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| caption = Nielsen in 1982
| caption = Nielsen in 1982
| birth_name = Leslie William Nielsen
| birth_name = Leslie William Nielsen
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|2|11}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=no|1926|2|11}}
| birth_place = [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], Canada
| birth_place = [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|11|28|1926|2|11}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=no|2010|11|28|1926|2|11}}
| death_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.
| resting_place = Evergreen Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| resting_place = Evergreen Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Revision as of 07:23, 20 July 2024

Leslie Nielsen
OC
Nielsen in 1982
Born
Leslie William Nielsen

(1926-02-11)11 February 1926
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Died28 November 2010(2010-11-28) (aged 84)
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
Resting placeEvergreen Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Alma materNeighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts
Occupations
  • Actor
  • comedian
  • producer
Years active1950–2010
Notable work
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1950; div. 1956)​
  • Alisande Ullman
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1958; div. 1973)​
  • Brooks Oliver
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1981; div. 1983)​
  • Barbaree Earl
    ​
    (m. 2001)​
Children2
Relatives
Military career
Allegiance Canada
Service / branch Royal Canadian Air Force
Years of service1943–1945[1][2][3][4]
Battles / warsWorld War II
Signature

Leslie William Nielsen OC (February 11, 1926 – November 28, 2010) was a Canadian-American actor and comedian.[5] With a career spanning 60 years, he appeared in more than 100 films and 150 television programs, portraying more than 220 characters.[6]

Nielsen was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. After high school, he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1943[2] and served until the end of World War II.[3] Upon his discharge, Nielsen worked as a disc jockey before receiving a scholarship to study theatre at the Neighborhood Playhouse. He made his acting debut in 1950, appearing in 46 live television programs a year. Nielsen made his film debut in 1956, with supporting roles in several dramas and western and romance films produced between the 1950s and the 1970s.

Although his notable performances in the films Forbidden Planet and The Poseidon Adventure gave him standing as a serious actor, Nielsen later gained enduring recognition for his deadpan comedy roles during the 1980s and the 1990s, after being cast for the Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker comedy film Airplane! [7] In his comedy roles, Nielsen specialized in portraying characters oblivious to and complicit in their absurd surroundings.[8] Nielsen's performance in Airplane! marked his turning point, which made him "the Olivier of spoofs" according to film critic Roger Ebert,[9] and leading to further success in the genre with The Naked Gun film series, based on the earlier short-lived television series Police Squad!, in which he also starred. He received a variety of awards and was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame and the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life

Nielsen was born on February 11, 1926, in Regina, Saskatchewan.[10] His mother, Mabel Elizabeth (née Davies), was an immigrant from Wales, and his father, Ingvard Eversen Nielsen (1900–1975), was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[11][12][13] Nielsen was born the second of two boys to both his parents. His elder brother, Erik Nielsen (1924–2008), was a long-time Canadian Member of Parliament, cabinet minister, and Deputy Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 to 1986.[14] He also has a half-brother, Gilbert Nielsen, from his father's other relationship.[15]

Nielsen's half-uncle Jean Hersholt (pictured here in the 1936 film His Brother's Wife) inspired him to become an actor.

Nielsen's half-uncle Jean Hersholt was an actor known for his portrayal of Dr. Christian in a radio series of that title, and the subsequent television series and films.[16][17] In a 1994 Boston Globe article, he explained: "I did learn very early that when I would mention my uncle, people would look at me as if I were the biggest liar in the world. Then I would take them home and show them 8-by-10 glossies, and things changed quite drastically. So I began to think that maybe this acting business was not a bad idea, much as I was very shy about it and certainly without courage regarding it. My uncle died not too long after I was in a position to know him. I regret that I had not a chance to know him better."[16]

