs/osd ''The Open Source Definition'']</ref> is a [[license]] which allows others to [[reuse]] another creator’s work as they wish. Without a special license, these uses are normally prohibited by [[copyright]], [[patent]] or commercial license. Most free licenses are worldwide, [[royalty-free]], [[Non-exclusive license|non-exclusive]], and perpetual (see [[List of copyright durations|copyright durations]]). Free licenses are often the basis of [[crowdsourcing]] and [[crowdfunding]] projects.

The invention of the term "free license" and the focus on the [[License-free software#Rights for users|rights of users]] were connected to the sharing traditions of the [[hacker culture]] of the 1970s public domain software ecosystem, the social and political [[free software movement]] (since 1980) and the [[open source movement]] (since the 1990s).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twobits.net/pub/Kelty-TwoBits.pdf |title=The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits |first=Christpher M. |last=Kelty |publisher=[[Duke University]] press - durham and london |year=2018
|pages=99 |quote=''Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.''}}</ref> These rights were codified by different groups and organizations for different domains in [[Free Software Definition]], [[Open Source Definition]], [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]], [[Definition of Free Cultural Works]] and [[The Open Definition]].<ref name="opendefinition">[http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/ Open Definition 2.1] on opendefinition.org ''"This essential meaning matches that of “open” with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with “free” or “libre” as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."''</ref> These definitions were then transformed into licenses, using the [[copyright]] as legal mechanism. Ideas of free/open licenses have since spread into different spheres of society.

[[Open source movement|Open source]], [[free culture movement|free culture]] (unified as [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source movement]]), [[anticopyright]], [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects, [[public domain]] advocacy groups and [[pirate parties]] are connected with free and open licenses.

== Licenses ==
[[File:License network by bokanko.jpg|300px|thumb|Network of licenses (and years of license creation).]]

=== By type of license ===
* [[Public domain]] licenses
** [[CC0|Creative Commons CC0]]
** [[WTFPL]]
** [[Unlicense]]
** Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)<ref>[http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/pddl/1-0/ PDDL 1.0] on opendatacommons.org</ref>
* [[Permissive license]]s
** [[Apache License]]
** [[BSD License]]
** [[MIT License]]
** [[Mozilla Public License]] (file-based permissive copyleft)
** [[Creative Commons Attribution]]
* [[Copyleft]] & [[patentleft]] licenses
** [[GNU GPL]], [[GNU LGPL|LGPL]] (weaker copyleft), [[GNU AGPL|AGPL]] (stronger copyleft)
** [[Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike]]
** [[Mozilla Public License]]
** [[Common Development and Distribution License]]
** [[GFDL]] (without invariant sections)
** [[Free Art License]]

=== By type of content ===
* [[Open-source software]]
** [[The Open Source Definition]]
* [[Open Content]]
** [[Open Content License]]
** [[Open Publication License]]
* [[Open-source hardware]]
* [[Database|Open database]]
** [[Creative Commons]] v4
** [[Open Database Licence]]

