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The '''Icebreaker Collaboration Effort''', commonly referred to as the '''ICE Pact''', is a trilateral partnership between the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland, US, Canada to intensify icebreaker collaboration |url=https://www.dailyfinland.fi/national/38535/Finland-US-Canada-to-intensify-icebreaker-collaboration |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=dailyfinland}}</ref> The ICE Pact was formed on 11 July 2024 in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uusi-Hakala |first=Katja |date=2024-07-11 |title=Joint Statement on ICE Pact |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/en/joint-statement-on-ice-pact/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Presidentti |language=en-US}}</ref> The ICE Pact is a partnership in efforts to bolster shipbuilding capacities and industries, especially the enhancing of [[Icebreaker|icebreaker ship]] production capacity in Canada and Finland, and to counter the influence of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and [[China]] in the [[Arctic region]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Cecco |first=Leyland |date=2024-07-11 |title=US, Canada and Finland form ‘Ice Pact’ to project influence into Arctic region |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/11/us-canada-finland-ice-pact-arctic |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2024-07-11 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Polar Partnership “ICE Pact” Alongside Finland and Canada |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/11/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-polar-partnership-ice-pact-alongside-finland-and-canada/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
The '''Icebreaker Collaboration Effort''', commonly referred to as the '''ICE Pact''', is a trilateral partnership between the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland, US, Canada to intensify icebreaker collaboration |url=https://www.dailyfinland.fi/national/38535/Finland-US-Canada-to-intensify-icebreaker-collaboration |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=dailyfinland}}</ref> The ICE Pact was formed on 11 July 2024 in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uusi-Hakala |first=Katja |date=2024-07-11 |title=Joint Statement on ICE Pact |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/en/joint-statement-on-ice-pact/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Presidentti |language=en-US}}</ref> The ICE Pact is a partnership in efforts to bolster shipbuilding capacities and industries, especially the enhancing of [[Icebreaker|icebreaker ship]] production capacity in Canada and Finland, and to counter the influence of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and [[China]] in the [[Arctic region]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Cecco |first=Leyland |date=2024-07-11 |title=US, Canada and Finland form ‘Ice Pact’ to project influence into Arctic region |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/11/us-canada-finland-ice-pact-arctic |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2024-07-11 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Polar Partnership “ICE Pact” Alongside Finland and Canada |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/11/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-polar-partnership-ice-pact-alongside-finland-and-canada/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Arctic circle.svg|thumb|Geopolitical map of the [[Arctic|Arctic region]] which includes the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic circle]].]]
[[File:Arctic circle.svg|thumb|Geopolitical map of the [[Arctic|Arctic region]] which includes the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic circle]].]]
The United States formed the ICE Pact to strengthen the [[United States Coast Guard]] and to accelerate icebreaker shipbuilding for itself and allies with assistance from Finland and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S., Canada and Finland announce joint Icebreaker Collaboration Effort - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/07/11/icebreaker-agreement-Finland-Canada-America/3501720711026/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Jäänmurtaja-aloite on Suomelle merkittävä teollisuuspoliittinen mahdollisuus |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410877/jaanmurtaja-aloite-on-suomelle-merkittava-teollisuuspoliittinen-mahdollisuus |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Valtioneuvosto |language=fi-FI}}</ref>The country of manufacture is yet to be determined; US rules currently require navy ships to be manufactured in the United States, but not privately owned ships<ref name="iltalehti">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Nato-jäsenyys tuo Suomelle himoitun yhteistyön |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/e76bd540-a34c-4a05-82fc-c0455e3b407c |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref> (though there are [[Jones Act]] restrictions on transport services). Canada is building two in Vancouver and six in Quebec,<ref name=":0" /> with an overall US goal of 70-90 ships built within a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=US, Canada, Finland launch effort to build ice-breaking ships as China and Russia cooperate in Arctic |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rizzi |first=Alberto |date=2024-07-15 |title=Cold rush: How a transatlantic ship pact can win the race for the Arctic |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/cold-rush-how-a-transatlantic-ship-pact-can-win-the-race-for-the-arctic/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> Canada is mainly to help with the ramping up and scaling of icebreaker ship building capacity.<ref name=":1" />
The United States formed the ICE Pact to strengthen the [[United States Coast Guard]] and to accelerate icebreaker shipbuilding for itself and allies with assistance from Finland and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S., Canada and Finland announce joint Icebreaker Collaboration Effort - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/07/11/icebreaker-agreement-Finland-Canada-America/3501720711026/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Jäänmurtaja-aloite on Suomelle merkittävä teollisuuspoliittinen mahdollisuus |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410877/jaanmurtaja-aloite-on-suomelle-merkittava-teollisuuspoliittinen-mahdollisuus |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Valtioneuvosto |language=fi-FI}}</ref>The country of manufacture is yet to be determined; US rules currently require navy ships to be manufactured in the United States, but not privately owned ships<ref name="iltalehti">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Nato-jäsenyys tuo Suomelle himoitun yhteistyön |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/e76bd540-a34c-4a05-82fc-c0455e3b407c |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref> (though there are [[Jones Act]] restrictions on transport services). Canada is building two in Vancouver and six in Quebec,<ref name=":0" /> with Finland is to build icebreaker ships domestically as they have the "know-how" and [[Helsinki Shipyard]] has built more than half of the world's icebreakers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Canada to work with Finland, U.S. on ‘Ice Pact’ to build icebreakers |url=https://www.nnsl.com/world-news/canada-to-work-with-finland-us-on-ice-pact-to-build-icebreakers-7448419 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=NNSL Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Suomi aloittaa jäänmurtajayhteistyön Yhdysvaltojen ja Kanadan kanssa – taustalla Kiinan toimet arktisella alueella |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20099242 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> with an overall US goal of 70-90 ships built within a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=US, Canada, Finland launch effort to build ice-breaking ships as China and Russia cooperate in Arctic |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rizzi |first=Alberto |date=2024-07-15 |title=Cold rush: How a transatlantic ship pact can win the race for the Arctic |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/cold-rush-how-a-transatlantic-ship-pact-can-win-the-race-for-the-arctic/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> Canada is mainly to help with the ramping up and scaling of icebreaker ship building capacity.<ref name=":1" />


