Jakarta–Peking Axis: Difference between revisions
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The '''Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis''' was |
The '''Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis''' was a form of geopolitical alignment during the Cold War era, representing a strategic convergence between [[Indonesia]], [[North Korea]], and [[China]]. This political alignment was inaugurated in January 1965 as part of President Soekarno's foreign policy during Indonesia's [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|Guided Democracy]] era. Although Indonesia maintained a nominally free and active foreign policy, Soekarno's administration exhibited strong [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western sentiments]] and gravitated towards [[Communist state|communist countries]]. |
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== Political alignment == |
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This can be seen in Indonesia's [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|confrontation with Malaysia]]. For Soekarno, the formation of the [[Malaysia|Malaysian]] federation was a form of Western [[imperialism]] in Asia. Therefore, when Malaysia was given a position as a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC), Indonesia declared its exit from the UN. |
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A notable manifestation of this policy was Indonesia's [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|confrontation with Malaysia]]. President Soekarno perceived the formation of the [[Malaysia|Malaysian federation]] as an act of [[Western imperialism in Asia]]. Consequently, when Malaysia was appointed a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC), Indonesia [[Indonesia and the United Nations|withdrew]] from the [[United Nations]] in protest.<ref>{{cite news |author=Gutierrez, Natashya |date=2016-08-22 |title=What happened when Indonesia 'withdrew' from the United Nations |url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/143883-united-nations-withdrawal-philippines-duterte |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101151415/https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/143883-united-nations-withdrawal-philippines-duterte |archive-date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2018-09-08 |work=Rappler}}</ref> The conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia had elicited reactions from the [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Australia]], which supported Malaysia. After [[Lee Kuan Yew]] declared Singapore's separation from Malaysia on August 9, 1965, Soekarno further reinforced his strong belief in confrontation. To strengthen Indonesia's position along with other anti-imperialist countries, in a speech on the occasion of August 17, 1965, he announced the establishment of the Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis.<ref name="Ricklefs580">{{Cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=Sejarah Modern Indonesia 1200-2008 |date=2010 |work=terjemahan Tim Penerjemah Serambi |publisher=Serambi |isbn=978-602-290-065-8 |location=Jakarta |pages=580 |url-status=live}}</ref> This axis was intended to break the 'Old Established Forces' (OLDEFOS) and rally the 'New Emerging Forces' (NEFOS).<ref name="Wibiwo30">{{Cite book |last=Wibowo |first= |title=Merangkul Cina: Hubungan Indonesia-Cina Pasca-Soeharto |last2=Hadi |first2=Syamsul |date=2009 |publisher=Kepustakaan Gramedia Utama |isbn=978-979-22-4493-9 |location=Jakarta |pages=30 |url-status=live}}</ref> OLDEFOS, representing imperialist and colonialist powers primarily in the capitalistic [[Western Bloc|Western bloc]], and NEFOS, comprising anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist nations, notably in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.<ref name="Budiman154">{{Cite book |last=Budiman |first=Agus |title=Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawala: Hasil Penelitian dan Pemikiran |date=2014 |publisher=LPPM Universitas Galuh |volume=Vol. 5 |location=Ciamis |pages=154-155 |url-status=live}}</ref> For Indonesia at the time, the politics of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] is does not inherently mean the politics of [[Neutral country|neutralism]]. In essence of the belief of Sukarno, non-alignment is the embodiment of active itself, so that Indonesian diplomacy at that time was directed at placing Indonesia not as an passive participant, but as an influential player in international politics.<ref name="Poesponegoro345">{{Cite book |last=Poesponegoro |first=Marwati Djoened |title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia |last2=Notosusanto |first2=Nugroho |date=1993 |publisher=Balai Pustaka |volume=Jilid VI |location=Jakarta |pages=345 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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This further increased Indonesia's diplomatic isolation from other [[Asia|Asian]]-[[Africa|African]] countries. Therefore, through [[Subandrio|Soebandrio]], Indonesia tried to solidify the Jakarta-Peking (Beijing) relationship. At that time, Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] offered to arm a people's militia called the [[Fifth Force (Indonesia)|Fifth Force]].<ref name="Ricklefs576">{{Cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=Sejarah Modern Indonesia 1200-2008 |date=2010 |work=terjemahan Tim Penerjemah Serambi |publisher=Serambi |isbn=978-602-290-065-8 |location=Jakarta |pages=576-578 |url-status=live}}</ref> In this regard, the [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) led by [[D. N. Aidit|D.N. Aidit]] urged the formation of the Fifth Force, whose members were recruited from urban workers and laborers, agricultural laborers, and armed rural poor peasants.<ref name="Mortimer139">{{Cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Rex |title=Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideologi dan Politik 1959-1965 |date=2011 |work=terjemahan Yudi Santoso |publisher=Pustaka Pelajar |isbn=979-3780-29-0 |location=Yogyakarta |pages=139 |url-status=live}}</ref> Soekarno's Jakarta-Peking axis, supported by the PKI, also marked a |
