Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences: Difference between revisions
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* Studying how microbes develop resistance mechanisms against [[antibiotics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tal |first1=Nir |last2=Schuldiner |first2=Shimon |date=2009-06-02 |title=A coordinated network of transporters with overlapping specificities provides a robust survival strategy |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=106 |issue=22 |pages=9051–9056 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0902400106 |doi-access=free |pmid=19451626 |pmc=2690002 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9051T |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> |
* Studying how microbes develop resistance mechanisms against [[antibiotics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tal |first1=Nir |last2=Schuldiner |first2=Shimon |date=2009-06-02 |title=A coordinated network of transporters with overlapping specificities provides a robust survival strategy |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=106 |issue=22 |pages=9051–9056 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0902400106 |doi-access=free |pmid=19451626 |pmc=2690002 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9051T |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> |
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* Discovery that cancer development is promoted by uncoordinated regulation of [[nucleotide]] biosynthesis and cell proliferation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bester |first1=Assaf C. |last2=Roniger |first2=Maayan |last3=Oren |first3=Yifat S. |last4=Im |first4=Michael M. |last5=Sarni |first5=Dan |last6=Chaoat |first6=Malka |last7=Bensimon |first7=Aaron |last8=Zamir |first8=Gideon |last9=Shewach |first9=Donna S. |last10=Kerem |first10=Batsheva |date=April 2011 |title=Nucleotide Deficiency Promotes Genomic Instability in Early Stages of Cancer Development |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=145 |issue=3 |pages=435–446 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.044 |pmc=3740329 |pmid=21529715}}</ref> |
* Discovery that cancer development is promoted by uncoordinated regulation of [[nucleotide]] biosynthesis and cell proliferation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bester |first1=Assaf C. |last2=Roniger |first2=Maayan |last3=Oren |first3=Yifat S. |last4=Im |first4=Michael M. |last5=Sarni |first5=Dan |last6=Chaoat |first6=Malka |last7=Bensimon |first7=Aaron |last8=Zamir |first8=Gideon |last9=Shewach |first9=Donna S. |last10=Kerem |first10=Batsheva |date=April 2011 |title=Nucleotide Deficiency Promotes Genomic Instability in Early Stages of Cancer Development |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=145 |issue=3 |pages=435–446 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.044 |pmc=3740329 |pmid=21529715}}</ref> |
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* First demonstration of spontaneous and direct differentiation of human embryonic [[stem cells]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakamura |first1=Kensuke |last2=Inokuchi |first2=Ryota |last3=Doi |first3=Kent |last4=Fukuda |first4=Tatsuma |last5=Tokunaga |first5=Kurato |last6=Nakajima |first6=Susumu |last7=Noiri |first7=Eisei |last8=Yahagi |first8=Naoki |date=2014 |title=Septic Ketoacidosis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1791 |journal=Internal Medicine |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1071–1073 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1791 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=24827487}}</ref> |
* First demonstration of spontaneous and direct differentiation of human embryonic [[stem cells]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakamura |first1=Kensuke |last2=Inokuchi |first2=Ryota |last3=Doi |first3=Kent |last4=Fukuda |first4=Tatsuma |last5=Tokunaga |first5=Kurato |last6=Nakajima |first6=Susumu |last7=Noiri |first7=Eisei |last8=Yahagi |first8=Naoki |date=2014 |title=Septic Ketoacidosis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1791 |journal=Internal Medicine |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1071–1073 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1791 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=24827487|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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* First DNA methylation maps of [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovan|Denisovans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gokhman |first1=David |last2=Lavi |first2=Eitan |last3=Prüfer |first3=Kay |last4=Fraga |first4=Mario F. |last5=Riancho |first5=José A. |last6=Kelso |first6=Janet |last7=Pääbo |first7=Svante |last8=Meshorer |first8=Eran |last9=Carmel |first9=Liran |date=2014-05-02 |title=Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1250368 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6183 |pages=523–527 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..523G |doi=10.1126/science.1250368 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24786081}}</ref> |