Nielsen lived for several years in Fort Norman (now Tulita) in the Northwest Territories, where his father was with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[16][18] His father was an abusive man who beat his wife and sons, and Leslie longed to escape. Following graduation from Victoria High School (later renamed Victoria School of the Arts) in Edmonton, he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force at age 17 in 1943,[1][2] though he was legally deaf (he wore hearing aids most of his life).[19][20] There he trained as an aerial gunner during World War II. However, he was too young to be fully trained or sent overseas.[21] Upon the war's end, he was discharged and worked briefly as a disc jockey[3][4] at a Calgary, Alberta, radio station, before enrolling at the Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts in Toronto.[16][22]

While studying in Toronto, Nielsen received a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse. He noted, "I couldn't refuse, but I must say when you come from the land of the snow goose, the moose, and wool to New York, you're bringing every ton of hayseed and country bumpkin that you packed. As long as I didn't open my mouth, I felt a certain security. But I always thought I was going to be unmasked: 'OK, pack your stuff'. 'Well, what's the matter?'. 'We've discovered you have no talent; we're shipping you back to Canada'."[16]

He moved to New York City for his scholarship,[10] studying theatre and music at the Neighborhood Playhouse, while performing in summer stock theatre.[23] Afterward, he attended the Actors Studio,[24] until his first television appearance in 1950 on an episode of Studio One, alongside Charlton Heston,[25] for which he was paid $75 (equivalent to $950 in 2023).[16]

Career

Early career

"It was a strange era, the tail end of the golden age. A time when the Tiffany's of filmmakers was burying its head in the sand and trying to pretend that this new medium [television] was not happening."

Nielsen reflecting on the era when he started acting[25]

Nielsen's career began in dramatic roles on television during "Television's Golden Age",[26] appearing in 46 live programs in 1950 alone.[27] He said there "was very little gold, we only got $75 or $100 per show".[27] He narrated documentaries and commercials and most of his early work as a dramatic actor was uneventful.[28] Hal Erickson of Allmovie noted that "much of Nielsen's early work was undistinguished; he was merely a handsome leading man in an industry overstocked with handsome leading men".[28]

In 1956, he made his feature film debut in the Michael Curtiz-directed musical, The Vagabond King.[29] In the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nielsen remembered Curtiz as "a sadist, a charming sadist, but a sadist".[25] Nielsen called this film The Vagabond Turkey.[30] Though the film was not a success, producer Nicholas Nayfack offered him an audition for the science-fiction film Forbidden Planet, resulting in Nielsen's taking a long contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM).[25][31]

Nielsen and Anne Francis in his second film, Forbidden Planet (1956). Nielsen: "Supposedly a science-fiction version of Shakespeare's The Tempest, it was all about the id, or something like that. Who knows? The Trekkies today regard it as the forerunner of Star Trek. I just had to wear a tight uniform and make eyes at Anne Francis. I was pretty thin back then."[32]

Forbidden Planet became an instant success,[33] and roles in other MGM films such as Ransom! (1956), The Opposite Sex (1956) and Hot Summer Night (1957) followed.[34] In 1957, Nielsen won the lead role opposite Debbie Reynolds in the romantic comedy Tammy and the Bachelor for Universal Pictures, which, as a Chicago Tribune critic wrote in 1998, made people consider Nielsen a dramatic actor and handsome romantic lead.[35] However, dissatisfied with the films he was offered, calling the studios "a Tiffany, which had forgotten how to make silver", Nielsen left MGM after auditioning for Messala in the 1959 Ben-Hur. Stephen Boyd got the role.[36][37]

After leaving the studios, Nielsen landed the lead role in the Disney miniseries The Swamp Fox, as American Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion.[38] In a 1988 interview, he reflected on the series: "That was a great experience, because the Disney people didn't do their shows like everyone else, knocking out an episode a week. ... We only had to do an episode a month, and the budgets were extremely high for TV at that time. We had location shooting rather than cheap studio backdrops, and very authentic costumes."[39] Eight episodes were produced and aired between 1959 and 1961.[38]

Nielsen and Nancy Malone in Bonanza (1967)

His television appearances include Justice, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Wagon Train, Gunsmoke, The Virginian, and The Wild Wild West. In 1961, he was the lead in a Los Angeles police drama called The New Breed. He guest-starred in a 1964 episode of Daniel Boone with Fess Parker in a minor but credited role. In 1968, he had a major role in the pilot for the police series Hawaii Five-O, and appeared in one of the seventh-season episodes. In 1969, he had the leading role as a police officer in The Bold Ones: The Protectors.

