Olfactory fatigue: Difference between revisions
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Odorants are small molecules present in the environment that bind receptors on the surface of cells called Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Neuroscience |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-60535-380-7 |editor-last=Purves |editor-first=Dale |edition=Sixth edition |location=New York}}</ref> ORNs are present in the olfactory epithelium which lines the nasal cavity and are able to signal due to an internal balance of signal molecules which vary in concentration depending on the presence or absence |
Odorants are small molecules present in the environment that bind receptors on the surface of cells called Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Neuroscience |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-60535-380-7 |editor-last=Purves |editor-first=Dale |edition=Sixth edition |location=New York}}</ref> ORNs are present in the olfactory epithelium which lines the nasal cavity and are able to signal due to an internal balance of signal molecules which vary in concentration depending on the presence or absence an odorant. When odorants bind receptors on ORNs, Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions flood into the cell causing depolarization and signaling to the brain. Increased Ca<sup>2+</sup> also activates a negative, stabilizing [[Feedback|feedback loop]] which lowers the olfactory neuron's sensitivity the longer it is stimulated by an odorant to prevent overstimulation. This happens by limiting the amount of [[Cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cyclic AMP]] (cAMP) in the cell and by making the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-importing channels which cAMP binds to less responsive to cAMP, both effects reducing further intake of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and thus limiting depolarization and signaling to the brain. It is important to note that the same mechanism which allows for signaling also limits signaling for prolonged periods of time, the first cannot occur without the second. |
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On the molecular level, as ORNs depolarize in response to an odorant the G-protein mediated second messenger response activates adenylyl cyclase. This increases [[Cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cyclic AMP]] (cAMP) concentration inside the ORN, which then opens a cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen TY, Yau KW | title = Direct modulation by Ca(2+)-calmodulin of cyclic nucleotide-activated channel of rat olfactory receptor neurons | journal = Nature | volume = 368 | issue = 6471 | pages = 545–8 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7511217 | doi = 10.1038/368545a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.368..545C | s2cid = 4342350 }}</ref> The influx of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions through this channel triggers olfactory adaptation immediately because [[Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II|Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II]] or CaMK activation directly represses the opening of cation channels, inactivates adenylyl cyclase, and activates the [[phosphodiesterase]] that cleaves cAMP.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dougherty DP, Wright GA, Yew AC | title = Computational model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 102 | issue = 30 | pages = 10415–20 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16027364 | pmc = 1180786 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0504099102 | bibcode = 2005PNAS..10210415D | doi-access = free }}</ref> This series of actions by CaMK desensitizes olfactory receptors to prolonged odorant exposure.<ref name=":0" /> |
On the molecular level, as ORNs depolarize in response to an odorant the G-protein mediated second messenger response activates adenylyl cyclase. This increases [[Cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cyclic AMP]] (cAMP) concentration inside the ORN, which then opens a cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen TY, Yau KW | title = Direct modulation by Ca(2+)-calmodulin of cyclic nucleotide-activated channel of rat olfactory receptor neurons | journal = Nature | volume = 368 | issue = 6471 | pages = 545–8 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7511217 | doi = 10.1038/368545a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.368..545C | s2cid = 4342350 }}</ref> The influx of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions through this channel triggers olfactory adaptation immediately because [[Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II|Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II]] or CaMK activation directly represses the opening of cation channels, inactivates adenylyl cyclase, and activates the [[phosphodiesterase]] that cleaves cAMP.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dougherty DP, Wright GA, Yew AC | title = Computational model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 102 | issue = 30 | pages = 10415–20 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16027364 | pmc = 1180786 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0504099102 | bibcode = 2005PNAS..10210415D | doi-access = free }}</ref> This series of actions by CaMK desensitizes olfactory receptors to prolonged odorant exposure.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Revision as of 01:09, 14 July 2024
 | This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (February 2019) |
Olfactory fatigue, also known as odor fatigue, olfactory adaptation, and noseblindness, is the temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compound.[1] For example, when entering a restaurant initially the odor of food is often perceived as being very strong, but after time the awareness of the odor normally fades to the point where the smell is not perceptible or is much weaker. After leaving the area of high odor, the sensitivity is restored with time. Anosmia is the permanent loss of the sense of smell, and is different from olfactory fatigue.
It is a term commonly used in wine tasting, where one loses the ability to smell and distinguish wine bouquet after sniffing at wine(s) continuously for an extended period of time. The term is also used in the study of indoor air quality, for example, in the perception of odors from people, tobacco, and cleaning agents. Since odor detection may be an indicator that exposure to certain chemicals is occurring, olfactory fatigue can also reduce one's awareness about chemical hazard exposure.
