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At "one o'clock a rush took place to the Turks' stronghold".<ref name=BM /> An eyewitness later stated that Gool had stood with a white rag tied to his rifle but was cut down by gunfire. He was found with 16 wounds. The mob would not allow Abdullah's body to be taken away in the ambulance. Later that day both bodies were disposed of in secret by the police.
At "one o'clock a rush took place to the Turks' stronghold".<ref name=BM /> An eyewitness later stated that Gool had stood with a white rag tied to his rifle but was cut down by gunfire. He was found with 16 wounds. The mob would not allow Abdullah's body to be taken away in the ambulance. Later that day both bodies were disposed of in secret by the police.

==The victims==

* '''Alma Priscilla Cowie''' – born on 3 March 1897 at Broken Hill, the seventh of fourteen children of William Cowie and Emily (''née'' Henwood).<ref name=ancestry>Family records, per Ancestry.com.</ref> The family lived at Railway Town (south-west of the township centre) and Alma's father was a dairyman.<ref name=argus2Jan>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1487366 Turks Attack Train], ''The Argus'' (Melbourne), 2 January 1915, page 9.</ref><ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45246905 Fall From a Buggy], ''Barrier Miner'' (Broken Hill), 20 November 1913, page 4.</ref>

* '''Alfred Elvin Millard''' – born in about 1884 at Balmain, the eldest child of Alfred Millard and Mary (''née'' Hill). Millard married Mary Jane Hamilton in 1900 at Balmain North and the couple had a son, born in 1902 at Taree.<ref name=ancestry/> Millard was employed by the Wood Pipe Company from about 1902.<ref name=millard3/> He was a resident of Reynolds-street, Balmain. He came to Broken Hill to supervise the laying of the wooden pipeline of the Umberumberka water service and from August 1914 was boarding with the Beaumont family in Cobalt-street, Railway Town.<ref name=BM1JanA>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45309672 One of the Victims], ''Barrier Miner'' (Broken Hill), 2 January 1915, page 5.</ref><ref name=millard>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45310640 Alfred Elvin Millard], ''Barrier Miner'' (Broken Hill), 10 January 1915, page 3.</ref><ref name=millard3>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45309901 Mr. Millard's Last Good-bye], ''Barrier Miner'' (Broken Hill), 4 January 1915, page 4.</ref>

* '''William John Shaw''' – born in 1868 at [[Nairne, South Australia|Nairne]] in South Australia, the eldest child of John Shaw and Mary Ann (''née'' Weatherall). Shaw married Alice Ide in January 1898 at [[Crystal Brook, South Australia]], and the couple had five children born at Broken Hill between 1899 and 1907. Sanitation inspector, a foreman in the Sanitary Department, municipal employee.<ref name=ancestry/>

* '''James Craig''' – born in about 1845 in England; aged 69.<ref name=ancestry/> Labourer.<ref name=argus2Jan/>

The names of the wounded were:
* Rose Crabb, aged 30 years, of Marks-street, Waterworks Hill; shot through the shoulder bone (or groin and side), condition not critical.
* Alma Crocker, aged 34 years, arrived recently from [[Peterborough, South Australia|Peterborough]] and staying with Mrs. Bray of Beryl-lane; shot in the jaw.
* Mary Kavanagh, aged 23 years, tailoress, of Cummins-street; shot through the base of the skull, condition serious (daughter of Walter and Anastasia Kavanagh). Mary married Ted Kelly on 5 June 1916 at Broken Hill.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45326300 Marriages: Kelly - Kavanagh], ''Barrier Miner'' (Broken Hill), 15 July 1916, page 4.</ref> The couple had seven children. Mary Kavanagh died in April 1946 at Broken Hill.<ref name=ancestry/>
* Lucy May Shaw, aged 15 years, of Wolfram-street (daughter of William and Alice Shaw); bullet in the elbow. The bullet was extracted and allowed to return home.
* George F. Stokes, aged about 15 years, of the corner of Cummins and Garnet-streets; shot in the shoulder and chest, condition serious.
* Thomas Campbell, aged 70 years, tinsmith, of Rocky Hill, Allendale, West Broken Hill; shot in the abdomen at his home near the Allendale Hotel. Campbell was released from hospital in late February 1915.<ref name=campbell>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45316346 New Year's Day Tragedy: The Story of Mr. Thomas Campbell], ''Barrier Miner'' (Broken Hill), 24 February 1915, page 4.</ref>
* Constable Robert Mills, wounded twice, shot in the groin and thigh; condition not critical.<ref name=argus2Jan/><ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45309450 List of Killed and Wounded], ''Barrier miner'' (Broken Hill), 1 January 1915, page 2.</ref><ref name=ancestry/>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==