In 1972, Nielsen appeared in the supporting role as the captain of the doomed ocean liner SS Poseidon in the disaster epic, The Poseidon Adventure. He also starred in the William Girdler's 1977 action film, Project: Kill. He was cast in the 1979 Canadian disaster film City on Fire, in which he portrayed a corrupt mayor. In 1980, he guest-starred as Sinclair in the CBS TV miniseries The Chisholms.

Comedy: Airplane! and The Naked Gun

Main articles: Airplane! and The Naked Gun

In an early comedic appearance, Nielsen appeared on M*A*S*H in 1973 as the title character in "The Ringbanger".

Nielsen's supporting role of Dr. Rumack in Zucker, Abrahams, and Zucker's (ZAZ) 1980's Airplane! was a turning point in his career. The film, a parody of disaster films such as Zero Hour! and Airport, was based on building a comedy around "serious" actors better known for their dramatic roles. Other "straight" stars in the film included Robert Stack, Peter Graves, and Lloyd Bridges. Nielsen's deadpan delivery contrasted with the absurdity surrounding him. When asked, "Surely you can't be serious?", his curt, now iconic response was: "I am serious. And don't call me Shirley." In several later interviews, he reflected on the line: "I thought it was amusing, but it never occurred to me that it was going to become a trademark. It's such a surprise ... the thing comes out, people say, 'What did he say?!'."[40]

Nielsen said he was "pleased and honoured that [he] had a chance to deliver that line".[41] As of 2010, the comedic exchange was at number 79 on the American Film Institute's AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.[42] The American Film Institute included the film in its list of the top ten comedy films of all time in 2008,[43] and a 2007 survey in the United Kingdom judged it the second-greatest comedy film of all time after Monty Python's Life of Brian.[44] In 2012, Empire voted it number one in the 50 Funniest Comedies Ever poll.[45] Critics praised the film, which also proved a long-term success with audiences.[46] In 2010, Airplane! was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.[47][48]

The directors cast Nielsen for his ability to play like "a fish in water", saying: "You could have cast funny people and done it with everybody winking, goofing off, and silly ... we wanted people to be oblivious to the comedy."[43] For Nielsen, Airplane! marked a career shift from dramatic roles to deadpan comedy. When it was suggested his role in Airplane! was against type, Nielsen protested that he had "always been cast against type before", and that comedy was what he always wanted to do.[49] In 1982, ZAZ cast Nielsen in a similar style, in their ABC TV series Police Squad!. The spoof series introduced Nielsen as Lt. Frank Drebin, the stereotypical police officer modeled after serious characters, such as Joe Friday, in earlier police TV dramas.

The opening sequence for Police Squad! was based on the 1950s show M Squad, which starred Lee Marvin, and opened with footage of a police car roving through a dark urban setting with a big band playing a jazz song in the background. The Hank Simms voice-over and the show's organization into acts with an epilogue was homage to Quinn Martin police dramas including The Fugitive, The Streets of San Francisco, Barnaby Jones, The F.B.I., Dan August and Cannon. Nielsen portrayed a serious character whose one-liners appeared accidental next to the pratfalls and sight gags that were happening around him. Nielsen received an Emmy Award nomination for his performance and despite positive critical reviews, the series was cancelled after just six episodes.[50][51]

Six years after cancellation of Police Squad!, the film The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! returned Nielsen to his role as Frank Drebin. It involved a ruthless drug king using hypnosis to attempt an assassination on Queen Elizabeth II. Nielsen did many of his own stunts: "You have an idea of how you're going to do something, and it's your vision ... unless you do it, it really doesn't stand a chance."[40] This movie grossed over $78 million and was well received by critics.[52][53] Ebert's 3+1⁄2–star review (out of four) noted: "You laugh, and then you laugh at yourself for laughing."[54]