This further increased Indonesia's diplomatic isolation from other [[Asia|Asian]]-[[Africa|African]] countries. Therefore, through [[Subandrio|Soebandrio]], Indonesia tried to solidify the Jakarta-Peking (Beijing) relationship. At that time, Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] offered to arm a people's militia called the [[Fifth Force (Indonesia)|Fifth Force]].<ref name="Ricklefs576">{{Cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=Sejarah Modern Indonesia 1200-2008 |date=2010 |work=terjemahan Tim Penerjemah Serambi |publisher=Serambi |isbn=978-602-290-065-8 |location=Jakarta |pages=576-578 |url-status=live}}</ref> In this regard, the [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) led by [[D. N. Aidit|D.N. Aidit]] urged the formation of the Fifth Force, whose members were recruited from urban workers and laborers, agricultural laborers, and armed rural poor peasants.<ref name="Mortimer139">{{Cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Rex |title=Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideologi dan Politik 1959-1965 |date=2011 |work=terjemahan Yudi Santoso |publisher=Pustaka Pelajar |isbn=979-3780-29-0 |location=Yogyakarta |pages=139 |url-status=live}}</ref> Soekarno's Jakarta-Peking axis, supported by the PKI, also marked a shift from Moscow’s non-capitalist and [[peaceful coexistence]] policy approach to Beijing’s anti-imperialism and self-reliance ideas.<ref name="Törnquist67">{{Cite book |last=Trönquist |first=Olle |title=Penghancuran PKI |date=2011 |work=terjemahan Harsutejo |publisher=Komunitas Bambu |isbn= |location=Jakarta |pages=67 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia had drawn reactions from Britain and Australia, which supported Malaysia. After [[Lee Kuan Yew]] declared Singapore's separation from Malaysia on August 9, 1965, Soekarno further confirmed his strong belief in confrontation. To strengthen Indonesia's position along with other anti-imperialist countries, in a speech on the occasion of August 17, 1965, he announced the establishment of the Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis.<ref name="Ricklefs580">{{Cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=Sejarah Modern Indonesia 1200-2008 |date=2010 |work=terjemahan Tim Penerjemah Serambi |publisher=Serambi |isbn=978-602-290-065-8 |location=Jakarta |pages=580 |url-status=live}}</ref> This axis was intended to break the 'Old Established Forces' (OLDEFOS) and rally the 'New Emerging Forces' (NEFOS).<ref name="Wibiwo30">{{Cite book |last=Wibowo |first= |title=Merangkul Cina: Hubungan Indonesia-Cina Pasca-Soeharto |last2=Hadi |first2=Syamsul |date=2009 |publisher=Kepustakaan Gramedia Utama |isbn=978-979-22-4493-9 |location=Jakarta |pages=30 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The essence of Sukarno's idea is that the world is limited to two forces. The first is the power of imperialism and [[colonialism]] called OLDEFOS, while the second is the power of anti-imperialism and colonialism called NEFOS. If OLDEFOS is represented by western capitalist countries, then NEFOS is depicted by socialist countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.<ref name="Budiman154">{{Cite book |last=Budiman |first=Agus |title=Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawala: Hasil Penelitian dan Pemikiran |date=2014 |publisher=LPPM Universitas Galuh |volume=Vol. 5 |location=Ciamis |pages=154-155 |url-status=live}}</ref> For Indonesia at the time, the politics of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] is does not inherently mean the politics of [[Neutral country|neutralism]]. In essence of the belief of Sukarno, non-alignment is the embodiment of active itself, so that Indonesian diplomacy at that time was directed at placing Indonesia not as an object, but as a subject in international politics.<ref name="Poesponegoro345">{{Cite book |last=Poesponegoro |first=Marwati Djoened |title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia |last2=Notosusanto |first2=Nugroho |date=1993 |publisher=Balai Pustaka |volume=Jilid VI |location=Jakarta |pages=345 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== End == |
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[[File:1967-07 1967年4月 民众到印尼驻华大使馆门前抗议游行.jpg|thumb|Protest at the Indonesian embassy in Beijing in April 1967 following Suharto's assumption of presidential power]] |
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After the birth of the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] in 1966, Indonesia's foreign policy radically changed. As a result of the attempted coup by the [[30 September Movement|September 30th Movement]] (G30S) in 1965, relations between Indonesia and China were strained. In fact, the [[Embassy of Indonesia, Beijing|Indonesian Embassy in Beijing]] was closed for an indefinite period. Meanwhile, confrontation with Malaysia and Singapore was no longer considered appropriate. At that time, the originally confrontational political direction changed, and the Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis ended.<ref name="Poesponegoro476">{{Cite book |last=Poesponegoro |first=Marwati Djoened |title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia |last2=Notosusanto |first2=Nugroho |date=1993 |publisher=Balai Pustaka |volume=Jilid VI |location=Jakarta |pages=476 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
After the birth of the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] in 1966, Indonesia's foreign policy radically changed. As a result of the attempted coup by the [[30 September Movement|September 30th Movement]] (G30S) in 1965, relations between Indonesia and China were strained. In fact, the [[Embassy of Indonesia, Beijing|Indonesian Embassy in Beijing]] was closed for an indefinite period. Meanwhile, confrontation with Malaysia and Singapore was no longer considered appropriate. At that time, the originally confrontational political direction changed, and the Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis ended.<ref name="Poesponegoro476">{{Cite book |last=Poesponegoro |first=Marwati Djoened |title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia |last2=Notosusanto |first2=Nugroho |date=1993 |publisher=Balai Pustaka |volume=Jilid VI |location=Jakarta |pages=476 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 07:24, 25 July 2024
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The Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis was a form of geopolitical alignment during the Cold War era, representing a strategic convergence between Indonesia, North Korea, and China. This political alignment was inaugurated in January 1965 as part of President Soekarno's foreign policy during Indonesia's Guided Democracy era. Although Indonesia maintained a nominally free and active foreign policy, Soekarno's administration exhibited strong anti-Western sentiments and gravitated towards communist countries.