== Background ==
== Background ==
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The United States started cutting off military cooperation with Russia after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Security Advisory Board: Report on Arctic Policy |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/isab/262342.htm |date=September 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
The United States started cutting off military cooperation with Russia after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Security Advisory Board: Report on Arctic Policy |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/isab/262342.htm |date=September 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>


Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO). Both Finland and Sweden and are members of the [[Arctic Council]] and in the [[Arctic|Arctic region]], however only Finland has become a member of the Icebreaker Collaboration Effort. In response to Finland bordering the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and being a "[[Unfriendly countries list|unfriendly nation]]", Finland has taken effort to increase its military collaboration with NATO allies, especially with members of the Arctic region, such as the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Puolustusyhteistyösopimus Yhdysvaltain kanssa (DCA) |url=https://um.fi/puolustusyhteistyosopimus-yhdysvaltain-kanssa-dca}}</ref> The other members of the Arctic Council started excluding Russia from arctic coordination after the 2022 invasion.
Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO). Both Finland and Sweden and are members of the [[Arctic Council]] and in the [[Arctic|Arctic region]], however only Finland has become a member of the Icebreaker Collaboration Effort. In response to Finland bordering the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and being a "[[Unfriendly countries list|unfriendly nation]]", Finland has taken effort to increase its military collaboration with NATO allies, especially with members of the Arctic region, such as the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Puolustusyhteistyösopimus Yhdysvaltain kanssa (DCA) |url=https://um.fi/puolustusyhteistyosopimus-yhdysvaltain-kanssa-dca}}</ref> The other members of the Arctic Council started excluding Russia from Arctic coordination after the 2022 invasion.


By 2024, after-effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] put shipbuilding in the United States years behind schedule, with shortages of experienced labor, supply chain delays, and design problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-navy-ship-building-schedules-hit-by-supply-chain-woes-labor-shortages-2024-04-02/ |title=US Navy ship building schedules hit by supply-chain woes, labor shortages |author=Mike Stone |date=April 2, 2024 |agency=Reuters}}</ref><!-- connected to icebreakers by https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ -->
By 2024, after-effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] put shipbuilding in the United States years behind schedule, with shortages of experienced labor, supply chain delays, and design problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-navy-ship-building-schedules-hit-by-supply-chain-woes-labor-shortages-2024-04-02/ |title=US Navy ship building schedules hit by supply-chain woes, labor shortages |author=Mike Stone |date=April 2, 2024 |agency=Reuters}}</ref><!-- connected to icebreakers by https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ -->
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*[[Arctic policy of Finland]]
*[[Arctic policy of Finland]]
*[[Arctic policy of the United States]]
*[[Arctic policy of the United States]]
*[[Helsinki Shipyard]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 21:17, 20 July 2024

ICE Pact
Icebreaker Collaboration Effort
Finnish President Alexander Stubb, U.S President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C.
TypeTripartite treaty
Signed11 July 2024 (2024-07-11)
LocationWashington, D.C. United States
Original
signatories
Signatories
Languages

The Icebreaker Collaboration Effort, commonly referred to as the ICE Pact, is a trilateral partnership between the United States, Canada and Finland.[1] The ICE Pact was formed on 11 July 2024 in Washington, D.C.[2] The ICE Pact is a partnership in efforts to bolster shipbuilding capacities and industries, especially the enhancing of icebreaker ship production capacity in Canada and Finland, and to counter the influence of the Russian Federation and China in the Arctic region.[3][4]

Geopolitical map of the Arctic region which includes the Arctic circle.