Olfactory fatigue is an example of neural adaptation. The body becomes desensitized to stimuli to prevent the overloading of the nervous system, thus allowing it to respond to new stimuli that are 'out of the ordinary'.[2]
Mechanism
 | This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. (October 2018) |
Odorants are small molecules present in the environment that bind receptors on the surface of cells called Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs).[3] ORNs are present in the olfactory epithelium which lines the nasal cavity and are able to signal due to an internal balance of signal molecules which vary in concentration depending on the presence or absence an odorant. When odorants bind receptors on ORNs, Ca2+ ions flood into the cell causing depolarization and signaling to the brain. Increased Ca2+ also activates a negative, stabilizing feedback loop which lowers the olfactory neuron's sensitivity the longer it is stimulated by an odorant to prevent overstimulation. This happens by limiting the amount of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cell and by making the Ca2+-importing channels which cAMP binds to less responsive to cAMP, both effects reducing further intake of Ca2+ and thus limiting depolarization and signaling to the brain. It is important to note that the same mechanism which allows for signaling also limits signaling for prolonged periods of time, the first cannot occur without the second.
On the molecular level, as ORNs depolarize in response to an odorant the G-protein mediated second messenger response activates adenylyl cyclase. This increases cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration inside the ORN, which then opens a cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel.[4] The influx of Ca2+ ions through this channel triggers olfactory adaptation immediately because Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II or CaMK activation directly represses the opening of cation channels, inactivates adenylyl cyclase, and activates the phosphodiesterase that cleaves cAMP.[5] This series of actions by CaMK desensitizes olfactory receptors to prolonged odorant exposure.[3]
When the nose is covered taste is a lot harder because the air we breathe goes into the mouth as well. A common idea is that vanilla smells sweet and that is because we taste sweet when we eat vanilla flavorings.[6]
Mitigating scent effects on olfactory fatigue
According to a study by Grosofsky, Haupert and Versteeg, "fragrance sellers often provide coffee beans to their customers as a nasal palate cleanser" to reduce the effects of olfactory adaptation and habituation. In their study, participants sniffed coffee beans, lemon slices, or plain air. Participants then indicated which of four presented fragrances had not been previously smelled. The results indicated that coffee beans did not yield better performance than lemon slices or air.[7]
See also
- Adaptive system
- Anosmia
- Banner blindness
- Building Indoor Environment
- Olfaction
- Palate cleanser
- Phantosmia
- Semantic satiation
- Thermal comfort
References
- ^ Binder, M.D.; Hirokawa, N.; Windhorst, U., eds. (2009). "Olfactory Adaptation". Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Vol. 4. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 2977. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_4164. ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8. S2CID 249880749.
- ^ Kadohisa, Mikiko; Wilson, Donald A. (March 2006). "Olfactory Cortical Adaptation Facilitates Detection of Odors Against Background". Journal of Neurophysiology. 95 (3): 1888–1896. doi:10.1152/jn.00812.2005. PMC 2292127. PMID 16251260.
- ^ a b Purves, Dale, ed. (2018). Neuroscience (Sixth edition ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-60535-380-7.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ Chen TY, Yau KW (April 1994). "Direct modulation by Ca(2+)-calmodulin of cyclic nucleotide-activated channel of rat olfactory receptor neurons". Nature. 368 (6471): 545–8. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..545C. doi:10.1038/368545a0. PMID 7511217. S2CID 4342350.
- ^ Dougherty DP, Wright GA, Yew AC (July 2005). "Computational model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (30): 10415–20. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10210415D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504099102. PMC 1180786. PMID 16027364.
- ^ Auvray M, Spence C (September 2008). "The multisensory perception of flavor". Consciousness and Cognition. 17 (3): 1016–31. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.06.005. PMID 17689100. S2CID 8421312.
- ^ Grosofsky A, Haupert ML, Versteeg SW (April 2011). "An exploratory investigation of coffee and lemon scents and odor identification". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 112 (2): 536–8. doi:10.2466/24.PMS.112.2.536-538. PMID 21667761. S2CID 34294611.
External links
- Kristensen HK, Zilstorff-Pedersen K (December 1953). "Quantitative studies on the function of smell". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 43 (6): 537–44. doi:10.3109/00016485309119884. PMID 13138121.