The Naked Gun spawned two sequels: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991) and Naked Gun 33+1⁄3: The Final Insult (1994). The Naked Gun 2½ grossed more than the original, with $86.9 million, while 33+1⁄3 grossed $51.1 million.[55][56] Nielsen remained open to a fourth Naked Gun film, although he doubted that it would be produced — "I don't think so", he said in 2005. "If there hasn't been one by now, I doubt it. I think it would be wonderful."[57]

Nielsen briefly appeared on the World Wrestling Federation program in the summer of 1994 on WWF Monday Night Raw, spoofing the role of Frank Drebin. Nielsen and Naked Gun co-star George Kennedy, were hired as sleuths to unravel the mystery of the Undertaker, who had disappeared at January's Royal Rumble event. At SummerSlam 1994, in a Naked Gun parody, they were hot on the case (in fact, they were standing on a case). Although they did not find the Undertaker, the case had been closed (the literal case had been shut), thus they solved the mystery.[58] In 1990, Nielsen appeared as a Frank Drebin type character in advertisements for Red Rock Cider in the United Kingdom.

Nielsen's few dramatic roles following his comedic success in Airplane! included the horror films Prom Night (1980) and Creepshow (1982). He appeared as a dramatic and unsympathetic character in the 1986 comedy Soul Man. His final dramatic role was as Allen Green, a violent client killed in self defense by prostitute Claudia Draper (Barbra Streisand) in Martin Ritt's courtroom drama Nuts (1987).

Later comedies

After Airplane! and The Naked Gun, Nielsen portrayed similarly styled roles in a number of other films. These mostly emulated the style of The Naked Gun with varying success and often targeted specific films; many were panned by critics and most performed poorly. Repossessed (1990) and 2001: A Space Travesty (2001) were parodies of The Exorcist and 2001: A Space Odyssey, respectively. Both attempted absurd comedy, but were poorly received.[59][60] Even a leading role in a Mel Brooks comic horror, Dracula: Dead and Loving It, failed to generate much box-office excitement, although it did gain a following in a later release to video. Both 1996's Spy Hard and 1998's Wrongfully Accused, a parody of James Bond films and The Fugitive, were popular on video, but not well received by critics.[61][62]

His attempt at family and children's comedies met additional criticism. He appeared as Santa Claus in the Christmas comedy All I Want for Christmas (1991), a film that was at best only moderately successful at the box office,[63] and had bad reviews. Surf Ninjas (1993) and Mr. Magoo (1997) also had scathing reviews. Several critics were disappointed that Nielsen's role in Surf Ninjas was only "an extended cameo" and Chris Hicks recommended that viewers "avoid any comedy that features Leslie Nielsen outside of the Naked Gun series".[64][65] Jeff Miller of the Houston Chronicle panned Mr. Magoo, a live-action remake of the 1950s cartoon: "I'm supposed to suggest how the film might be better, but I can't think of anything to say other than to make the film again."[66]

Nielsen's first major success since The Naked Gun came in a supporting role in Scary Movie 3 (2003). His appearance as President Harris led to a second appearance in its sequel, Scary Movie 4 (2006). This was the first time Nielsen had reprised a character since Frank Drebin. In one scene, Nielsen appeared almost nude, and one critic referred to the scene as putting "the 'scary' in Scary Movie 4".[67]

Video, stage, and celebrity productions

Nielsen also produced instructional golf videos, which were not presented in a serious style, beginning with 1993's Bad Golf Made Easier. The videos combined comedy with golf techniques. The series spawned two additional sequels, Bad Golf My Way (1994) and Stupid Little Golf Video (1997). Nielsen also co-wrote a fictional autobiography titled The Naked Truth. The book portrayed Nielsen as a popular actor with a long history of prestigious films.

