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{{bar percent|[[Malay Singaporeans|Malay]]|blue|46.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Malay Singaporeans|Malay]]|blue|56.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]]|yellow|43.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]]|yellow|33.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Indian Singaporeans|Indian]]|red|7.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Indian Singaporeans|Indian]]|red|7.4}}
{{bar percent|Others|green|2.6}}
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Singaporeans with [[Malay Singaporeans|Malays]] ancestry make up 46.8%, the [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]] make up 43.2%, [[Indian Singaporeans|Indians]] make up 7.4%, and residents of other descent make up 2.6% of the 3,498,200 of the resident population (excluding persons holding Permanent Residency).<ref name="PopulationBrief"/> To avoid physical racial segregation and formation of ethnic enclaves common in other multi-racial societies, the Singapore government implemented the "Ethnic Integration Policy" (EIP) in 1989 where each block of units are sold to families from ethnicities roughly comparable to the national average.<ref>[http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10322p.nsf/enwiki/w/SellFlatEthnicIntegrationPolicy_EIP HDB InfoWEB: Ethnic Integration Policy & SPR Quota : Selling Your Flat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222063949/http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10322p.nsf/enwiki/w/SellFlatEthnicIntegrationPolicy_EIP |date=22 February 2015 }}. Retrieved 1 March 2015</ref>
Singaporeans with [[Malay Singaporeans|Malay]] ancestry make up 56.8%, the [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]] make up 33.2%, [[Indian Singaporeans|Indians]] make up 7.4%, and residents of other descent make up 2.6% of the 3,498,200 of the resident population (excluding persons holding Permanent Residency).<ref name="PopulationBrief"/> To avoid physical racial segregation and formation of ethnic enclaves common in other multi-racial societies, the Singapore government implemented the "Ethnic Integration Policy" (EIP) in 1989 where each block of units are sold to families from ethnicities roughly comparable to the national average.<ref>[http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10322p.nsf/enwiki/w/SellFlatEthnicIntegrationPolicy_EIP HDB InfoWEB: Ethnic Integration Policy & SPR Quota : Selling Your Flat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222063949/http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10322p.nsf/enwiki/w/SellFlatEthnicIntegrationPolicy_EIP |date=22 February 2015 }}. Retrieved 1 March 2015</ref>


Today, the Chinese-Malay-Indian-Others (CMIO) model is the dominant organising framework of race in Singapore.<ref name="TanE">{{Cite book|title=Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore|last=Tan|first=Eugene|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies and Eastern Universities Press|year=2004|editor-last=Lai|editor-first=Ah Eng|pages=65–97|chapter=“We, the Citizens of Singapore …”: Multiethnicity, its Evolution and its Aberrations.}}</ref> The country also celebrates [[Racial Harmony Day]] to commemorate the [[1964 race riots in Singapore]] and to remember the consequences of racial disharmony the country experienced during the 1964 racial riots,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2014/07/21/speech-by-mr-heng-swee-keat-at-the-racial-harmony-day-celebrations.php|title=Speech by Mr Heng Swee Keat, Minister for Education, at the Racial Harmony Day Celebrations on Monday, 21 July 2014, at 9:20am at Elias Park Primary School|publisher=MOE, Singapore|access-date=1 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319072337/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2014/07/21/speech-by-mr-heng-swee-keat-at-the-racial-harmony-day-celebrations.php|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> which were a series of riots that resulted in a total of 36 deaths and 560 others suffered severe injuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=Adeline Low Hwee|date=2001|title=The past in the present: Memories of the 1964 'racial riots' in Singapore|journal=Asian Journal of Social Science|volume=29 |issue=3|pages=431–455|doi=10.1163/156853101X00181}}</ref>
Today, the Chinese-Malay-Indian-Others (CMIO) model is the dominant organising framework of race in Singapore.<ref name="TanE">{{Cite book|title=Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore|last=Tan|first=Eugene|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies and Eastern Universities Press|year=2004|editor-last=Lai|editor-first=Ah Eng|pages=65–97|chapter=“We, the Citizens of Singapore …”: Multiethnicity, its Evolution and its Aberrations.}}</ref> The country also celebrates [[Racial Harmony Day]] to commemorate the [[1964 race riots in Singapore]] and to remember the consequences of racial disharmony the country experienced during the 1964 racial riots,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2014/07/21/speech-by-mr-heng-swee-keat-at-the-racial-harmony-day-celebrations.php|title=Speech by Mr Heng Swee Keat, Minister for Education, at the Racial Harmony Day Celebrations on Monday, 21 July 2014, at 9:20am at Elias Park Primary School|publisher=MOE, Singapore|access-date=1 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319072337/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2014/07/21/speech-by-mr-heng-swee-keat-at-the-racial-harmony-day-celebrations.php|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> which were a series of riots that resulted in a total of 36 deaths and 560 others suffered severe injuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=Adeline Low Hwee|date=2001|title=The past in the present: Memories of the 1964 'racial riots' in Singapore|journal=Asian Journal of Social Science|volume=29 |issue=3|pages=431–455|doi=10.1163/156853101X00181}}</ref>