* First DNA methylation maps of [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovan|Denisovans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gokhman |first1=David |last2=Lavi |first2=Eitan |last3=Prüfer |first3=Kay |last4=Fraga |first4=Mario F. |last5=Riancho |first5=José A. |last6=Kelso |first6=Janet |last7=Pääbo |first7=Svante |last8=Meshorer |first8=Eran |last9=Carmel |first9=Liran |date=2014-05-02 |title=Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1250368 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6183 |pages=523–527 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..523G |doi=10.1126/science.1250368 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24786081}}</ref> |
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* First generation of [[haploid]] human embryonic stem cells.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sagi |first1=Ido |last2=Chia |first2=Gloryn |last3=Golan-Lev |first3=Tamar |last4=Peretz |first4=Mordecai |last5=Weissbein |first5=Uri |last6=Sui |first6=Lina |last7=Sauer |first7=Mark V. |last8=Yanuka |first8=Ofra |last9=Egli |first9=Dieter |last10=Benvenisty |first10=Nissim |date=2016-04-07 |title=Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17408 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=532 |issue=7597 |pages=107–111 |bibcode=2016Natur.532..107S |doi=10.1038/nature17408 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=26982723}}</ref> |
* First generation of [[haploid]] human embryonic stem cells.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sagi |first1=Ido |last2=Chia |first2=Gloryn |last3=Golan-Lev |first3=Tamar |last4=Peretz |first4=Mordecai |last5=Weissbein |first5=Uri |last6=Sui |first6=Lina |last7=Sauer |first7=Mark V. |last8=Yanuka |first8=Ofra |last9=Egli |first9=Dieter |last10=Benvenisty |first10=Nissim |date=2016-04-07 |title=Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17408 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=532 |issue=7597 |pages=107–111 |bibcode=2016Natur.532..107S |doi=10.1038/nature17408 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=26982723}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 03:42, 29 July 2024
 | |
| Type | Research Institute |
|---|---|
| Established | 1925 |
Parent institution | The Hebrew University of Jerusalem |
| Chairperson | Prof. Guy Bloch |
Academic staff | 75 |
| Students | 900 |
| Undergraduates | 600 |
| Location | Jerusalem , Israel |
| Language | Hebrew & English |
| Website | https://www.bio.huji.ac.il/en |
The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences (AS-ILS) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the oldest life sciences research institute in Israel. It is part of the Faculty of Sciences, and is located in the Edmond J. Safra Campus (Givat Ram) in Jerusalem.
History
The origins of the institute date back to 1925, the year that the Hebrew University was founded,[1] when the Department of Botany was formed as part of a research unit called "The Institute for Studying the Natural History of the Land of Israel". Among the founding researchers were Profs. Otto Warburg,[2] Alexander Eig,[3] Michael Zohary[4] and Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan.[5] During the first years of the department, several large-scale projects that continue to this day have been started off, including the establishment of the Herbarium Collection,[6] today part of Israel's Natural History Collections,[7] and the establishment of the National Botanic Garden of Israel at Mount Scopus, which was the first of its kind in the Middle East.
In 1928, Prof. Simon Bodenheimer joined the nascent institute and established the Department of Zoology, leading the institute to probe into new scientific fields.[8]
Research activities at both departments (and at the Hebrew University in general) were diminished in 1948 during the War of Independence, and were brought to a complete stop following the Hadassah medical convoy massacre. Activity in both departments was renewed after the war, in April 1949.[1]
Notable achievements
Throughout the years AS-ILS members have conducted basic research as well as applied science in the fields of biomedicine, biotechnology and agriculture at multiple levels of organization, from molecular mechanism in cells, through processes within the whole organism, and to studies at the population level. AS-ILS members have been associated with several discoveries:
- The first description of the flora of Palestine.[9]
- Studies of various genetic traits amongst different Jewish ethnic groups in Israel.[10][11][12] These studies served as the basis of genetic counseling in Israel.
