2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

2024 Summer Olympics
opening ceremony

View of Notre Dame de Paris and the Île de la Cité during the parade of nations on the Seine
Date	26 July 2024 (2024-07-26)
Time	19:30 – 23:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Venue	Jardins du Trocadéro Seine River
Location	Paris, France
Coordinates	48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E
Also known as	Ça Ira
Filmed by	Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS)

The opening ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics took place on 26 July 2024 across Paris, beginning at 19:30 CEST (17:30 UTC). As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings included an artistic program showcasing the culture of the host country and city, the parade of athletes and the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. The Games were formally opened by the president of France, Emmanuel Macron. The ceremony marked the 130th anniversary of the International Olympic Committee, the centenary of the 1924 Summer Olympics, and the 235th anniversary of the French Revolution.

Directed by Thomas Jolly, the opening ceremony was held outside of a stadium for the first time in modern Olympic history. Athletes were paraded by boat along the Seine to a temporary venue at Jardins du Trocadéro, where the official protocols took place. The parade was interspersed with the artistic programme, which was divided into twelve acts reflecting the culture of France and its history, and took place at Paris landmarks such as Notre-Dame, Conciergerie, Musée d'Orsay, and the Eiffel Tower. The ceremony featured musical performances by French musicians such as Gojira, Aya Nakamura, Philippe Katerine, and Juliette Armanet, and international musicians Lady Gaga and Céline Dion.

The ceremony received mixed reviews, with many praising its artistic segments, musical performances, and grand finale, but criticising the length of the ceremony and other production issues brought upon by the format. The ceremony's use of camp elements received a varying reception. A segment involving drag queens was widely criticised by social conservatives and religious leaders who believed it to be a parody of The Last Supper, and considered it to have been mocking Christianity. Jolly denied that that the scene was meant to be a reference to The Last Supper, amid statements to the contrary by the organising committee.

On the same day of the opening ceremony, a series of arson attacks damaged the lines of the French railway system.

Preparations

Planning was expected to finalise by the end of 2023, with certain rehearsals occurring in other venues without the public before the event, while in specific situations, some were carried out on-site, which were considered as "teasers" by Thierry Reboul, the Brand, Creativity and Engagement Executive Director for the Games. The first camera test shots were done in September 2023 and coverage of the event was expected to be provided by 130 cameras. The event was broadcast to 80 giant screens along the route of the Seine. Organised by theatre actor and director Thomas Jolly, it was the first opening ceremony held outside of an Olympic stadium since the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics held in Buenos Aires. The choreography was created by Maud Le Pladec.

Attendees were originally expected to be upwards of 500,000 people, non-paying and an additional 100,000 paying spectators on the lower quays of the river, for an expected total of 600,000. However, after a suggestion in May 2023 by Amélie Oudéa-Castéra, the French Minister for Sport and the Olympic and Paralympic Games, that this be limited to between 300,000 and 400,000 free of charge, and after additional concerns of security and transportation, the figure was reduced to a maximum of 300,000 in late November 2023. In late December 2023, a further reduction was posited, as security services would have preferred the ceremony in a stadium to facilitate implementing security measures. The bleachers stretched from the François Mitterrand Library to the Eiffel Tower.

The public lined the banks of the Seine, sitting on a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) stretch on the upper and lower quays as well of rivers that cross each side of the river. The organising team counted between 6,000 and 8,000 personnel. The ceremony itself had originally projected 2,000 dancers, but this was lowered to 400 dancers out of 3,000 performers total. All personnel involved in water, air and land performances in total numbered 45,000, with an average of per 3,750 people per square kilometre (9,700/sq mi). This figure does not include the roughly 2,000 security agents required to monitor the entry tents of paid ticketholders and law enforcement located on the elevated docks throughout the course. The cast and athletes started their travel on the river from the Pont d'Austerlitz to the Pont d'Iena, in front of the Eiffel Tower and the Jardins du Trocadéro, where the main protocol was held. The closest the general public could get to the athletes and parade on the Seine were on docked party and restaurant boats.

In May 2023, tickets for the event went on sale via ballot for the first time, with prices ranging from €90 to €2,700, with the latter being the most expensive tickets overall for the Games.

In 2023, plans were made to remove the riverside book stalls during the Opening Ceremony and in November 2023 a number of book stalls were dismantled. However, in February 2024 President Macron shelved the plan to remove the booksellers.

Bleachers along the Seine prior to the ceremony parade

The total number of boats and barges was near 160, with around 58 taking part in a reduced rehearsal carried out in July 2023, carrying athlete delegations, television crews and emergency services. 7,000 of the 10,500 athletes were expected to take part, with 6,800 who actually ended up participating. In April 2023, 116 vessels from 42 river companies had been committed, with an expected 98% of all boats to be used being based in Paris and the rest from regional boat companies, including local sponsor Highfield Boats. A number of the boats that ferried athletes are Bateaux Mouches that routinely sail the Seine.

In February 2024, it was announced the number of spectators to attend the opening ceremony would be reduced from the proposed 600,000 spectators to around 300,000. There were 100,000 paid tickets for the ceremony, with around 200,000 free tickets. The next month an exact amount of 326,000 tickets was stated, with 104,000 paid tickets for the lowest bank and 222,000 free tickets for the higher banks. The free tickets were distributed in three rounds and aimed at families with low incomes living in underprivileged areas, sports movements, young people, and people helping to organise the Olympics, including traders and city workers. As originally proposed, no free tickets were given to tourists.

The rehearsal of the ceremony, which was scheduled for 24 June 2024, was postponed due to a strong flow in the Seine River. It was rescheduled for 16 July 2024.