Revision as of 11:46, 1 August 2024

For information on the population of Singapore, see Demographics of Singapore.
"Singaporean" redirects here. For other uses, see Singaporean (disambiguation).

Singaporeans
Orang Singapura (Malay)
新加坡人 (Chinese)
சிங்கப்பூரர் (Tamil)
Flag of Singapore
Singapore Chinese (East Asian), Malay (Southeast Asian), and Indian (South Asian) women, circa 1890. To promote racial harmony among the three races, a Racial Harmony Day has been observed every year since 1997.
Total population
3.8 million
Regions with significant populations
Singapore 3,498,200 (2020 census)[a]
Diaspora total340,751[2][b]
 Malaysia91,002[2]
 Australia64,739[2]
 United Kingdom58,432[2]
 United States39,018[2]
 Indonesia23,524[2]
 China12,799[2]
 Canada12,582[2]
 Bangladesh9,709[2]
 New Zealand5,734[2]
 India4,155[2]
 Netherlands4,126[2]
 Japan2,735[2]
 Germany2,638[2]
 France2,512[2]
  Switzerland2,349[2]
 Vietnam1,830[2]
 Norway1,000[2]
 Sweden1,000[2]
 Denmark1,000[2]
 Malta1,000[2]
 Mexico1,000[2]
 Finland1,000[2]
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Singaporean

Singaporeans are the citizens and nationals of the sovereign island city-state of Singapore.[3] Singapore is home to a people of a variety of ethno-racial-religious origins, with the city-state itself being a multi-racial, multi-cultural, multi-religious, multi-denominational, multi-lingual, and multi-ethnic country. Singaporeans of Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian descent have made up the citizen population since the 19th century.[4] The Singaporean diaspora is also far-reaching worldwide.

In 1819, the port of Singapore was established by Sir Stamford Raffles, who opened it to free trade and free immigration on the island's south coast. Many immigrants from the region settled in Singapore. By 1827, the population of the island was composed of people from various ethnic groups².[5]

Singapore is a multilingual and multicultural society. It is home to people of many different ethnic, racial, religious, denominational, and national origins -- the majority of which are of Han Chinese, Malay, Indian, Arab, Eurasian, and European descent. The Singaporean identity was fostered as a way for these different groups to integrate and identify as one with the nation, while preserving the culture and traditions of each group without assimilating minority cultures into a single majority culture.[6]

According to a 2017 survey by the Institute of Policy Studies, 49% of Singaporeans identify with both the Singaporean identity and their ethnic identity equally, while 35% would identify as "Singaporeans" first and 14.2% would identify with their ethnic identity.[7] As of 2019, the population of Singaporeans stands at 4,026,200 and the population of Overseas Singaporeans stands at 340,751, with 217,200 individuals retaining their citizenship.[1][2]

Overview

Indigenous population

The earliest records of settlement on the island date back to the 2nd century, where the island was identified as a trading port which was part of a chain of similar trading centres that linked Southeast Asia with the Tamil Indians and the Mediterranean.[8] The earliest settlers of the island were known as the Orang Laut, and the island was an outpost of the Srivijaya Empire until it was invaded by the Tamil Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire in the 11th century.[9] According to the 19th century Chinese record Investigation of Southern Pacific (南洋蠡測) (Nanyang Li Ce), it described the presence of Chinese tombs in Singapore. Words and inscriptions recording the period of Later Liang and Emperor Gong of Song were found on these tombs and this may suggest that from 907 to 1274, some Chinese had settled, lived, died and were buried in Singapore.[10][11]

A small Malay kingdom, known as the Kingdom of Singapura, was founded in 1299 by a fleeing Srivijayan prince, Sang Nila Utama, who was crowned as the Raja of the new state. After the fall of the kingdom in 1398, the island fell under the suzerainty of various regional empires and Malayan sultanates until its destruction by Portuguese raiders in 1613.[5]