===Immediate events===
===Immediate events===

The attackers left notes connecting their actions to the hostilities between the Ottoman and British Empires, which had been officially declared in October 1914. Believing he would be killed, Gool Mahomed left a letter in his waist-belt which stated that he was a subject of the [[Mehmed V|Ottoman Sultan]] and that, "I must kill you and give my life for my faith, Allāhu Akbar." Mullah Abdullah said in his last letter that he was dying for his faith and in obedience to the order of the Sultan, "but owing to my grudge against Chief Sanitary Inspector Brosnan it was my intention to kill him first."<ref name="s163">Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns; A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia. Oxford University Press. Melbourne 1989, p. 163 {{ISBN|0-19-554976-7}}</ref> Turkish sources claim that the letter from the Ottoman Sultan was a forgery, and that the Turkish flag found with the perpetrators was planted. It is claimed that the incident was attributed to Turks in order to rally the Australian public for the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/22279550.asp|title=Sayın Apo Anzak oldu!|last=Özdil|first=Yilmaz|date=3 January 2013|work=[[Hürriyet]]|accessdate=2013-01-03|language=tr}}</ref>
The attackers left notes connecting their actions to the hostilities between the Ottoman and British Empires, which had been officially declared in October 1914. Believing he would be killed, Gool Mahomed left a letter in his waist-belt which stated that he was a subject of the [[Mehmed V|Ottoman Sultan]] and that, "I must kill you and give my life for my faith, Allāhu Akbar." Mullah Abdullah said in his last letter that he was dying for his faith and in obedience to the order of the Sultan, "but owing to my grudge against Chief Sanitary Inspector Brosnan it was my intention to kill him first."<ref name="s163">Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns; A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia. Oxford University Press. Melbourne 1989, p. 163 {{ISBN|0-19-554976-7}}</ref> Turkish sources claim that the letter from the Ottoman Sultan was a forgery, and that the Turkish flag found with the perpetrators was planted. It is claimed that the incident was attributed to Turks in order to rally the Australian public for the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/22279550.asp|title=Sayın Apo Anzak oldu!|last=Özdil|first=Yilmaz|date=3 January 2013|work=[[Hürriyet]]|accessdate=2013-01-03|language=tr}}</ref>


Revision as of 03:20, 27 July 2024

Battle of Broken Hill
Replica of Badsha Mahommed Gool's ice cream cart, located near the white quartz outcrop where the battle occurred
LocationBroken Hill, Australia
Date1 January 1915
TargetCivilians
Attack type
Mass murder, massacre
Deaths6 (including both perpetrators)
Injured7
PerpetratorBadsha Mahommed Gool
Mullah Abdullah
MotiveSupport Ottoman Empire in World War I
Part of a series on
Islam in Australia
History
Mosques
Organisations
Islamic organisations in Australia
Groups
Events
National Mosque Open Day
People

The Battle of Broken Hill was a fatal incident which took place in Australia near Broken Hill, New South Wales, on 1 January 1915. Two men shot dead four people and wounded seven more, before being killed by police and military officers. Though politically and religiously motivated, the men were not members of any sanctioned armed force and the attacks were criminal. The two men were later identified as Muslim "Ghans" from colonial India (some sources incorrectly identify them as Turkish).[1]

The assailants

Part of the rocky outcrop where the final battle took place

The attackers were both former camel-drivers working at Broken Hill. They were Badsha Mahommed Gool (born c. 1874),[2] an ice-cream vendor, and Mullah Abdullah (born c. 1854),[3] a local imam and halal butcher.