- Description of 2,470 plant species found in Israel and surrounding areas, which serve as the meeting point of four phytogeographical regions, first published in 1966.[13]
- Allosteric control of enzymes and cooperativity and the mathematical equations that describe these phenomena.[14]
- Discovery that cholera toxin activates adenylyl cyclase by inhibiting the catecholamine-stimulated GTPase.[15]
- Revealing the stabilizing role of poly(A) tail on mRNA.[16]
- Signal transduction mechanisms - beta-adrenergic receptors and their mode of coupling to adenylate cyclase.[17]
- Demonstrating that the β-adrenergic receptor acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor facilitating GDP/GTP exchange to activate adenylyl cyclase.[18]
- Plant domestication in the Middle East, especially crops such as cereals, pulses and fruit trees (first published in 1987).[19]
- Understanding how microbes adapt to changing environments.[20]
- Developing pharmacological inhibitors of tyrosine kinases that can serve as anti-cancer drugs.[21]
- Identification and isolation of the major positive regulator of meiosis.[22]
- Identification and characterization of the gene mutated in cystic fibrosis disease and uncovering genetic mechanisms contributing to the disease severity.[23]
- Mapping of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks on whole yeast chromosomes.[24]
- First report of the impact of stress on gene expression.[25]
- Genetic manipulation and disease modeling using human pluripotent stem cells.[26][27]
- Immunogenicity and the basis of tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells.[28][29]
- Studying how microbes develop resistance mechanisms against antibiotics.[30]
- Discovery that cancer development is promoted by uncoordinated regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis and cell proliferation.[31]
- First demonstration of spontaneous and direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.[32]
- First DNA methylation maps of Neanderthals and Denisovans.[33]
- First generation of haploid human embryonic stem cells.[34]
- Genome-wide screenings in human development and disease.[35][36]
- Anatomical profile of a Denisovan.[37]
- Re-discovery of transfer RNA fragments' functions.[38]
Study Programs
The institute offers a number of undergraduate programs, including a single major program, joint dual major programs, supplementary units, and a number of excellence programs.[39][40]
References
- ^ a b "The Hebrew University of Jerusalem". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "Otto Warburg (botanist)". JSTOR Global Plants.
- ^ "Alexander Eig". JSTOR Global Plants.
- ^ "Michael Zohary". JSTOR Global Plants.
- ^ "Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan". Jewish Women's Archive.
- ^ "Something went wrong..." en-nnhc.huji.ac.il.
- ^ "The National Natural History Collections". en-nnhc.huji.ac.il.
- ^ Harpaz, I. (1984). "Frederick Simon Bodenheimer (1897–1959): Idealist, Scholar, Scientist". Annual Review of Entomology. 29: 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.000245. S2CID 86230193.
- ^ Eig, Alexander (1926). A contribution to the knowledge of the flora of Palestine (1st ed.). The Zionist organisation and the Hebrew Univ, Tel-Aviv.
- ^ GOLDSCHMIDT, ELISABETH; RONEN, AMIRAM; RONEN, ILANA (1960). "Changing marriage systems in the Jewish communities of Israel*". Annals of Human Genetics. 24 (3): 191–204. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1960.tb01732.x. ISSN 0003-4800. PMID 13850739.
- ^ Goldschmidt, E.; Cohen, T. (1964-01-01). "Inter-ethnic Mixture among the Communities of Israel". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 29: 115–120. doi:10.1101/sqb.1964.029.01.016. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 14278459.
- ^ Horowitz, A.; Cohen, T.; Goldschmidt, E.; Levene, C. (1966). "Thalassaemia Types among Kurdish Jews in Israel". British Journal of Haematology. 12 (5): 555–568. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1966.tb00138.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMID 5915052.
- ^ Zohary, Michael, ed. (1981). Flora Palaestina. Text: 1. Equisetaceae to moringaceae / by Michael Zohary (2. print ed.). Jerusalem: Israel Acad. of Sciences and Human. ISBN 978-965-208-001-1.
- ^ Levitzki, Alexander; Koshland, D. E. (1969). "Negative Cooperativity in Regulatory Enzymes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 62 (4): 1121–1128. Bibcode:1969PNAS...62.1121L. doi:10.1073/pnas.62.4.1121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 223623. PMID 5256410.
- ^ Cassel, Dan; Selinger, Zvi (August 1977). "Mechanism of adenylate cyclase activation by cholera toxin: Inhibition of GTP hydrolysis at the regulatory site". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (8): 3307–3311. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.3307C. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.8.3307. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 431542. PMID 198781.