Prior to the arrival of Raffles, there were about a hundred indigenous Malays living on the island under the Johor Sultanate. Most of the indigenous Malays came from the Malay Archipelago.[12] There were an estimated 150 people living on the island, who were predominantly Orang Laut with small population of 120 Malays who were the followers of Temenggong Abdul Rahman, and about 20–30 Chinese.[13]

Modern Singapore

Main articles: History of Singapore and Singaporean nationality law
See also: Immigration to Singapore

The majority of Singaporeans today are descendants of immigrants who settled on the island when Singapore was founded as a British trading port by Raffles in 1819, except for the Malays who are indigenous to the region of Malaya.[14] At that time, Raffles decided Singapore would be a free port and as news of the free port spread across the archipelago, Bugis, Javanese, Peranakan Chinese, South Asian and Hadhrami Arab traders flocked to the island, due to the Dutch trading restrictions.[15] After six months of Singapore's founding as a free port, the population increased to 5,000, with the first census of 1824 showing that 6,505 out of the 10,683 total were Malays and Bugis settlers.[16] Within the first few months of becoming a British settlement, a large number of Chinese migrants also started to settle on the island. In 1825, the population of the island had passed the ten thousand mark and by the census of 1826, there were more Chinese with a population of 6,088, as compared to 4,790 Malays excluding the Bugis and Javanese.[4]

By 1871, due to the influx of migrants from Malaya, China, India and other parts of Asia, Singapore's population had reached nearly 100,000, with over half of them being Chinese.[17] Many of these early migrants were predominantly male and they would usually return to their home countries after they had earned enough money. By the early to mid twentieth century, an increasingly significant number of migrant workers chose to stay permanently, with their descendants forming the bulk of Singapore's population today.[13][18]

In 1957, Singapore attained self-governance and Singaporean citizenship was granted to selected residents who were born in Singapore or the Federation of Malaya, British citizens who had been resident for two years, and others who had been resident for ten years.[19] On September 16, 1963, all Singaporeans effectively became Malaysian citizens as Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak were merged to form Malaysia.[20] However, about two years after the merger, Singapore seceded from Malaysia on August 9, 1965, and Malaysian citizenship was withdrawn from Singaporean citizens. Singaporean nationality law was incorporated into the new Constitution of Singapore. The constitution repealed the 1957 Ordinance, and all persons who were citizens as of 16 September 1963 by virtue of the Ordinance continued to be Singaporean citizens.

Today, Singaporean citizenship is granted by birth, by descent, or by registration. Although provided for in the Constitution, citizenship by naturalisation is no longer granted. The government instead uses the constitutional provision for citizenship by registration to grant citizenship to resident aliens.[21]

Racial and ethnic groups

Main articles: Race in Singapore and Demographics of Singapore
See also: Chinese Singaporeans, Malay Singaporeans, Indian Singaporeans, and Eurasians in Singapore
Men of various ethnicities - Chinese, Malay, and Indian gather at a street corner in Singapore, circa 1900.
Ethnic groups in Singapore (2021)[1]
Ethnicity of Singaporeans
Malay
 
 56.8%
Chinese
 
 33.2%
Indian
 
 7.4%
Others
 
 2.6%

Singaporeans with Malay ancestry make up 56.8%, the Chinese make up 33.2%, Indians make up 7.4%, and residents of other descent make up 2.6% of the 3,498,200 of the resident population (excluding persons holding Permanent Residency).[1] To avoid physical racial segregation and formation of ethnic enclaves common in other multi-racial societies, the Singapore government implemented the "Ethnic Integration Policy" (EIP) in 1989 where each block of units are sold to families from ethnicities roughly comparable to the national average.[22]

Today, the Chinese-Malay-Indian-Others (CMIO) model is the dominant organising framework of race in Singapore.[23] The country also celebrates Racial Harmony Day to commemorate the 1964 race riots in Singapore and to remember the consequences of racial disharmony the country experienced during the 1964 racial riots,[24] which were a series of riots that resulted in a total of 36 deaths and 560 others suffered severe injuries.[25]