Thierry Reboul, also the Director of Ceremonies, claimed that the inspiration came in 2019 when he was walking along the river, however, the route had previously been decided by the COJOP2024 in its bid, since Estanguet wished to "throw away the rule book". Parisian mayor Anne Hidalgo assembled a committee to develop the creative aspects of the ceremony before COJOP2024 hired a creative director. The committee's chair, Patrick Boucheron, would eventually be one of the four individuals hired by Jolly to develop the script. Even before being chosen to plan the ceremony, Jolly had "dreamed of delegations arriving by hot air balloon, a French invention, and of the heads of dead kings rising from the Seine to watch the ceremony", yet this idea was not implemented. Thomas Jolly and four scriptwriters planned the ceremony. They wore puffer jackets while going out on boats along the river from the Austerlitz Bridge to the Eiffel Tower. After these excursions, they spent nine months writing the ceremony. They took inspiration from the history of Paris, and its main themes consisted of love and "shared humanity".

After determining 12 scenes of French history to represent, Jolly hired four subdirectors to develop the music, costumes and choreography of the event. Daphné Bürki and Olivier Bériot were in charge of costumes while Maud Le Pladec was entrusted the choreography and dance, with Victor Le Masne, who developed the Olympic theme for the opening and closing ceremonies in three seconds, as the musical director. Certain elements were not able to be implemented such as having performers lean out of the Hôtel-Dieu, Paris decommissioned hospital building due to asbestos. Other plans that did not go through included a performance that would take place near fish hatchery by the Béthune Quay on the bank of the Seine which was not to be disturbed, and mass dancers on a bridge that would have caused its collapse, with an undisclosed scene being reworked 73 times by May 2024. In total, 3,000 performers took part, with at least 400 of these being dancers.

Since the water level would rise or fall depending on the weather, the organisers developed "software to cast the route in 3-D so he could visualize high and low water levels, rain, even storms".

Safety measures

In October 2023, following security concerns caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the 2023 Israel–Hamas war and the Arras school stabbing, both the French government and the Paris Organising Committee for the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games (COJOP2024) stated there were no official plans to relocate, stating that "Plan A takes into account all of the threats". Oudéa-Castréa stated on BFM TV that they were paying attention to context and the government had been working on "adjustment variables", wishing to maintain the original format. In December 2023, President Macron stated that there were multiple scenarios for the ceremony, in case of a major security event which would force it to move from the Seine. On this, COJOP2024 stated they had "contingency plans for all identified risk scenarios: heatwaves, cyberattacks, and the ceremony is no exception". In April 2024 President Macron announced that in case of a terrorism threat, there was a plan B, and even plan C; in that case the Opening Ceremony would be moved to the Trocadero square or to the Stade de France stadium. Nevertheless, Christophe Dubi, the IOC Olympic Games executive director, stated the previous month of March that a change to the Stade de France would be unlikely due to the event being "too big, too sophisticated, too complex artistically to look at a Plan B in another location".

In April 2024, it was announced all buildings with a view of the Seine would have extra anti-terrorism protection. Several areas near the Seine river, metro stations and adjacent museums including the Louvre, Orsay and the Museum of Decorative Arts would be closed.

Being the largest ever security operation in France, after the closure of bridges from 8 July 2024, 18 days ahead of the Opening Ceremony, a security perimeter was placed around the ceremony site from 18 July, 8 days ahead of the Ceremony. The perimeter included, among others, prohibition of motorised access, controlled access for pedestrians with people within the perimeter subjected to a personal "Games pass". All airports and airspace in a 90 miles (140 km) radius would be closed during the ceremony, and 45,000 security officers, including over 2,000 foreign police, would be stationed in Paris during the ceremony.

On the day of the event, spectators faced long queues as well as ticketing obstacles. Many of the gates opened over an hour later than previously scheduled due to a lack of scanners to process all tickets.

On the same day of the opening ceremony, a series of arson attacks damaged the lines of the French railway system. International and domestic rail services were widely disrupted, with around 800,000 passengers affected. There was also an attempted attack on LGV Sud-Est line, though it was interrupted by TGV maintenance workers who happened to be on site.

Ceremony key team

Thomas Jolly, artistic director of the opening ceremony

• Artistic director: Thomas Jolly
• Music director: Victor Le Masne
• Director of Dance: Maud Le Pladec
• Choreographer: Maud Le Pladec
• Styling and Costume director: Daphné Bürki
• Head Costume Master: Olivier Bériot
• Scriptwriters:
  • Patrick Boucheron
  • Damien Gabriac
  • Fanny Herrero
  • Leïla Slimani

Commentators and hosts

• France Télévisions: Daphné Bürki, Laurent Delahousse, Alexandre Boyon
• TyC Sports: Gonzalo Bonadeo
• Nine Network: Karl Stefanovic, Allison Langdon, Todd Woodbridge
• BHRT: Velid Spaho, Medina Šehić
• Grupo Globo
  • TV Globo: Luís Roberto, Galvão Bueno, Daiane dos Santos and Ítalo Ferreira
  • SporTV and GloboNews: Milton Leite, Fabiana Alvim, César Cielo and Marcelo Lins
  • CazéTV: Casimiro Miguel, Belle Suarez, Luis Felipe Freitas, Milton Cunha
• CBC
  • CBC TV: Andi Petrillo, Waneek Horn-Miller, Perdita Felicien and Craig McMorris (commentators); Scott Russell and Adrienne Arsenault (hosts)
  • Ici Télé: Martin Labrosse, Céline Galipeau and Jacinthe Taillon
• CMG: Sha Tong and Liang Yimiao
• HRT: Zrinka Grancarić and Marko Šapit
• DR: Henrik Liniger and Stéphanie Surrugue
• Yle: Jouko Vuolle and Mika Saarelainen
• ARD: Tom Bartels and Friederike Hofmann
• ERT: Dimitris Chatzigeorgiou and Periklis Makris
• SCTV: Rendra Soedjono, Yuni Kartika, and Koesnaeni
• RTÉ: Peter Collins
• Italy
  • Rai 2: Franco Bragagna and Alberto Romagnoli
  • Eurosport: Dario Puppo and Massimiliano Ambesi
• Japan Consortium
  • NHK: Keita Ito and Kana Nakayama
  • TV Asahi: Shunpei Terakawa, Shuzo Matsuoka, and Patrick Lee
  • TBS TV: Shinchiro Yasuzumi and Naoko Takahashi
• KBS: Song Seung-hwan and Lee Jae-hu
• NOS: Léon Haan and Jan Roelfs
• NRK: Ole Rolfsrud
• TVP: Przemysław Babiarz and Jarosław Idzi
• RTP: Manuel Fernandes Silva and Luís Lopes
• RTS: Aleksandar Stojanović and Vladimir Mijaljević
• RTV SLO 2: Urban Laurenčič and Saša Jerkovič
• RTVE: Marcos López, Julia Luna and Ernest Riveras
• Kanal 5: Tommy Åström
• Turkey
  • TRT: Cüneyt Kıran and Eren Koca
  • Eurosport News: Caner Eler, İzgecan Günal
• BBC: Hazel Irvine and Andrew Cotter
• NBCUniversal
  • NBC Sports: Mike Tirico, Kelly Clarkson, Peyton Manning, Maria Taylor, Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb
  • Telemundo: Miguel Gurwitz, Jessica Carrillo and Julio Vaqueiro