- ^ Huez, G.; Marbaix, G.; Burny, A.; Hubert, E.; Leclercq, M.; Cleuter, Y.; Chantrenne, H.; Soreq, H.; Littauer, U. Z. (March 1977). "Degradation of deadenylated rabbit α-globin mRNA in Xenopus oocytes is associated with its translation". Nature. 266 (5601): 473–474. Bibcode:1977Natur.266..473H. doi:10.1038/266473a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 558522.
- ^ Atlas, Daphne; Levitzki, Alexander (1978). "Tentative identification of β-adrenoreceptor subunits". Nature. 272 (5651): 370–371. Bibcode:1978Natur.272..370A. doi:10.1038/272370a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 204872.
- ^ Cassel, D; Selinger, Z (September 1978). "Mechanism of adenylate cyclase activation through the beta-adrenergic receptor: catecholamine-induced displacement of bound GDP by GTP". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 75 (9): 4155–4159. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75.4155C. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.9.4155. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 336070. PMID 212737.
- ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954906-1.
- ^ Goldberg, E B; Arbel, T; Chen, J; Karpel, R; Mackie, G A; Schuldiner, S; Padan, E (May 1987). "Characterization of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 84 (9): 2615–2619. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.9.2615. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 304708. PMID 3033655.
- ^ Yaish, Pnina; Gazit, Aviv; Gilon, Chaim; Levitzki, Alexander (1988-11-11). "Blocking of EGF-Dependent Cell Proliferation by EGF Receptor Kinase Inhibitors". Science. 242 (4880): 933–935. Bibcode:1988Sci...242..933Y. doi:10.1126/science.3263702. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 3263702.
- ^ Kassir, Yona; Granot, David; Simchen, Giora (March 1988). "IME1, a positive regulator gene of meiosis in S. cerevisiae". Cell. 52 (6): 853–862. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90427-8. PMID 3280136.
- ^ Kerem, Bat-Sheva; Rommens, Johanna M.; Buchanan, Janet A.; Markiewicz, Danuta; Cox, Tara K.; Chakravarti, Aravinda; Buchwald, Manuel; Tsui, Lap-Chee (1989-09-08). "Identification of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Genetic Analysis". Science. 245 (4922): 1073–1080. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1073K. doi:10.1126/science.2570460. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2570460.
- ^ Zenvirth, D.; Arbel, T.; Sherman, A.; Goldway, M.; Klein, S.; Simchen, G. (September 1992). "Multiple sites for double-strand breaks in whole meiotic chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". The EMBO Journal. 11 (9): 3441–3447. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05423.x. PMC 556879. PMID 1324174.
- ^ Kaufer, Daniela; Friedman, Alon; Seidman, Shlomo; Soreq, Hermona (1998-05-28). "Acute stress facilitates long-lasting changes in cholinergic gene expression". Nature. 393 (6683): 373–377. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..373K. doi:10.1038/30741. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9620801. (Erratum: doi:10.1038/nature16180, PMID 26605528)
- ^ Eiges, Rachel; Schuldiner, Maya; Drukker, Micha; Yanuka, Ofra; Itskovitz-Eldor, Joseph; Benvenisty, Nissim (April 2001). "Establishment of human embryonic stem cell-transfected clones carrying a marker for undifferentiated cells". Current Biology. 11 (7): 514–518. Bibcode:2001CBio...11..514E. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00144-0. PMID 11413002.
- ^ Avior, Yishai; Sagi, Ido; Benvenisty, Nissim (March 2016). "Pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling and drug discovery". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 17 (3): 170–182. doi:10.1038/nrm.2015.27. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 26818440.
- ^ Drukker, Micha; Katz, Gil; Urbach, Achia; Schuldiner, Maya; Markel, Gal; Itskovitz-Eldor, Joseph; Reubinoff, Benjamin; Mandelboim, Ofer; Benvenisty, Nissim (2002-07-23). "Characterization of the expression of MHC proteins in human embryonic stem cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (15): 9864–9869. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.9864D. doi:10.1073/pnas.142298299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 125045. PMID 12114532.