Gool's ice-cream cart was well known in town and was used to transport the men to the attack site.[1][4] They also fashioned a home-made Ottoman flag which they flew. There appears to have been little effort made at hiding their identities.

Abdullah had arrived in Broken Hill around 1898 and worked as a camel driver. Several days before the killings Mullah Adbullah was convicted by Police Court for slaughtering sheep on premises not licensed for slaughter. It was not his first offence.[5] Since the sanitary inspector, Mr. Brosnan, acting to enforce the municipal regulations, observed that the unauthorised slaughter was insanitary, he acted to enforce the law. In addition, Abdullah had ceased wearing his turban years before, "since the day some larrikin threw stones at me, and I did not like it".[4]

Attack

Each New Year's Day the local lodge of the Manchester Unity Order of Oddfellows held a picnic at Silverton.[6] The train from Broken Hill to Silverton was crowded with 1200 picnickers on 40 open ore trucks. Three kilometres out of town, Gool and Abdullah positioned themselves on an embankment located about 30 metres from the tracks. As the train passed they opened fire with two rifles, discharging 20 to 30 shots.

The picnickers initially thought that the shots were being discharged in honour of the train's passing, as a sham fight, or as target practice.[7] Once their companions started falling, the reality sank in.

Alma Cowie, aged 17 died instantly. William John Shaw, a foreman in the Sanitary Department, was killed on the train and his daughter Lucy Shaw was injured. Six other people on the train were injured: Mary Kavanagh, George Stokes, Thomas Campbell, Alma Crocker, Rose Crabb and Constable Robert Mills.[8]

The conductor on the train was "Tiger" Dick (Eric Edward) Nyholm, soon to be a father of six children, including Sir Ronald Nyholm,[9] also of Broken Hill. Nyholm was a renowned marksman and proved instrumental in protecting the train's passengers from further injury.

Police response

Gool and Mullah Abdullah made their way from the train towards the West Camel camp where they lived. On the way they killed Alfred E. Millard who had taken shelter in his hut. By this time the train had pulled over at a siding and the police were telephoned. The police contacted Lieutenant Resch at the local army base who despatched his men. When police encountered Gool and Abdullah near the Cable Hotel, the pair shot and wounded Constable Mills. Gool and Abdullah then took shelter within a white quartz outcrop, which provided good cover. A 90-minute gun battle followed, during which armed members of the public arrived to join the police and military. By the end of the battle very little shooting came from the pair and most of it was off target, leading Constable Ward to conclude that Mullah Abdullah was already dead and Gool was wounded.

James Craig, a 69-year-old occupant of a house behind the Cable Hotel, resisted his daughter's warning about chopping wood during a gun battle and was hit by a stray bullet and killed. He was the fourth to die.

At "one o'clock a rush took place to the Turks' stronghold".[8] An eyewitness later stated that Gool had stood with a white rag tied to his rifle but was cut down by gunfire. He was found with 16 wounds. The mob would not allow Abdullah's body to be taken away in the ambulance. Later that day both bodies were disposed of in secret by the police.

The victims

  • Alma Priscilla Cowie – born on 3 March 1897 at Broken Hill, the seventh of fourteen children of William Cowie and Emily (née Henwood).[10] The family lived at Railway Town (south-west of the township centre) and Alma's father was a dairyman.[11][12]
  • Alfred Elvin Millard – born in about 1884 at Balmain, the eldest child of Alfred Millard and Mary (née Hill). Millard married Mary Jane Hamilton in 1900 at Balmain North and the couple had a son, born in 1902 at Taree.[10] Millard was employed by the Wood Pipe Company from about 1902.[13] He was a resident of Reynolds-street, Balmain. He came to Broken Hill to supervise the laying of the wooden pipeline of the Umberumberka water service and from August 1914 was boarding with the Beaumont family in Cobalt-street, Railway Town.[14][15][13]
  • William John Shaw – born in 1868 at Nairne in South Australia, the eldest child of John Shaw and Mary Ann (née Weatherall). Shaw married Alice Ide in January 1898 at Crystal Brook, South Australia, and the couple had five children born at Broken Hill between 1899 and 1907. Sanitation inspector, a foreman in the Sanitary Department, municipal employee.[10]
  • James Craig – born in about 1845 in England; aged 69.[10] Labourer.[11]