Protocolar elements and torch relay

The Parade of Nations, during which the expected number of 10,500 participating athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees participate categorised by their respective delegation, took place on the Seine, with other ceremonial events being held at the Jardins du Trocadéro.

The Parade had as its main inspiration Jean-Paul Goude's 200th anniversary parade of the French Revolution on Bastille Day in 1989 which was described in comparison as "an anti-national festival that rolled all of us into a "worldwide melting pot, with an optimism that we've lost today". Taking inspiration from the homonym of the French for "stage" (scène) and the river Seine, the artistic portion of the event depicted 12 scenes from French history. It was expected to be the grandest event on the Seine in 285 years since the celebrations organised by Louis XV for his daughter's wedding with Philip, Duke of Parma in 1739. President Macron stated that the ceremony would include a "great story of emancipation and freedom", marking events from the French Revolution to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the latter having been signed at the exact same place the ceremony ended, the Palais de Chaillot.

Gérald Darmanin, Minister of the Interior, had estimated that 25,000 security agents would be required and that around 35,000 police officers would be deployed for the opening ceremony.

The 80-day Olympic torch relay for the Olympic flame was organised by COJOP2024 president Tony Estanguet. It was lit in Olympia, Greece, on 16 April 2024, travelling through Greece for the following 10 days before being handed to COJOP2024 on 26 April at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens. It left Piraeus aboard the sailing ship Belem and arrived at Marseille on 8 May 2024 under the escort of 1,000 boats.

Proceedings

Main article: 2024 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

Programme

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Locations of each segment along the Seine:

1

Prologue

2

Enchanté

3

Synchronicité

4

Liberté

5

Egalité

6

Fraternité

7

Sororité

8

Sportivité

9

Festivité

10

Obscurité

11

Solidarité

12

Solennité

13

Eternité

14

Epilogue

Entry to the venues opened at 17:30 CEST with the ceremony starting two hours later at 19:30 CEST. Most of the ceremony took place under the rain, the first Summer Olympics opening ceremony to be held under the rain since Helsinki's in 1952.

Prologue

After everyone was seated and the Olympic torch relay ended its metropolitan leg around the area surrounding the Stade de France, the event began with a pre-recorded video (with footage of past opening ceremonies of the Games) of comedian Jamel Debbouze carrying the flame into an empty Stade de France, having not realised that the ceremony would be held outside the stadium. Interspersed were clips of newscasters reporting that the ceremony would be along the Seine after he arrives inside the stadium. He is approached by footballer Zinedine Zidane, who takes the torch through the city streets, attracting the attention of a trio of children, representing the three times Paris has hosted the Games, then he heads into the Paris Métro which was decorated with posters from previous Games on its billboards. Before the train can leave the station, it breaks down, prompting Zidane to pass the torch to the children through the train window. After traversing the Catacombs of Paris and the underground legendary lake beneath the Palais Garnier, the children are approached by a hooded and masked torchbearer who is rowing a boat. The trio climb aboard and as they begin their journey to the outside world, the camera pans up to the Trocadéro stage to reveal Thomas Bach, president of the International Olympic Committee and Emmanuel Macron, president of the French Republic, already seated as they stand up to welcome the crowd. After that, the boat rows through a tunnel, revealing a light that shines to reveal the phrase "Ça ira" as the boat arrived, traversing the Seine.

The masked torchbearer was the protagonist of the opening ceremony, serving as a connecting thread throughout the ceremony. The character made appearances between segments in pre-recorded scenes, live on the Seine, the rooftops of Paris and the city's landmarks, The torchbearer represented several masked French heroes, such as Arsène Lupin and the Phantom of the Opera, as well as the Olympic spirit, and Sequana, the goddess of the Seine. The figure was also compared to the French video game company Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed franchise characters' hoods and parkour action, especially to Arno Dorian, who appears in the 2014 instalment Assassin's Creed Unity set during the French Revolution. It was anticipated that the masked torchbearer revealed themself at the end of the ceremony and would light the cauldron, but their identity was not revealed that night. Shortly after the ceremony ended, professional tag player Clément Dumais wrote on Twitter that a total of 12 people had portrayed the character during the four-hour ceremony, including parkour artist Simon Nogueira, while ruling out his own participation.

At 19:30, pyrotechnics over the Pont d'Austerlitz (decorated in Olympic theming) bridge in the tricolour of the flag of France, and jets of water from the Seine began the Parade of Nations, beginning with the Greek delegation and the Refugee Olympic Team through the Bahraini delegation. For the first time in Olympic history, the athletes were paraded by boats, such as tourist boats, ferries and yachts, and the parade was integrated into the artistic programme for the first time.