Singaporeans of other ethnicities notably the Arabs, Armenians, Indians, Eurasians and Sri Lankans are classified into broader ethnic groups under the CMIO model. The Javanese are classified under the Malay ethnic group[26] and the Peranakans are classified under the Chinese ethnic group are two examples of the classification of race and ethnicity in Singapore.[27][28] Other foreign communities in the country or Singaporeans of other ethnic origins includes the Australians, Americans, Canadians, Chinese, Malaysians, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, Nepalis, Pakistanis, Vietnamese, English, Irish, Germans, Italians, Swiss, Portuguese, Swedes, Greeks, Danes, and Pacific Islanders.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Singapore
See also: Architecture of Singapore and Public holidays in Singapore
Shophouses in Singapore

Singaporean culture is a mix of East, South and South East Asian, Middle Eastern, African, and European cultures, with influences from the Malay, Indian, Chinese, Eurasian, and European cultures. This is reflected in the architectural styles of buildings in several distinct ethnic neighbourhoods, such as Little India, Chinatown and Kampong Glam. Singlish is a local creole language that is primarily and understandably English with a local accent and smattering of words from Malay, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese and Tamil used by Singaporeans in an informal setting. Due to Singapore's diverse ethnic makeup, the Singapore Constitution prohibits discrimination based on ethnicity, race, religion, denomination, descent, and place of birth. The state thus promotes the cultural diversity of multiculturalism and multiracialism, instead of a single cultural assimilation.[29][30]

About 70% of Singaporeans also identify with other ethnic cultures in Singapore, notably the Chinese, Malay and Indian cultures.[7] Major festivals including Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali, Vesak Day, Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, and New Year's Day which are celebrated by the different major racial and religious groups are designated as public holidays.

Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, nor have the same customs.[31] Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes are influenced by, among other things, his or her home language and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward Western culture and Christian culture,[32] while those who speak Chinese as their native language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism. Malay-speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward Malay culture, which itself is closely linked to Islamic culture.[33][34]

Cuisine

Further information: Singaporean cuisine
Hainanese chicken rice

Singaporean cuisine has been largely influenced by different cultures because of its position as an international shipping port since its founding as a British port in 1819. The main influences on Singaporean cuisine came from Chinese, Malay and Indian cuisines, similar to the ethnic makeup of Singaporeans.[35][36] It is believed that certain dishes that are part of Singaporean cuisine today predates the arrival of Raffles in 1819, some of these dishes include laksa, biryani and betel quid. However, it is unknown when these dishes arrived in Singapore, as historical records on them are largely scattered and inaccurate.[37]

A large part of Singaporean cuisine centres around the hawker culture in the country. Hawker stalls first began around mid 1800s and were largely made up of street food stalls selling a huge variety of foods.[38] From 1971 to 1986, the government moved thousands of hawkers off the streets into cleaner and better hawker centre facilities.[39] In 2020, the hawker culture in Singapore was listed by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage.[40] Due to the affordability and wide variety that a hawker centre provides, Singaporeans prefer to dine out rather than cook after work.[41]

Some well-known Singaporean dishes includes kaya toast, chilli crab, fish head curry, laksa and roti prata.[42] The Hainanese chicken rice is also widely considered to be one of Singapore's national dish.[43][44][45]

Language

Main article: Languages of Singapore
Quadrilingual sign

Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders,[46] and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire. With the influx of traders into Singapore, Bazaar Malay (Melayu Pasar), a creole of Malay and Chinese, emerged as the lingua franca of the island, which was the language of trade in the Malay Archipelago.[47][48] However, under the British colonial government, English gained prestige as the language of administration, law and business in Singapore, and eventually displaced Bazar Malay as the bridging language among the population.[46] As government administration increased, infrastructure and commerce developed, and access to education further catalysed the spread of English among Singaporeans.

Today, Singapore has four official languages, English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil.[49] Malay is the ceremonial national language of the country and is the home language to 13% of the population.[50] Although most of the younger generation of non-Malay people are non-proficient in the Malay language, Malay is used in the national anthem of Singapore and also in citations for Singapore orders and decorations and military parade drill commands.[51] Almost all Singaporeans are bilingual since the introduction of Singapore's bilingual language education policy[52] Singapore English, however, remains the de facto lingua franca spoken by Singaporeans today.[53] It is the main language of instruction in all school subjects except for Mother Tongue lessons and also the common language of administration, law and business.[54] In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city.[55][56]

Literature

Main article: Singaporean literature

Singaporean literature consists of literary works that is written in either of the 4 official languages. Although these works may be considered as literature works to their specific languages, they are also viewed as a distinct body of literature portraying various aspects of Singapore society and forms a significant part of the culture of Singapore.