The names of the wounded were:

  • Rose Crabb, aged 30 years, of Marks-street, Waterworks Hill; shot through the shoulder bone (or groin and side), condition not critical.
  • Alma Crocker, aged 34 years, arrived recently from Peterborough and staying with Mrs. Bray of Beryl-lane; shot in the jaw.
  • Mary Kavanagh, aged 23 years, tailoress, of Cummins-street; shot through the base of the skull, condition serious (daughter of Walter and Anastasia Kavanagh). Mary married Ted Kelly on 5 June 1916 at Broken Hill.[16] The couple had seven children. Mary Kavanagh died in April 1946 at Broken Hill.[10]
  • Lucy May Shaw, aged 15 years, of Wolfram-street (daughter of William and Alice Shaw); bullet in the elbow. The bullet was extracted and allowed to return home.
  • George F. Stokes, aged about 15 years, of the corner of Cummins and Garnet-streets; shot in the shoulder and chest, condition serious.
  • Thomas Campbell, aged 70 years, tinsmith, of Rocky Hill, Allendale, West Broken Hill; shot in the abdomen at his home near the Allendale Hotel. Campbell was released from hospital in late February 1915.[17]
  • Constable Robert Mills, wounded twice, shot in the groin and thigh; condition not critical.[11][18][10]

Aftermath

Immediate events

The attackers left notes connecting their actions to the hostilities between the Ottoman and British Empires, which had been officially declared in October 1914. Believing he would be killed, Gool Mahomed left a letter in his waist-belt which stated that he was a subject of the Ottoman Sultan and that, "I must kill you and give my life for my faith, Allāhu Akbar." Mullah Abdullah said in his last letter that he was dying for his faith and in obedience to the order of the Sultan, "but owing to my grudge against Chief Sanitary Inspector Brosnan it was my intention to kill him first."[19] Turkish sources claim that the letter from the Ottoman Sultan was a forgery, and that the Turkish flag found with the perpetrators was planted. It is claimed that the incident was attributed to Turks in order to rally the Australian public for the war.[20]

The actions were seen as representative of enemy aliens and Germans in the area were the focus of violence, as it was believed that the Germans had agitated the assailants to attack. On the evening of Friday 1 January an angry mob burnt the local German Club to the ground, cutting the hoses of the firemen who came to fight the flames.[19][21] Afterwards, the mob marched over to a nearby camp used by Afghan camel drivers, but were prevented from attacking the settlement by the police and military.[7] There was no further violence against the Afghan community.

The next day the mines of Broken Hill fired all employees deemed enemy aliens under the 1914 Commonwealth War Precautions Act. Six Austrians, four Germans and one Turk were ordered out of town by the public. Shortly afterwards, all enemy aliens in Australia were interned for the duration of the war.[21]

On Sunday 3 January thousands of people assembled in Broken Hill to witness the funerals of the four victims.[22]

The Silverton Tramway Company refunded in full the fares for the picnic train, and the money was used to launch a public relief fund.

German propaganda

The Sydney journal The Bulletin published a burlesque of the incident in the style of German propaganda, suggesting the Germans lauded the attack as a victorious military battle between Turkish forces and recruits on a troop train. Supposedly the Turkish attackers killed 40 and wounded 70 (ten times the real figures) for the loss of only two dead. The parody was, for some reason, taken seriously by other newspapers, which published it almost verbatim as a genuine example of German propaganda. The story was picked up by international papers in the US, the UK and NZ. When clippings from the foreign papers filtered back to Australia in the letters home of serving soldiers, it only reinforced the belief that the story in the Bulletin was true. The 'fake news' was revived as an example of German mendacity by Australian papers during the Second World War and even as late as 1951 in Broken Hill's own Barrier Daily Truth paper.[23]

Recently

In the late 1970s there were failed attempts to turn the story into a film, The Battle of Broken Hill, to be directed by Donald Crombie.[24][25]

Nicholas Shakespeare wrote the novella Oddfellows (2015) based on this event.[6]