Enchanté

Dancers from the Moulin Rouge at the ceremony

The first sequence, Enchanté, included the ceremony's first musical act which featured Lady Gaga and eight dancers waving large pink ostrich feather hand fans, all in custom Dior costumes. The segment (pre-recorded for "safety reasons") alluded to "a cabaret feel" with a performance of "Mon truc en plumes", made famous by vedette Zizi Jeanmaire, on a golden staircase beside a black grand piano at the southeast point of Île Saint-Louis. The singer wore a black satin bustier under a black feather jacket and welcomed the audience by saying "Bonsoir, bienvenue à Paris".

Recalling Edith Piaf's song "La Vie en rose", the parade resumed with the Bangladeshi through Chinese delegations passing by the Quai de Bethune decorated with large old postcards of Parisian monuments printed in pink and with characters dressed in pink waving at them, including the Olympic Phryge in its only appearance at the ceremony. Dancers from the Moulin Rouge, also dressed in pink, then danced at the Quai d'Orleans, to the music of the French can-can "Galop infernal" from Jacques Offenbach's opera Orpheus in the Underworld. The sequence ended with the masked torchbearer crossing the river on a zip line.

Synchronicité

Residents on Île de la Cité, near the Pont Saint-Louis, observe from their homes the Parade of Nations passing into the Synchronicité segment.

The second sequence, Synchronicité, started with a dance tribute by 420 people to the reconstruction teams of Notre-Dame repairing the cathedral following its 2019 fire and artisans in general, held on Île de la Cité. This sequence featured French-Senegalese dancer Guillaume Diop on the rooftop of the Hôtel de Ville and Olympic champions Martin Fourcade and Michael Phelps. Aside from the Notre-Dame's reconstruction, the sequence also highlighted the making of the Olympic medals in their three metals at the Monnaie de Paris and the Louis Vuitton cases that carry them.

Liberté

The third sequence, Liberté, was themed after the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror and their aftermath. In a pre-recorded scene at the Théâtre du Châtelet, the torchbearer witnesses a performance of "A la volonté du peuple" (the original French version of "Do You Hear the People Sing?") by a group of actors playing in the musical Les Misérables, which then cuts to live footage of the façade of the Conciergerie. In one of its windows, a beheaded Marie Antoinette sang the opening notes of Ah! Ça Ira!, joined by heavy metal band Gojira playing enthusiastically perched on small platforms that stick out from other windows. Soprano Marina Viotti performed a rendition of the Habanera from Georges Bizet's opera Carmen while "sailing" along the Quai de l'Horloge on a float in the shape of the boat present on the coat of arms of Paris.

Actors Yuming Hey, Léa Luce Busato, and Elan Ben Ali performed a pre-recorded seduction scene at the salle ovale of the Richelieu site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France to French literature titles including: Romances Sans Parole (Romances Without Words) by Paul-Marie Verlaine, 1874; Bel-Ami (Nice Friend) by Guy de Maupassant, 1885; On Ne Badine Pas Avec L'amour (No Trifling with Love) by Alfred de Musset, 1834; Passion Simple (Simple Passion) by Annie Ernaux, 1992; Sexe Et Mensonges (Sex and Lies) by Leila Slimani, 2021; Le Diable Au Corps (The Devil in the Body) by Raymond Radiguet, 1923; Les Liaisons Dangereuses (Dangerous Relationships) by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, 1782; Les Amants Magnifiques (The Magnificent Lovers) by Molière, 1670; and Le Triomphe De L'amour (The Triumph of Love) by Pierre de Marivaux, 1732. The scene also addressed diverse forms of love (including LGBT themes and polyamory) expressed by acrobats from the XY company, circus artists from the Gratte-Ciel company, and tightrope walker Nathan Paulin, performing live at the Pont Neuf. The sequence ended with a red heart drawn in the sky with trails of colored smoke.

Égalité

The Republican Guard marching band played "For me formidable" by Charles Aznavour on the Pont des Arts footbridge, opening the fourth sequence, Égalité. French-Malian singer Aya Nakamura performed "Pookie", an arrangement of "For me formidable", and her hit "Djadja", in front of the Institut de France accompanied by the Choir of the French Army and musicians of the Republican Guard.

Fraternité

Bleachers in front of the Musée d'Orsay

The fifth sequence, Fraternité, began with Camille Saint-Saëns' "Danse macabre" and referenced the 1911 theft of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa from the Louvre. The parade resumed with the Cypriot through Gabonese delegations, as pianist Alexandre Kantorow performed Maurice Ravel's "Jeux d'eau" under heavy rain. The parade boats continued with the Gambian through Jamaican delegations.

The ceremony moved to the Musée d'Orsay and paid homage to French filmmakers the Lumière brothers and Georges Méliès, alongside French children's literature, such as The Little Prince, as well as French contributions to aviation, while the Paul Dukas tone poem The Sorcerer's Apprentice played. After that, the International Space Station appears, revealing a yellow periscope which pans down to an animated underwater submarine sequence featuring the Minions from Illumination's Despicable Me holding various sports events in a submarine reminiscent of Jules Verne's Nautilus with the Mona Lisa emerging from the Seine after it explodes. Mezzo-soprano Axelle Saint-Cirel, representing the national personification of the French Marianne, sang the French national anthem in a French flag-themed Dior dress atop the Grand Palais.

Sororité

The sixth sequence, Sororité (sisterhood), highlighted ten notable French women with golden statues along the Seine: Olympe de Gouges, Alice Milliat, Gisèle Halimi, Paulette Nardal, Jeanne Barret, Christine de Pizan, Louise Michel, Alice Guy, Simone Veil, and Simone de Beauvoir (the latter's statue did not rise during the ceremony). After that, Saint-Cirel sang the sixth verse of the French national anthem, accompanied by a choir.

Sportivité

The seventh sequence, Sportivité, resumed the parade boats with the Japanese through Norwegian delegations. Athletes demonstrated urban sports, namely skateboarding and BMX freestyle, on floating ramps. Polish countertenor Jakub Józef Orliński sang Viens Hymen from Jean-Philippe Rameau's opera Les Indes galantes, becoming the first artist from Poland to perform at an Olympic Games opening ceremony. Orlinski then performed some breakdancing in a nod to the sport's inclusion at the Games. Rapper Rim'K followed, singing his song "King".