Political alignment
A notable manifestation of this policy was Indonesia's confrontation with Malaysia. President Soekarno perceived the formation of the Malaysian federation as an act of Western imperialism in Asia. Consequently, when Malaysia was appointed a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), Indonesia withdrew from the United Nations in protest.[1] The conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia had elicited reactions from the Britain and Australia, which supported Malaysia. After Lee Kuan Yew declared Singapore's separation from Malaysia on August 9, 1965, Soekarno further reinforced his strong belief in confrontation. To strengthen Indonesia's position along with other anti-imperialist countries, in a speech on the occasion of August 17, 1965, he announced the establishment of the Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis.[2] This axis was intended to break the 'Old Established Forces' (OLDEFOS) and rally the 'New Emerging Forces' (NEFOS).[3] OLDEFOS, representing imperialist and colonialist powers primarily in the capitalistic Western bloc, and NEFOS, comprising anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist nations, notably in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.[4] For Indonesia at the time, the politics of non-alignment is does not inherently mean the politics of neutralism. In essence of the belief of Sukarno, non-alignment is the embodiment of active itself, so that Indonesian diplomacy at that time was directed at placing Indonesia not as an passive participant, but as an influential player in international politics.[5]
This further increased Indonesia's diplomatic isolation from other Asian-African countries. Therefore, through Soebandrio, Indonesia tried to solidify the Jakarta-Peking (Beijing) relationship. At that time, Premier Zhou Enlai offered to arm a people's militia called the Fifth Force.[6] In this regard, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) led by D.N. Aidit urged the formation of the Fifth Force, whose members were recruited from urban workers and laborers, agricultural laborers, and armed rural poor peasants.[7] Soekarno's Jakarta-Peking axis, supported by the PKI, also marked a shift from Moscow’s non-capitalist and peaceful coexistence policy approach to Beijing’s anti-imperialism and self-reliance ideas.[8]
End
After the birth of the New Order in 1966, Indonesia's foreign policy radically changed. As a result of the attempted coup by the September 30th Movement (G30S) in 1965, relations between Indonesia and China were strained. In fact, the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing was closed for an indefinite period. Meanwhile, confrontation with Malaysia and Singapore was no longer considered appropriate. At that time, the originally confrontational political direction changed, and the Jakarta-Pyongyang-Peking axis ended.[9]
Reference
- ^ Gutierrez, Natashya (2016-08-22). "What happened when Indonesia 'withdrew' from the United Nations". Rappler. Archived from the original on 2016-11-01. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (2010). Sejarah Modern Indonesia 1200-2008. Jakarta: Serambi. p. 580. ISBN 978-602-290-065-8.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Wibowo; Hadi, Syamsul (2009). Merangkul Cina: Hubungan Indonesia-Cina Pasca-Soeharto. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Gramedia Utama. p. 30. ISBN 978-979-22-4493-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Budiman, Agus (2014). Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawala: Hasil Penelitian dan Pemikiran. Vol. Vol. 5. Ciamis: LPPM Universitas Galuh. pp. 154–155.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (1993). Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. Vol. Jilid VI. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 345.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (2010). Sejarah Modern Indonesia 1200-2008. Jakarta: Serambi. pp. 576–578. ISBN 978-602-290-065-8.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Mortimer, Rex (2011). Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideologi dan Politik 1959-1965. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. p. 139. ISBN 979-3780-29-0.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Trönquist, Olle (2011). Penghancuran PKI. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu. p. 67.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (1993). Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. Vol. Jilid VI. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 476.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)