The battle is the subject of the song "Battle of Broken Hill" by the Sydney-based Celtic-punk band Handsome Young Strangers, found on their 2016 EP of the same name.[citation needed]

In 2014 the Greek Australian genocides scholar Panayiotis Diamadis noted that the attack occurred only a few weeks after the declaration of jihad (holy war) on 14 November 1914 by Sultan Mehmed V and Shaykh al-Islām (primary religious leader) Essad Effendi of the Ottoman Empire against Great Britain and the Allies.[26][27]

The Australian government refused requests to fund a commemoration of the event for its 100th anniversary.[28] A ceremony marking the centenary of the massacre was held at Broken Hill railway station on 1 January 2015.[29]

A 2019 Turkish film by Can Ulkay [tr], Türk Isi Dondurma [tr] (Turkish Ice Cream) presents the "recruits on a troop train" version of the story.[30]

References

  1. ^ a b e.g. "Battle of Broken Hill" Archived 14 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, George Negus Tonight, ABC-TV, 23 February 2004
  2. ^ "Badsha Gool Death Certificate". Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
  3. ^ "Mullah Abdullah Death Certificate". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
  4. ^ a b The Argus, 6 January 1915[not specific enough to verify]
  5. ^ The Argus, 2 January 1915[not specific enough to verify]
  6. ^ a b Shakespeare, Nicholas (2015). Oddfellows. Vintage Australia/Random House. ISBN 9780857987181.
  7. ^ a b "'For Revenge'". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney, SA). 4 January 1915. p. 6.
  8. ^ a b The Barrier Miner, 2 January 1915.[full citation needed]
  9. ^ Stanley E. Livingstone (2000). "Nyholm, Sir Ronald Sydney (1917–1971)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Family records, per Ancestry.com.
  11. ^ a b c Turks Attack Train, The Argus (Melbourne), 2 January 1915, page 9.
  12. ^ Fall From a Buggy, Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 20 November 1913, page 4.
  13. ^ a b Mr. Millard's Last Good-bye, Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 4 January 1915, page 4.
  14. ^ One of the Victims, Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 2 January 1915, page 5.
  15. ^ Alfred Elvin Millard, Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 10 January 1915, page 3.
  16. ^ Marriages: Kelly - Kavanagh, Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 15 July 1916, page 4.
  17. ^ New Year's Day Tragedy: The Story of Mr. Thomas Campbell, Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 24 February 1915, page 4.
  18. ^ List of Killed and Wounded, Barrier miner (Broken Hill), 1 January 1915, page 2.
  19. ^ a b Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns; A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia. Oxford University Press. Melbourne 1989, p. 163 ISBN 0-19-554976-7
  20. ^ Özdil, Yilmaz (3 January 2013). "Sayın Apo Anzak oldu!". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  21. ^ a b Jones, Mary Lucille. "The Years of Decline: Australian Muslims 1900–1940", in Mary Lucille Jones (ed) An Australian pilgrimage: Muslims in Australia from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. Victoria Press in association with the Museum of Victoria. p. 64 ISBN 0-7241-8450-3
  22. ^ "The New Year's Day Tragedy. Funerals of the Victims". The Barrier Miner. Broken Hill, New South Wales. p. 2.
  23. ^ Whyte, Brendan. "Propaganda eats itself: The Bulletin and the battle of Broken Hill". Sabretache, Vol. 57, No. 3, September 2016: 48–57.
  24. ^ David Stratton, The Last New Wave: The Australian Film Revival, Angus & Robertson 1980, p. 281
  25. ^ "Production Survey", Cinema Papers, January 1978, p. 251
  26. ^ Panayiotis Diamadis, "History repeating: from the Battle of Broken Hill to the sands of Syria", The Conversation, 3 October 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  27. ^ Daniel Allen Butler (2011). Shadow of the Sultan's Realm. Potomac Books. p. 135. ISBN 9781597974967.
  28. ^ "Battle of Broken Hill an act of war or terrorism won't be commemorated" by Damien Murphy, The Sydney Morning Herald, 31 October 2014
  29. ^ Breen, Jacqueline. "Broken Hill remembers victims of 1915 attack by gunmen brandishing Turkish flag". ABC News. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  30. ^ Türk Isi Dondurma at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata

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