Festivité

The Olympic rings on the Eiffel Tower

The eighth sequence, Festivité, started with a tribute to French fashion at the red carpet on the Passerelle Debilly. The parade continued on to its end with the Kiwi delegation through to the Australian and the American delegations, as both Brisbane, Australia and Los Angeles, U.S. are the next Summer Olympic Games hosts in 2032 and 2028 respectively. The masked torchbearer walked past the models and performed acrobatics on the Passerelle, after which a live video feed showed the participants of the Olympic surfing tournaments on Tahiti. The parade of boats culminated with the French delegation arriving on a large boat.

A tribute to the European Union was introduced by "The Final Countdown" by Swedish band Europe and a drone show around the Eiffel Tower forming the 12 stars of the EU flag, and featured drag queens including Nicky Doll and dancers including Germain Louvet, Electro Street, and the Mazelfreten collective, continuing on the waterlogged red carpet of the Debilly footbridge, as well as a barge with an LED dancefloor, to Eurodance tracks such as "Freed from Desire", "Be My Lover", "Stereo Love", "It's a Rainy Day" and "Sandstorm". Philippe Katerine, nearly nude and painted as a blue Dionysus (the Greek god of wine, in tribute to France's wine industry and the ancient Greek Olympics), performed "Nu", lying at the center of a long table, with the drag queens posed in a manner which many commenters interpreted as depicting a reimagining of The Last Supper by da Vinci, though the organizers interpreted it as a sort of Bacchanalian feast.

The soundtrack of the first eight sequences included rearranged classics of French chanson and pop culture mixed by DJ Barbara Butch:

• Serge Gainsbourg – "Initials B.B."
• Chagrin d'amour – "Chacun fait (c'qui lui plaît)"
• Dalida – "Monday Tuesday... Laissez moi danser"
• Les Rita Mitsouko – "Marcia Baila" and "Andy"
• The can-can by Moulin Rouge dancers
• Erik Satie – "Gymnopédie no 1"
• Michel Berger – "Ça balance pas mal à Paris"
• Diam's – "DJ"
• Sheila – "Spacer"
• Daniel Balavoine – "L'Aziza"
• Modjo – "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)"
• David Guetta – "Love Don't Let Me Go"
• Véronique Sanson – "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie"
• Michel Polnareff – "Lettre à France"
• Stardust – "Music Sounds Better with You"
• Jupiter and Kassav' – "Kass Limon"
• Claude François – "Alexandrie Alexandra"
• Justice – "D.A.N.C.E."
• Mylène Farmer – "Désenchantée"
• Philippe Katerine – "Louxor, j'adore"
• Ottawan – "D.I.S.C.O."
• Johnny Hallyday – "Que je t'aime"
• M83 – "Midnight City"
• DJ Mehdi - "Signatune (Thomas Bangalter Edit)"

The DJ portion of the segment was interpreted by news media as a reference to the da Vinci fresco The Last Supper, to the Jan van Bijlert painting Le Festin des Dieux, and to the relationship between Dionysus and his daughter Sequana, the goddess of the Seine.

Obscurité

The ninth sequence, Obscurité, continued on from Festivité, with the music turning darker in mood and the dancers aboard the barge becoming more frenetic. As its LED floor flashed a montage of various climate disasters, including droughts, floods, and forest fires, the dancers slowly collapsed, one by one. As the Seine darkened, Juliette Armanet appeared on a raft singing "Imagine" as part of a call for peace, accompanied by Sofiane Pamart on a burning piano.

Solidarité

The tenth sequence, Solidarité, showcased a masked rider representing French heroine Joan of Arc (portrayed by Floriane Issert, a member of the Gendarmerie) wearing an Olympic flag as a cape along with silver and black armour, and riding a metallic mechanical horse on the Seine to spread the spirit of the Games. This segment referenced Pierre de Coubertin and the history of the Olympics, with numerous archival images and highlights of past Games. Volunteers carrying the flags of the participating countries gathered under the Eiffel Tower. The rider appeared on a white horse, bringing another, folded Olympic flag to a mast at the Trocadéro, surrounded by athletes. The Olympic Anthem was performed by the Radio France Choir featuring the Maîtrise de Radio France and the Orchestre National de France as members of the French Armed Forces raised the flag, which was accidentally raised upside down.

Solennité

During the eleventh sequence, Solennité, the Olympic Laurels were awarded, with Italian diplomat Filippo Grandi receiving them in his capacity as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Tony Estanguet, head of the organising committee, and IOC President Thomas Bach welcomed participants and spectators in French and English. President Emmanuel Macron then declared the Games open, stating:

I proclaim open the Games of Paris, celebrating the XXXIII Olympiad of the modern times.

The Olympic oath was sworn by French flag bearers Mélina Robert-Michon and Florent Manaudou, coach Christophe Massina, and a wrestling referee. The masked torchbearer made their final appearance at the opening ceremony. They gave the Olympic flame to Zinedine Zidane, who handed it to Spanish tennis player Rafael Nadal (beginning the final leg). He carried the flame up the Seine by boat along with other Olympic champions Carl Lewis, Serena Williams, and Nadia Comăneci, while on the Trocadéro stage, Shaheem Sanchez, a deaf dancer performed "Supernature" by Cerrone in French Sign Language, backdropped by an elaborate light show on the Eiffel Tower, focusing on the Olympic Rings. The boat docked near the Louvre, where tennis champion Amélie Mauresmo continued the relay with basketball player Tony Parker. They were joined by Paralympic champions Nantenin Keïta, Alexis Hanquinquant, and Marie-Amélie Le Fur, officially opening the twelfth and final sequence, Éternité.