=== By authors ===
* [[Creative Commons]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Microsoft]]
** [[Microsoft Public License]]
** [[Microsoft Reciprocal License]]
* [[Open Content Project]]
* [[Open Data Commons]] from [[Open Knowledge Foundation]]
** [[Public Domain Dedication and License]] (PDDL)
** [[Attribution License]] (ODC-By)
** [[Open Database License]] (ODC-ODbL)
*[[European Union]]
**[[European Union Public Licence]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-886234-5 |editor-last=Brock |editor-first=Amanda |title=Open Source Law, Policy and Practice |access-date=2023-01-29 |date=2022 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198862345.001.0001 |edition=Second |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862345.001.0001 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326192802/https://academic.oup.com/book/44727 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}
** {{harvc | last = Smith | first = P McCoy| c = Copyright, Contract, and Licensing in Open Source | url = https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862345.003.0003 | in = Brock | year = 2022}}
* {{cite web |last1=Byfield |first1=Bruce |title="Free" and "Open Source" Software: Navigating the Shibboleths |url=https://www.datamation.com/open-source/free-and-open-source-software-navigating-the-shibboleths/ |website=Datamation |access-date=6 June 2024 |date=4 March 2008}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Carver |first=Brian W. |date=2005 |title=Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24117523 |journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=443–481 |issn=1086-3818}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=Gabriella |title=The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |date=2004 |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=507–519 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3318232 |issn=0003-5491}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Cardoza Law Review |date=April 2016 |volume=37 |issue=4 |last=Greenbaum |first=Eli |title=The Non-Discrimination Principle in Open Source Licensing |url=http://cardozolawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/GREENBAUM.37.4.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Joy |first=Reagan |date=2022 |title=The Tragedy of the Creative Commons: An Analysis of How Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights Undermine the Use of Permissive Licensing |journal=Case Western Reserve Law Review |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=977-1013}}
* {{cite AV media |last=Meeker |first=Heather |date=January 2020 |title=Open Source Software Licensing Basics for Corporate Users |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF4b1TA5Q5w&list=PLAVikl6VpxPeBtplWOnfzNmiUz529AYAy |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=Open Source Software Licensing}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Oman |first=Ralph |title=Computer Software as Copyrightable Subject Matter: Oracle V. Google, Legislative Intent, and the Scope of Rights in Digital Works |journal=Harvard Journal of Law & Technology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=639-652 |date=Spring 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Lawrence |title=Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law |date=2005 |url=https://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htm |access-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219063515/https://rosenlaw.com/open-source-licensing-software-freedom-and-intellectual-property-law/ |url-status=live |edition=Paperback |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-148787-1 |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Ravi |last2=Subramaniam |first2=Chandrasekar |last3=Nelson |first3=Matthew L. |title=Determinants of the Choice of Open Source Software License |date=Winter 2008 |journal=Journal of Management Information Systems |doi=10.2753/MIS0742-1222250306 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=207-239}}
* {{Cite book |edition=First |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |isbn=978-0-596-00287-9 |last=Williams |first=Sam |title=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |location=Sebastopol, California : Farnham |date=2002 |url=https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207051646/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_as_in_Freedom_(2002) |url-status=live}}


== External links ==
* [https://opensource.org/licenses/ Open software licenses]
* [https://opendefinition.org/licenses/ Open licenses]
* [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html Various Licenses and Comments about Them – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation]
* [http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses Licenses - Definition of Free Cultural Works]
* [http://freedomdefined.org/OSHW proposed Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Statement of Principles and Definition v1.0]

{{FOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}
{{Software distribution}}
{{Creative Commons topics}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Free and open-source software licenses]]
[[Category:Contract law]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Copyright licenses]]
[[Category:Terms of service]]
[[Category:Open-source hardware]]
[[Category:Patent law]]
}}

Links to use:
[[Criticism of copyright]]
[[Open-source hardware#Licenses]]
[[Free software]]
[[Free content]]
[[Public-domain-equivalent license]]

Latest revision as of 18:42, 10 July 2024

For the specific French open data license, see Open licence (French).

A free license or open license is a license that allows copyrighted work to be reused, modified, and redistributed. The term broadly covers free content licenses and open-source licenses, also known as free software licenses.

Free software license

[edit]
Main articles: open-source license and free software license
A pie chart displays the most commonly used open source license as Apache at 30%, MIT at 26%, GPL at 18%, BSD at 8%, LGPL at 3%, MPL at 2%, and remaining 13% as licenses with below 1% market share each.
Popular free and open source licenses include the Apache License, the MIT License, the GNU General Public License (GPL), the BSD Licenses, the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and the Mozilla Public License (MPL).