The United States formed the ICE Pact to strengthen the United States Coast Guard and to accelerate icebreaker shipbuilding for itself and allies with assistance from Finland and Canada.[5][6]The country of manufacture is yet to be determined; US rules currently require navy ships to be manufactured in the United States, but not privately owned ships[7] (though there are Jones Act restrictions on transport services). Canada is building two in Vancouver and six in Quebec,[3] with Finland is to build icebreaker ships domestically as they have the "know-how" and Helsinki Shipyard has built more than half of the world's icebreakers,[8][9] with an overall US goal of 70-90 ships built within a decade.[10][11] Canada is mainly to help with the ramping up and scaling of icebreaker ship building capacity.[11]

Background

See also: Arctic cooperation and politics and Arctic resources race

The United States started cutting off military cooperation with Russia after the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia.[12]

Following the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, Finland and Sweden joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Both Finland and Sweden and are members of the Arctic Council and in the Arctic region, however only Finland has become a member of the Icebreaker Collaboration Effort. In response to Finland bordering the Russian Federation and being a "unfriendly nation", Finland has taken effort to increase its military collaboration with NATO allies, especially with members of the Arctic region, such as the United States.[13] The other members of the Arctic Council started excluding Russia from Arctic coordination after the 2022 invasion.

By 2024, after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic put shipbuilding in the United States years behind schedule, with shortages of experienced labor, supply chain delays, and design problems.[14]

With increasing temperatures due to global warming making navigation in more of the area more feasible more of the time, the Russian Federation seeks to exploit resources in the Arctic and to open trade routes in the Far North.[15] China also has had interests in the Arctic for a while, especially since 2013 when China gained a permanent observer status in the Arctic Council,[16] and China seeks to extend military capabilities, conduct research, and wishes to excavate resources in the Arctic.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Finland, US, Canada to intensify icebreaker collaboration". dailyfinland. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  2. ^ Uusi-Hakala, Katja (11 July 2024). "Joint Statement on ICE Pact". Presidentti. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b Cecco, Leyland (11 July 2024). "US, Canada and Finland form 'Ice Pact' to project influence into Arctic region". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  4. ^ House, The White (11 July 2024). "Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Polar Partnership "ICE Pact" Alongside Finland and Canada". The White House. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  5. ^ "U.S., Canada and Finland announce joint Icebreaker Collaboration Effort - UPI.com". UPI. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Jäänmurtaja-aloite on Suomelle merkittävä teollisuuspoliittinen mahdollisuus". Valtioneuvosto (in Finnish). 11 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Nato-jäsenyys tuo Suomelle himoitun yhteistyön". www.iltalehti.fi (in Finnish). 11 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  8. ^ "Canada to work with Finland, U.S. on 'Ice Pact' to build icebreakers". NNSL Media. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  9. ^ "Suomi aloittaa jäänmurtajayhteistyön Yhdysvaltojen ja Kanadan kanssa – taustalla Kiinan toimet arktisella alueella". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 11 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  10. ^ "US, Canada, Finland launch effort to build ice-breaking ships as China and Russia cooperate in Arctic". 11 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  11. ^ a b Rizzi, Alberto (15 July 2024). "Cold rush: How a transatlantic ship pact can win the race for the Arctic". ECFR. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  12. ^ "International Security Advisory Board: Report on Arctic Policy". U.S. Department of State. 21 September 2016.
  13. ^ "Puolustusyhteistyösopimus Yhdysvaltain kanssa (DCA)". 5 July 2024.
  14. ^ Mike Stone (2 April 2024). "US Navy ship building schedules hit by supply-chain woes, labor shortages". Reuters.
  15. ^ "U.S., Finland and Canada join 'ICE Pact' to counter Russia in Arctic". 12 July 2024.
  16. ^ Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari (2 October 2014). "Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure". Polar Geography. 37 (4): 298–324. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769. ISSN 1088-937X.
  17. ^ "How China uses Russia to cement its position as an Arctic superpower". Quartz. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
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