Éternité

Teddy Riner and Marie-José Pérec lit the cauldron

The flame was relayed through the Tuileries Garden, where the cauldron would be situated, after entering the Carrousel du Louvre. A number of French Olympic champions carried the torch: Jean-François Lamour, Félicia Ballanger, Florian Rousseau, Émilie Le Pennec, David Douillet, Clarisse Agbegnenou, Alain Bernard, Laure Manaudou, Renaud Lavillenie, Laura Flessel and Charles Coste, the oldest living French Olympic champion at 100 years old. The final leg culminated with Teddy Riner and Marie-José Pérec lighting the Olympic cauldron, a ring of 40 computerised LEDs and 200 high-pressure water aerosol spray dispensers which was topped by a 30-metre-tall helium sphere resembling a hot air balloon, rising in the air, reminiscent of the Montgolfier brothers' experiments leading to the first hot air balloon flight in 1783. The cauldron is attached to a wire-like conduit anchored in the middle of the Grand Bassin Rond (literally, "Large Round Basin") to avoid flying off, as well as feeding the cauldron with water and electricity, and is pulled back to the ground during daytime. It is the first Olympic cauldron to light up without the direct use of fossil fuels.

Céline Dion, accompanied by a pianist, concluded the ceremony by singing Édith Piaf's "Hymne à l'amour" from the first floor of the Eiffel Tower, bringing the ceremony to a close at 23:29 CEST.

Anthems

• National anthem of France – Axelle Saint-Cirel
• Olympic anthem – Orchestre National de France, The Radio France Choir and the Maîtrise de Radio France

Performances

Céline Dion and Lady Gaga (pictured in 2012 and 2021)

French singer Slimane performed his song "Mon Amour" at a pre-opening ceremony event in Saint-Denis which was broadcast on France 2. As Slimane had cancelled a concert the day prior, some media outlets were unsure whether he would perform.

American singer Lady Gaga was the first performer of the ceremony, performing a rendition of the song "Mon truc en plumes". Even though her appearance had not been in the embargoed media guide distributed previous to the event, her participation had been heavily speculated due to her multiple appearances in Paris in the days before the ceremony. Progressive metal act Gojira soon followed, becoming the first metal band to perform at an Olympic opening ceremony. The band, who were joined by opera singer Marina Viotti, performed the French revolution-era song "Ça Ira" at the Conciergerie, a former prison where Marie Antoinette spent her final days. A performer portraying a beheaded Antoinette began the performance. Aya Nakamura soon followed with a performance of her songs "Pookie" and "Djadja" and "For me formidable" of Charles Aznavour on the Pont des Arts.

Later in the night, as part of a fashion runway portion of the ceremony, various drag queens, including Nicky Doll and alumnae of the reality television series Drag Race France, recreated a bacchanalian feast. Nicky Doll also performed "I Had a Dream" on the runway. Shortly after, musician Philippe Katerine performed while covered in blue body paint and surrounded by fruit and flowers. While Katerine was depicting the Greek god Dionysus, some viewed him as similar to Belgian comic character Papa Smurf. Juliette Armanet sang John Lennon's 1971 song "Imagine" while accompanied by Sofiane Pamart on piano, which was ablaze during the performance.

Closing the opening ceremony after the Olympic flame was lit, Canadian singer Céline Dion sang the Édith Piaf song "Hymne à l'amour" on the first level of the Eiffel Tower. The performance was her first since December 2022, after revealing her diagnosis with stiff person syndrome.

Dignitaries in attendance

Host nation

• President Emmanuel Macron
  • Former President François Hollande
• First Lady Brigitte Macron
• Prime Minister Gabriel Attal
• COJOP2024 President Tony Estanguet
• Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo
• President of CNOSF and UCI David Lappartient

International Olympic Committee

Members of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic movement, not counting foreign representatives:

• Thomas Bach, President of the International Olympic Committee
• Gianni Infantino, President of FIFA

Foreign leaders and representatives

The local organising committee had expected around 120 world leaders would attend the ceremony, next to around 160 ministers. In another report, the French government said that at least one hundred heads of state and government had accepted the invitation to the Games, but did not disclose any other details.

According to a list from the Elysée, three hundred foreign dignitaries from 130 countries and organisations, including 85 heads of state and government, were at Paris for the ceremony. President Macron and IOC president Bach hosted a reception and a Sports for Sustainable Development Summit with visiting dignitaries.