Free software licenses, also known as open-source licenses, are software licenses that allow content to be used, modified, and shared.[1] They facilitate free and open-source software (FOSS) development.[2] Intellectual property (IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works.[3] Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose.[4] They grant the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the source code, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the Open Source Definition and The Free Software Definition.[5]

After 1980, the United States began to treat software as a literary work covered by copyright law.[6] Richard Stallman founded the free software movement in response to the rise of proprietary software.[7] The term "open source" was used by the Open Source Initiative (OSI), founded by free software developers Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond.[8][9] "Open source" is alternative label that emphasizes the strengths of the open development model rather than software freedoms.[10] While the goals behind the terms are different, open-source licenses and free software licenses describe the same type of licenses.[11]

The two main categories of free and open-source licenses are permissive and copyleft.[12] Both grant permission to change and distribute software. Typically, they require attribution and disclaim liability.[13][14] Permissive licenses come from academia.[15] Copyleft licenses come from the free software movement.[16] Copyleft licenses require derivative works to be distributed with the source code and under a similar license.[13][14] Since the mid-2000s, courts in multiple countries have upheld the terms of both types of license.[17] Software developers have filed cases as copyright infringement and as breaches of contract.[18]

Free content license

[edit]
Main article: Free content § Licenses
Definition of Free Cultural Works logo, selected in a logo contest in 2006[19]

Free content Free content license

Open-source hardware



A free license or open license[20][21] is a license which allows others to reuse another creator’s work as they wish. Without a special license, these uses are normally prohibited by copyright, patent or commercial license. Most free licenses are worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and perpetual (see copyright durations). Free licenses are often the basis of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding projects.

The invention of the term "free license" and the focus on the rights of users were connected to the sharing traditions of the hacker culture of the 1970s public domain software ecosystem, the social and political free software movement (since 1980) and the open source movement (since the 1990s).[22] These rights were codified by different groups and organizations for different domains in Free Software Definition, Open Source Definition, Debian Free Software Guidelines, Definition of Free Cultural Works and The Open Definition.[20] These definitions were then transformed into licenses, using the copyright as legal mechanism. Ideas of free/open licenses have since spread into different spheres of society.

Open source, free culture (unified as free and open-source movement), anticopyright, Wikimedia Foundation projects, public domain advocacy groups and pirate parties are connected with free and open licenses.

Licenses

[edit]
Network of licenses (and years of license creation).

By type of license

[edit]

By type of content

[edit]

By authors

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Coleman 2004, "Political Agnosticism".
  2. ^ Rosen 2005, pp. 73–90.
  3. ^ Rosen 2005, pp. 22–23.
  4. ^ Rosen 2005, pp. 103–106.
  5. ^ Greenbaum 2016, pp. 1304–1305.
  6. ^ Oman 2018, pp. 641–642.
  7. ^ Williams 2002, ch. 1.
  8. ^ Carver 2005, pp. 448–450.
  9. ^ Greenbaum 2016, § I.A.
  10. ^ Brock 2022, § 16.3.4.
  11. ^ Byfield 2008.
  12. ^ Smith 2022, § 3.2.
  13. ^ a b Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008, pp. 211–212.
  14. ^ a b Meeker 2020, 16:13.
  15. ^ Rosen 2005, p. 69.
  16. ^ Joy 2022, pp. 990–992.
  17. ^ Smith 2022, § 3.4.1.
  18. ^ Smith 2022, § 3.4.
  19. ^ Logo contest on freedomdefined.org (2006)
  20. ^ a b Open Definition 2.1 on opendefinition.org "This essential meaning matches that of “open” with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with “free” or “libre” as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."
  21. ^ The Open Source Definition
  22. ^ Kelty, Christpher M. (2018). "The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits" (PDF). Duke University press - durham and london. p. 99. Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.
  23. ^ PDDL 1.0 on opendatacommons.org

References

[edit]


[edit]
This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace.
Categories:

Links to use: Criticism of copyright Open-source hardware#Licenses Free software Free content Public-domain-equivalent license

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