In his 80s, Nielsen performed serious roles on screen and stage (such as his one-man theatre show Darrow, in which he played Clarence Darrow), as well as providing voice-overs and appearances for commercials (including spots for a credit union in Arizona, where he owned a secondary residence), cartoons such as Zeroman, where he had the leading role/voice, children's shows, such as Pumper Pups, which he narrated, and comedic film roles. The sibling relationship with his elder brother, the Honourable Erik Nielsen, a former Deputy Prime Minister of Canada, served as the premise of an HBO mockumentary entitled The Canadian Conspiracy in which Leslie Nielsen appeared, along with other prominent Canadian-born media personalities. He was a celebrity contestant on CBS's Gameshow Marathon, where he played The Price Is Right, Let's Make a Deal, Beat the Clock, and Press Your Luck for charity.[27]

Final acting years

Nielsen in March 2009 at DeSales University in Center Valley, Pennsylvania

Beginning in February 2007, Nielsen began playing a small role as a doctor in the humorous yet educational television show Doctor*Ology. The show chronicles real-life medical techniques and technology on the Discovery Channel. Nielsen said:[41]

There are any number of things that you think about when you ponder if you hadn't been an actor, what would you be, and I've always said I'd like to be an astronaut or a doctor. I have such admiration for doctors. I just don't know how you go around to thank them enough for coming up with the world's most remarkable new discoveries.

In 2007, Nielsen starred in the drama Music Within. In 2008, he portrayed a version of Uncle Ben for Superhero Movie, a spoof of superhero films. He then appeared in the 2008 parody An American Carol, which David Zucker directed, produced, and co-wrote. He appeared in the 2009 parody Stan Helsing. Nielsen portrayed the doctor in the Spanish horror comedy Spanish Movie,[68] a spoof comedy like Scary Movie, but making fun of popular Spanish films.[69]

Nielsen appeared in more than 100 films and 1,500 television episodes, portraying more than 220 characters.[70][71] From at least the early 1970s, he was a television commercial spokesperson for the Bank of Montreal, Ford, Shell and Dollar Rent-A-Car, among many others; his earlier spots took advantage of his serious and authoritative persona, while later commercials were more humorous, mirroring his transition to comedic acting roles.

Personal life

"I'm afraid if I don't keep moving, they're going to catch me ... I am 81 years old and I want to see what's around the corner, and I don't see any reason in the world not to keep working. But I am starting to value my down time a great deal because I am realizing there might be other things to do that I am overlooking."

—Nielsen reflecting on his career in 2007[41]

Nielsen married four times: to nightclub singer Monica Boyar (1950–1956), Alisande Ullman (1958–1973), Brooks Oliver (1981–1983), and Barbaree Earl (2001 – his death in 2010).[72] He had two daughters from his second marriage, Maura and Thea Nielsen.[72]

Nielsen often played golf.[73] He joked, "I have no goals or ambition. I do, however, wish to work enough to maintain whatever celebrity status I have so that they will continue to invite me to golf tournaments."[73] His interest in the sport led him to comedic instructional films.

Nielsen was a practical joker, and known for pranking people with a portable hand-controlled fart machine.[74][75][76] His epitaph reads "Let 'er rip", a final reference to his favorite practical joke.

In his later years, Nielsen and his wife Barbaree resided between homes in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Paradise Valley, Arizona.

Nielsen was legally deaf and wore hearing aids for most of his life.[20] Because of this, he supported the Better Hearing Institute.[77] Later in life, he had knee osteoarthritis. He participated in an educational video from The Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, demonstrating the physical examination of a patient with knee osteoarthritis.[78]

Death and funeral

Leslie Nielsen Gravestone
Leslie Nielsen's gravestone bearing his epitaph, a final reference to his favorite practical joke, a fart machine

In November 2010, Nielsen was admitted to Holy Cross Hospital, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with pneumonia. On November 28, his nephew Doug told the CJOB radio station that he died in his sleep from pneumonia around 5:30 p.m. EST, aged 84, surrounded by family and friends.[79][80][81]

Nielsen's body was interred in Fort Lauderdale's Evergreen Cemetery. As a final bit of humour, he chose "Let 'er rip" as his epitaph. On December 7, 2010, his funeral was held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, during which the Naked Gun theme played.[82]