• Edi Rama, Prime Minister of Albania and Linda Rama
• Xavier Espot Zamora, Prime Minister of Andorra
• Javier Milei, President of Argentina and his sister, Karina Milei
• Vahagn Khachaturyan, President of Armenia
• Anika Wells, Minister for Sports of Australia (representing the Government of Australia)
• Karl Nehammer, Chancellor of Austria
• King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium
• Alexander De Croo, Prime Minister of Belgium and Annik Penders
• Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck of Bhutan
• Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and First Lady Mirela Bećirović
• Rosângela Lula da Silva, First Lady of Brazil (representing President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva)
  • André Fufuca, Minister of Sports of Brazil
• Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria and First Lady Desislava Radeva
• José Maria Neves, President of Cape Verde
• Paul Biya, President of Cameroon and First Lady Chantal Biya
• Carla Qualtrough, Minister of Sport and Physical Activity of Canada (representing the Government of Canada)
• Faustin-Archange Touadéra, President of the Central African Republic
• Jaime Pizarro, Minister of Sports of Chile (representing President Gabriel Boric)
• Han Zheng, Vice President of China (representing President Xi Jinping)
• Gustavo Petro, President of Colombia and First Lady Verónica Alcocer
• Azali Assoumani, President of the Comoros and First Lady Ambari Assoumani
• Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, former President of Croatia
• Andrej Plenković, Prime Minister of Croatia
• Nikos Christodoulides, President of Cyprus and First Lady Philippa Karsera
• Petr Fiala, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Jana Fialová
• King Frederik X and Queen Mary of Denmark
• Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti
• Alar Karis, President of Estonia and First Lady Sirje Karis
• Wiliame Katonivere, President of Fiji and First Lady Filomena Dikumete-Katonivere
• Alexander Stubb, President of Finland and First Lady Suzanne Innes-Stubb
• Brice Oligui Nguema, Transitional President of Gabon
• Salome Zourabichvili, President of Georgia and her daughter, Kéthévane Zourabichvili
• Irakli Kobakhidze, Prime Minister of Georgia
• Olaf Scholz, Chancellor of Germany and Britta Ernst
• Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece and Mareva Grabowski-Mitsotakis
• Bah Oury, Prime Minister of Guinea
• Umaro Sissoco Embaló, President of Guinea-Bissau
• Kevin Yeung, Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism of Hong Kong
• Tamás Sulyok, President of Hungary and First Lady Zsuzsanna Nagy
• Bjarni Benediktsson, Prime Minister of Iceland
• Prabowo Subianto, Minister of Defense and President-elect of Indonesia
  • Erick Thohir, Minister of State Owned Enterprises and Chair of the Football Association of Indonesia
• Abdul Latif Rashid, President of Iraq
  • Nechirvan Barzani, President of the Iraqi Kurdistan region
• Simon Harris, Taoiseach of Ireland and Caoimhe Wade
• Isaac Herzog, President of Israel and First Lady Michal Herzog
• Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy
• Robert Beugré Mambé, Prime Minister of Ivory Coast
• Yuko Kishida, spouse of the Prime Minister of Japan (representing the Government of Japan)
• Prince Faisal bin Hussein of Jordan
• Vjosa Osmani, President of Kosovo
• Albin Kurti, Prime Minister of Kosovo
• Sadyr Japarov, President of Kyrgyzstan
• Edgars Rinkēvičs, President of Latvia
• Najib Mikati, Prime Minister of Lebanon
• Mohamed al-Menfi, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya
• Princess Nora of Liechtenstein
• Daniel Risch, Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
• Gitanas Nausėda, President of Lithuania and First Lady Diana Nausėdienė
• Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
• Luc Frieden, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
• Andry Rajoelina, President of Madagascar
• Hussain Mohamed Latheef, Vice President of Maldives
• Robert Abela, Prime Minister of Malta
• Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, President of Mauritania
  • Ahmed Ould Sid'Ahmed Ould Djé, Minister of Culture, Youth, Sports and Relations with Parliament of Mauritania
• Jesús María Tarriba, First Gentleman-designate of Mexico (representing President-elect Claudia Sheinbaum)
• Maia Sandu, President of Moldova
• Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco and Charlene, Princess of Monaco
• Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh, President of Mongolia
• Jakov Milatović, President of Montenegro
• Milojko Spajić, Prime Minister of Montenegro
• Aziz Akhannouch, Prime Minister of Morocco (representing King Mohammed VI)
• King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
  • Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange
  • Princess Alexia of the Netherlands
• Dick Schoof, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
• Dame Cindy Kiro, Governor-General of New Zealand
• Abdoulaye Mohamadou, Minister of Youth and Sports of Niger
• John Owan Enoh, Minister of Sports Development of Nigeria
• Basil bin Ahmed al Rawas, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Youth of Oman (representing Sultan Haitham bin Tariq)
• Santiago Peña, President of Paraguay
• Andrzej Duda, President of Poland
• Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal
• Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani of Qatar
• Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania
• Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda
• Patrice Trovoada, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe
• Princess Reema bint Bandar Al Saud of Saudi Arabia
• Bassirou Diomaye Faye, President of Senegal
• Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia
• Julius Maada Bio, President of Sierra Leone
• Tharman Shanmugaratnam, President of Singapore
• Peter Pellegrini, President of Slovakia
• Nataša Pirc Musar, President of Slovenia
• Robert Golob, Prime Minister of Slovenia
• Gayton McKenzie, Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture of South Africa (representing President Cyril Ramaphosa)
• King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia of Spain
• Viola Amherd, President of Switzerland
• Sermsak Pongpanit, Minister of Tourism and Sports of Thailand
• Matviy Bidnyi, Temporary Acting Minister of Youth and Sports of Ukraine (representing President Volodymyr Zelenskyy)
• Keir Starmer, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
• Jill Biden, First Lady of the United States (representing President Joe Biden)
  • Karen Bass, Mayor of Los Angeles (host city of the 2028 Summer Olympics)
  • Jennifer Siebel Newsom, First Partner of California (state of the 2028 Summer Olympics host city)
• Nguyễn Văn Hùng, Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam (representing President Tô Lâm)

International organisations

The following dignitaries from international organisations were in attendance:

• Charles Michel, President of the European Council
• Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission
• Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank
• Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO
• António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations

Reception

The ceremony received mixed reviews, with most of its criticism directed towards its length and format, weather conditions, technical issues, and other aspects of the production itself, but with praise for its musical performances, themes of inclusivity, and its final acts (including the cauldron lighting and Céline Dion's closing performance). 86% of French residents surveyed by the organizing committee considered the opening ceremony to have been "successful".

Among France's newspapers of record, Le Monde considered it a "dream-like spectacle" that showcased a country that was "inclusive" and "unafraid of controversy", while Libération described it as "imbued with inclusivity and self-deprecation", and hailed a "catharsis that was all the more welcome" after the stress of France's snap elections and "sublimated by the rain that turned into an artistic asset". The conservative Le Figaro described it as "a grandiose and sumptuous spectacle", but demonstrating that France "[can't] help drawing from its revolutionary guts the spirit of provocation and discord that has always fuelled its paradoxes and divisions". French right-wing newspapers and commentators were less impressed, and called it 'woke propaganda'.

Writing for Time, Judy Berman felt that the ceremony was "occasionally weird, wildly ambitious, ultimately wonderful, and extremely French", and remarked that "the most enjoyable moments tended to be the strangest—and the most idiosyncratically French—ones. Dozens of dancers in hot pink doing the can-can? Fantastique. Marie Antoinette holding her freshly decapitated, singing head, as the introduction to a set piece that would pair opera singer Marina Viotti with French metal stalwarts Gojira? Vive la révolution." Arifa Akbar of The Guardian described the ceremony as being "like a motley outfit thrown together. Water cannons, street dancers in Louis XIV outfits, and ultra-camp fashion shows which seemed like a crime against haute couture: it would not have looked out of place at Cannes' gaudy la Croisette." However. Akbar felt that the final act and cauldron lighting was more "dignified", and that "the ceremony could have done with so much more of this class."