Singaporean literature in English was first started by the Peranakan community in colonial Singapore during the 1830s. Singaporean English literature first gained notability in 1937, with a poetry known as F.M.S.R. A Poem, written by Teo Poh Leng[57] and was followed by Wang Gungwu's work, Pulse, in the 1950.[58] By 1965 when Singapore became an independent nation, authors such as Edwin Thumboo, Arthur Yap, Robert Yeo, Goh Poh Seng, Lee Tzu Pheng, Chandran Nair and Kirpal Singh were mostly focusing on poetry, which makes up most published works of Singapore writing in English.

Singaporean literature in Malay can be traced back to 1841. One of the earlier known works of Singaporean literature in Malay was written by Abdullah Bin Abdul Kadir, a Malay scribe, with his work Cherita Kapal Asap. Some of the other earlier known Malay writers include Tuan Simi and Masuri S. N.[59] Singaporean Malay literary works were similar to its Malaysian counterpart before the early 1970s. Many early pioneers of Singaporean literature in Malay relocated to Malaysia before Singapore became independent as they wanted to be part of the larger Malay community in Malaysia due to the common language in writing. By the 1970s, due to the difference in governance between Singapore and Malaysia, literary works in Malay between the 2 countries became more distinguishable, with Singapore literature in Malay revolving around the themes of freedom, authenticity, and criticality.[60]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Singapore
Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum
St Andrew's Cathedral
The Sultan Mosque, built in 1826 in the Kampong Glam district, is the oldest and one of the largest mosque in Singapore.

Singapore is the world's most religiously diverse nation,[61] with Singaporeans following various religious beliefs and practices due to the country's diverse ethnic and cultural mix. The Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore (IRO) recognises 10 major religions being practiced in the city state.[62] Dharmic religions have the highest number of adherents in Singapore, with 33% of the population practising Buddhism and 5% of the population practising Hinduism. Many Singaporeans are also adherents of Abrahamic religions, with 18.7% of the population identifying as Christian, and 14% identifying as Muslim.

Other prominent faiths practised by Singaporeans include Taoism (10%), Chinese folk religion, and other Dharmic religions like Sikhism and Jainism. A small percentage of Singapore's population practices Zoroastrianism and Judaism. 18.5% not identifying with any religion and 0.9% of Singaporeans identify as atheist. In addition, practice of hybrid religions is also common such as the incorporation of Taoism and Hindu traditions into Buddhism and vice versa.

Religions Practiced in Singapore, Statistics From 2010 & 2015
Religious
group 		Population
% 2010[63][64] 		Population
% 2015[65]
Buddhism 33.3% 33.2%
Taoism and folk religion 10.9% 10.0%
Christianity 18.4% 18.7%
Catholicism 7.1% 6.7%
Protestantism and other non-Catholic 11.3% 12.0%
Not religious 17.0% 18.5%
Islam 14.7% 14.0%
Hinduism 5.1% 5.0%
Other religions 0.7% 0.6%