Achievements

Among his awards, in 1995 Nielsen received UCLA's Jack Benny Award.[51] In 1988, he became the 1,884th personality to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6541 Hollywood Blvd.[83] In 2001 he was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.[84] The following year he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, although he was also a naturalized US citizen.[85]

With Nielsen's American citizenship, he maintained his Canadian heritage: "There's no way you can be a Canadian and think you can lose it ... Canadians are a goodly group. They are very aware of caring and helping."[85] On May 19, 2005, when Queen Elizabeth II visited his native Saskatchewan during the province's centennial gala, she was introduced to Nielsen.[86]

In 1997, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.[87]

On February 20, 2002, Nielsen was named an honorary citizen of West Virginia and an Ambassador of Mountain State Goodwill. Nielsen visited the state many times to speak and visit friends.[88] In 2003, in honour of Nielsen, Grant MacEwan College named its school of communications after him.[89] Also in 2003, the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists awarded him the ACTRA Award of Excellence.[89]

Filmography

Main article: Leslie Nielsen filmography

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ^ a b 'We always knew him as a funny guy'. Whitehorse Star. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c R.I.P. Leslie Nielsen: 5 Things You Didn't Know About The "Naked Gun" Actor. Complex Networks. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Obituary: Leslie Nielsen BBC. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  4. ^ a b 'Naked Gun,' 'Airplane' actor Leslie Nielsen dies. The Hindu. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  5. ^ "'Naked Gun,' 'Airplane' actor Leslie Nielsen dies". Technology Marketing Corporation. Associated Press. December 2, 2010. 'I played a lot of leaders, autocratic sorts; perhaps it was my Canadian accent', he said.
  6. ^ Collins, Glenn (December 21, 1988). "Mr. Nondescript Becomes a Star in 'Naked Gun'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013.
  7. ^ Brown, Emma (November 29, 2010). "Leslie Nielsen, serious actor who became a master of deadpan comedy, dies at 84". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  8. ^ Maslin, Janet (December 2, 1988). "Review/Film; A Fall Guy as Antihero". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009.
  9. ^ Ebert, Roger (October 24, 2003). "Scary Movie 3". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  10. ^ a b Ross, Bob (May 24, 1996). "Worth the Rent" (Fee required). The Tampa Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Simpson, Kieran (1980). Canadian Who's Who, Volume 15. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4579-0.
  12. ^ Lumley, Elizabeth (2003). Canadian Who's Who 2003, Volume 38. University of Toronto Press. p. 1,103. ISBN 0-8020-8865-1.
  13. ^ "Leslie Nielsen, the comic with the Danish roots: "Comedy is what endures"". Scandinavian Press. Vol. 4, no. 1. March 31, 1997. ProQuest 218390756.
  14. ^ "Erik Nielsen dies at B.C. at 84". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.
  15. ^ "The Naked Gun actor Leslie Nielsen dies at age 84". Montreal. November 29, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
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  17. ^ Nielsen, Leslie; David Fisher (1994). Leslie Nielsen the naked truth. Pocket Books. p. 289. ISBN 0-671-79578-3.
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  23. ^ Hopper, Hedda (January 6, 1957). "These New Faces Will Go Places in 1957!". Chicago Tribune. p. H16.
  24. ^ Wise, James E. Jr.; Baron, Scott (2002). International Stars at War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 221. ISBN 1-55750-965-4.
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  30. ^ Dalton, Andrew; Thomas, Bob (November 29, 2010). "Leslie Nielsen, 84; versatile actor's career took off with comedies". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010.
  31. ^ Thomas, Bob (June 28, 1991). "The Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear – Funnyman Nielsen Used to be Serious". The Cincinnati Post. p. 1C.
  32. ^ Vincent, Mal (March 18, 1994). "It's no Fun Playing it Straight" (Fee required). The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  33. ^ "Forbidden Planet (1956)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  34. ^ Craft, Dan (September 24, 1999). "From Drebin to Darrow". The Pantagraph. p. D1.
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