New York Times television critic Mike Hale considered the ceremony to be "quintessentially French: titillating, hermetic, light on humor and heavy on pretense", and praised the cauldron lighting and finale, but felt that the boat parade made the NBC telecast feel like a "bloated made-for-TV spectacle" akin to an awards show or holiday parade in comparison to past opening ceremonies. The New Statesman compared the artistic segments to the Eurovision Song Contest, believing that the BBC's telecast needed a commentator such as Graham Norton "who could make sense of it all, or at least dryly mock that which they could not." The inclusion of the Minions of the Despicable Me film franchise (characters who were created and voiced by the film's French director Pierre Coffin) were considered by U.S. critics as cross-promotion by the Olympics' local rightsholder NBCUniversal (whose American studio Universal Pictures distributes the films), with Aramide Tinubu of Variety describing the scene as "both odd and off-putting".

Viewership

According to Médiamétrie ratings, the opening ceremony was seen in France by an average of 23.2 million viewers, and peaking at 25.2 million, making it among the country's most-watched television broadcasts of all time behind the 2022 FIFA World Cup final (24.08 million). In the United States, NBC Sports reported that the opening ceremony was seen by 28.6 million viewers across its live broadcast and prime time encore, its highest viewership for any Olympic opening ceremony since 2014. In Canada, the CBC also reported ratings improvements over Tokyo 2020, with 13.3 million viewing all or part of the broadcast across CBC Television and its sub-license partners.

Controversies and incidents

Drag queen performance

The Festivité segment contained a scene of drag queens and other artists arranged in a row along a catwalk. A statement from Paris 2024 said that it was inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's fresco The Last Supper, which depicts Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, while Thomas Jolly and the Olympic Games' X account stated that this represented "a pagan feast linked to the gods of Olympus" and an "interpretation of the Greek god Dionysus [that] makes us aware of the absurdity of violence between human beings".

The segment was criticised by some Christian groups. The Roman Catholic Bishops' Conference of France considered it a "derision and mockery of Christianity". The Holy See "deplore[d] the offence" caused to Christians. The ecumenical organisation the World Council of Churches asked for an explanation from the IOC and described Christians as being "angered".

Festivité was also criticised by the Islamic organisation Al-Azhar Al-Sharif for depicting Jesus in an "offensive manner". Secular criticism of the segment came primarily from conservative and Christian figures, such as Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, former US president Donald Trump, and Slovak deputy prime minister Tomáš Taraba, the last of whom described the ceremony as "deviant decadence". Far-left French opposition figure Jean-Luc Mélenchon joined the criticism of the sequence.

In response to the criticism, the Paris 2024 producers stated that director Thomas Jolly "took inspiration from Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting to create the setting", and cited that the painting had already been frequently parodied in popular culture. However, the next day Jolly denied having been inspired by The Last Supper on BFM TV. On 28 July, organisers issued an apology for the performance, stating that "there was never an intention to show disrespect to any religious group". One of the participants in the scene, Barbara Butch, filed a legal complaint after what she described as "an extremely violent campaign of cyber-harassment and defamation" directed toward her after the ceremony. Complaints have also been filed by Jolly, Nicky Doll, the choreographer, the producers, and the organizers. French president Macron condemned the harassment; he also defended the ceremony as a whole, stating that it had "made our compatriots extremely proud."

Marie Antoinette scene

The Liberté section included a portrayal of Marie Antoinette, in which the queen was shown holding her own decapitated head in reference to her execution by guillotine in 1793 during the French Revolution. The segment was criticised for its grotesque nature and for glorifying violence in the Reign of Terror. Critics included French right-wing figures, including Jean-Christophe Buisson, a biographer of Marie Antoniette; French monarchists; members of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, to which Marie Antoinette belonged; members of the House of Bourbon, into which she married; and even far-left French opposition figure Jean-Luc Mélenchon. The segment was contrasted with the London 2012 opening ceremony, in which the inclusion of Queen Elizabeth II was perceived to be an "homage" to the British monarchy.

Thomas Jolly, the director of the ceremony, stated that there was no "glorification of this instrument of death that was the guillotine" and that "If we use our work to regenerate [...] division, hatred [...] and it continues to progress, when I believe we have made some peace [...], then that would be great pity."

Presence of Aya Nakamura

The presence of singer Aya Nakamura at the ceremony was criticised. Nakamura had faced racial abuse in the leadup to the event, such as the far-right group Les Natifs displaying a banner "There's no way Aya. This is Paris, not the Bamako market" on the basis of her roots in Mali. According to an Odoxa poll prior to the event, 63% of French people disapproved of Nakamura performing at the Olympics.

Introduction of South Korea as North Korea

During the parade of nations, the South Korean delegation was incorrectly addressed by the French and English announcers as République populaire démocratique de Corée and Democratic People's Republic of Korea – the official designation for North Korea – rather than République de Corée and Republic of Korea. The International Olympic Committee posted an apology on their official website.

Jang Mi-ran, Second Vice Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, stated that it would submit an official protest over the accident, and that it had "asked the foreign ministry to lodge a strong complaint with France on a government level", asked the IOC to arrange a meeting with President Bach regarding this incident, and asked the Paris organizing committee to ensure that this would not reoccur.

See also

• 2024 Summer Olympics
• 2024 France railway arson attacks
• Concerns and controversies at the 2024 Summer Olympics
• 2009 East Asian Games opening ceremony, held on a floating stage set up at Victoria Harbour

External links

• WCC general secretary letter to the International Olympic Committee and the French Olympic Committee - World Council of Churches