- ^ Blum, Barak; Bar-Nur, Ori; Golan-Lev, Tamar; Benvenisty, Nissim (March 2009). "The anti-apoptotic gene survivin contributes to teratoma formation by human embryonic stem cells". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (3): 281–287. doi:10.1038/nbt.1527. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 19252483.
- ^ Tal, Nir; Schuldiner, Shimon (2009-06-02). "A coordinated network of transporters with overlapping specificities provides a robust survival strategy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (22): 9051–9056. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9051T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902400106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2690002. PMID 19451626.
- ^ Bester, Assaf C.; Roniger, Maayan; Oren, Yifat S.; Im, Michael M.; Sarni, Dan; Chaoat, Malka; Bensimon, Aaron; Zamir, Gideon; Shewach, Donna S.; Kerem, Batsheva (April 2011). "Nucleotide Deficiency Promotes Genomic Instability in Early Stages of Cancer Development". Cell. 145 (3): 435–446. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.044. PMC 3740329. PMID 21529715.
- ^ Nakamura, Kensuke; Inokuchi, Ryota; Doi, Kent; Fukuda, Tatsuma; Tokunaga, Kurato; Nakajima, Susumu; Noiri, Eisei; Yahagi, Naoki (2014). "Septic Ketoacidosis". Internal Medicine. 53 (10): 1071–1073. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1791. ISSN 0918-2918. PMID 24827487.
- ^ Gokhman, David; Lavi, Eitan; Prüfer, Kay; Fraga, Mario F.; Riancho, José A.; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante; Meshorer, Eran; Carmel, Liran (2014-05-02). "Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan". Science. 344 (6183): 523–527. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..523G. doi:10.1126/science.1250368. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24786081.
- ^ Sagi, Ido; Chia, Gloryn; Golan-Lev, Tamar; Peretz, Mordecai; Weissbein, Uri; Sui, Lina; Sauer, Mark V.; Yanuka, Ofra; Egli, Dieter; Benvenisty, Nissim (2016-04-07). "Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells". Nature. 532 (7597): 107–111. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..107S. doi:10.1038/nature17408. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26982723.
- ^ Yilmaz, Atilgan; Peretz, Mordecai; Aharony, Aviram; Sagi, Ido; Benvenisty, Nissim (May 2018). "Defining essential genes for human pluripotent stem cells by CRISPR–Cas9 screening in haploid cells". Nature Cell Biology. 20 (5): 610–619. doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0088-1. ISSN 1465-7392. PMID 29662178.
- ^ Bar, Shiran; Vershkov, Dan; Keshet, Gal; Lezmi, Elyad; Meller, Naama; Yilmaz, Atilgan; Yanuka, Ofra; Nissim-Rafinia, Malka; Meshorer, Eran; Eldar-Geva, Talia; Benvenisty, Nissim (2021-11-18). "Identifying regulators of parental imprinting by CRISPR/Cas9 screening in haploid human embryonic stem cells". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6718. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6718B. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26949-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8602306. PMID 34795250.
- ^ Gokhman, David; Mishol, Nadav; de Manuel, Marc; de Juan, David; Shuqrun, Jonathan; Meshorer, Eran; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Rak, Yoel; Carmel, Liran (September 2019). "Reconstructing Denisovan Anatomy Using DNA Methylation Maps". Cell. 179 (1): 180–192.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.035. PMID 31539495.
- ^ Winek, Katarzyna; Lobentanzer, Sebastian; Nadorp, Bettina; Dubnov, Serafima; Dames, Claudia; Jagdmann, Sandra; Moshitzky, Gilli; Hotter, Benjamin; Meisel, Christian; Greenberg, David S.; Shifman, Sagiv; Klein, Jochen; Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Shani; Meisel, Andreas; Soreq, Hermona (2020-12-22). "Transfer RNA fragments replace microRNA regulators of the cholinergic poststroke immune blockade". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (51): 32606–32616. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11732606W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013542117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7768686. PMID 33288717.
- ^ "מידע על החוג". catalog.huji.ac.il.
- ^ "מידע על החוג". catalog.huji.ac.il.