Notes

  1. ^ This number excludes permanent residents of Singapore, while the statistics in the article includes the permanent residents.[1]
  2. ^ This number includes Singaporean citizens and people of Singaporean descent who renounced their citizenship, statistics of overseas Singaporeans retaining their citizenship stands at 217,200.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "2019 Singapore Population in Brief" (PDF). Strategy Group Singapore, Prime Minister's Office. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "International migrant stock 2019". United Nations. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  3. ^ Josey, Alex (15 February 2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 457. ISBN 9789814435499. By legal definition the Singaporean is a citizen of Singapore; By emotive definition, a Singaporean is a person by birth, upbringing or residence in Singapore
  4. ^ a b Saw Swee-Hock (March 1969). "Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 10 (1): 36–49. doi:10.1017/S0217781100004270. JSTOR 20067730.
  5. ^ a b "History of Singapore". One World Nations Online. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  6. ^ "Arts, culture and a distinct Singaporean identity". The Straits Times. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2020. Singaporean variants of Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian cultures, and a growing Singaporean identity that we all share, suffusing and linking up our distinct individual identities and ethnic cultures.
  7. ^ a b Matthews, M.; Lim, L.; SHANTHINI, S.; Cheung, N. (1 November 2017). "CNA-IPS SURVEY ON ETHNIC IDENTITY IN SINGAPORE" (PDF). Institute of Policy Studies, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. IPS Working Papers. 28: 16–17. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  8. ^ Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore". National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  9. ^ Heidhues 2001, p. 27
  10. ^ "《南洋蠡测》 / 颜斯综著" (PDF). NUS.
  11. ^ 饒宗頤 (1994). 新加坡古事記. Chinese University Press. p. viii. ISBN 9789622014497.
  12. ^ Vasil, R K (2000). Governing Singapore: democracy and national development. Allen & Unwin. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-86508-211-0.
  13. ^ a b Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). The Population of Singapore (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-9814380980. In 1811, a band of about one hundred Malays from Johor, led by the Temenggong who was an officer of the Sultan of Johor, migrated down southwards and settled on the banks of the Singapore River.
  14. ^ Jenny Ng (7 February 1997). "1819 - The February Documents". Ministry of Defence (Singapore). Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  15. ^ "Singapore – Founding and Early Years". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  16. ^ "First Census of Singapore is Taken". History SG.
  17. ^ Brenda S.A. Yeoh (2003). Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment. NUS Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-9971692681.
  18. ^ "Founding of Modern Singapore". Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  19. ^ Lepoer, Barbara Leitch, ed. (1989). Singapore : A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress., ch. 10 ("Road to Independence").
  20. ^ HistorySG. "Signing of the Malaysia Agreement - Singapore History". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. National Library Board. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Citizenship rules of Singapore". Government of Singapore. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  22. ^ HDB InfoWEB: Ethnic Integration Policy & SPR Quota : Selling Your Flat Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 March 2015
  23. ^ Tan, Eugene (2004). ""We, the Citizens of Singapore …": Multiethnicity, its Evolution and its Aberrations.". In Lai, Ah Eng (ed.). Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore. Institute of Policy Studies and Eastern Universities Press. pp. 65–97.
  24. ^ "Speech by Mr Heng Swee Keat, Minister for Education, at the Racial Harmony Day Celebrations on Monday, 21 July 2014, at 9:20am at Elias Park Primary School". MOE, Singapore. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  25. ^ Cheng, Adeline Low Hwee (2001). "The past in the present: Memories of the 1964 'racial riots' in Singapore". Asian Journal of Social Science. 29 (3): 431–455. doi:10.1163/156853101X00181.
  26. ^ LePoer, Barbara Leitch (1991). Singapore, a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 83. ISBN 9780160342646. Retrieved 17 February 2013. Singapore Malay community leaders estimated that some 50 to 60 percent of the community traced their origins to Java and an additional 15 to 20 percent to Bawean Island, in the Java Sea north of the city of Surabaya.
  27. ^ "Debate over CMIO model as diversity grows". Today. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  28. ^ "Commentary: I am Peranakan not Chinese". Channel News Asia. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  29. ^ Thio, Li-ann (October 2019). "Irreducible Plurality, Indivisible Unity: Singapore Relational Constitutionalism and Cultivating Harmony Through Constructing a Constitutional Civil Religion". German Law Journal. 20 (7). Cambridge University Press: 1007–1034. doi:10.1017/glj.2019.75.
  30. ^ "PM Lee Hsien Loong at the Official Opening of the Singapore Chinese Cultural Centre". Prime Minister's Office (Singapore). 19 May 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2020. Our aim is integration, not assimilation. No race or culture in Singapore is coerced into conforming with other cultures or identities, let alone that of the majority.
  31. ^ "MM Lee says Singapore needs to do more to achieve nationhood". Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  32. ^ B. H. Goh, Robbie (2009). "Christian identities in Singapore: religion, race and culture between state controls and transnational flows". Journal of Cultural Geography. 26. routledge: 1–23. doi:10.1080/08873630802617135. S2CID 144728013.
  33. ^ Siddique, Sharon (1981). "Some Aspects of Malay-Muslim Ethnicity in Peninsular Malaysia". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 3 (1): 76–87. doi:10.1355/CS3-1E. JSTOR 25797648.
  34. ^ Prystay, Chris. "Bit of Malay Culture Is Now Vanishing Under Muslim Rules". Yale GlobalOnline. Yale University. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  35. ^ "A history of Singapore cuisine". Seasoned Pioneers. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
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Bibliography

  • Heidhues, Mary Somers (2001), Southeast Asia: A Concise History, Hudson and Thames, ISBN 978-0-500-28303-5
  • Koh, Jamie (2009), Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 9780313351167
  • Wright, Arnold (2012), Twentieth Century Impressions of British Malaya: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources, Repressed Publishing LLC, (originally first published in 1908), ISBN 9781462298440
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