Tetrasilane: Difference between revisions

Tetrasilane
Names
	IUPAC name Tetrasilane
	Other names n-Tetrasilane
Identifiers
CAS Number	7783-29-1 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	122662;
ECHA InfoCard	100.132.456
EC Number	616-515-4;
PubChem CID	6327668;
UNII	OI9DXJ0BL4;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30999039 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/H10Si4/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3 Key: MBDFFBCLMHNNID-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [SiH3][SiH2][SiH2][SiH3];
Properties
Chemical formula	H10Si4
Molar mass	122.420 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless liquid that self ignite in air
Density	0.792 g·cm−3
Melting point	−89.9 °C
Boiling point	108.1 °C
Solubility in water	reacts
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H250
Related compounds
Related compounds	butane
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

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Tetrasilane is a silane with the structure formula SiH₃–(SiH₂)₂–SiH₃. It is the silane analog of butane.

Preparation

Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting magnesium silicide (Mg₂Si) with acids like 20% phosphoric acid in 50–60 °C.^[3]

\mathrm {Mg_{2}Si+\ 4H^{+}\ \longrightarrow \ Si_{n}H_{2n+2}}

The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% hydrochloric acid produces 40% monosilane, 30% disilane, 15% trisilane, 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.^[4] The mixture can be separated by fractional distillation.

In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:^[3]

\mathrm {SiH_{4}\ \rightarrow \ SiH_{2}\ +\ H_{2}}

\mathrm {SiH_{2}\ +\ SiH_{4}\rightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{3}}

\mathrm {SiH_{2}\ +\ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{3}\rightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}}

\mathrm {SiH_{2}\ +\ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}\rightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}}

Properties

Tetrasilane is a colourless, pyrophoric liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54 °C, it will still spontaneous combust.^[1] It is even more unstable than trisilane, slowly decomposing at room temperature, releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.^[5]

Reactions

Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce 3-silylpentasilane and disilane.^[6]

\mathrm {2\ Si_{4}H_{10}\rightarrow \ Si_{2}H_{6}\ +H_{3}Si{-}SiH(Si_{2}H_{6})_{2}}

With the presence of aluminium chloride, heating tetrasilane in xylene will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.^[7]

\mathrm {2\ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}\longrightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH(SiH_{3})_{2}}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si₄H₁₀) (PDF-Datei)
^ ^a ^b ^c Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ ^a ^b Steudel, Ralf (2014), Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung (in German), De Gruyter, pp. 294–295, ISBN 978-3-11-030797-9
^ Wiberg, Egon (2011), Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte (in German), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319–320, ISBN 978-3-11-023832-7
^ Stock, Alfred; Stiebeler, Paul; Zeidler, Friedrich (1923-07-04), "Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride", Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1695–1705, doi:10.1002/cber.19230560735
^ Fehér, F.; Fischer, I. (March 1976), "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan", Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German), vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 9–14, doi:10.1002/zaac.19764210103
^ Fehér, Franz; Ocklenburg, Franz; Skrodzki, Dieter (June 2014). "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 35 (7): 869–872. doi:10.1515/znb-1980-0715 – via ResearchGate.

[voltaix-1] Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si₄H₁₀) (PDF-Datei)

[CRC-Handbook-2] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[Steudel2014-3] Steudel, Ralf (2014), Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung (in German), De Gruyter, pp. 294–295, ISBN 978-3-11-030797-9

[Wiberg2011-4] Wiberg, Egon (2011), Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte (in German), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319–320, ISBN 978-3-11-023832-7

[Siliciumwasserstoffe_XVI-5] Stock, Alfred; Stiebeler, Paul; Zeidler, Friedrich (1923-07-04), "Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride", Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1695–1705, doi:10.1002/cber.19230560735

[ZAAC_1976_9-6] Fehér, F.; Fischer, I. (March 1976), "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan", Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German), vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 9–14, doi:10.1002/zaac.19764210103

[7] Fehér, Franz; Ocklenburg, Franz; Skrodzki, Dieter (June 2014). "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 35 (7): 869–872. doi:10.1515/znb-1980-0715 – via ResearchGate.

[1]

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@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 == Preparation ==
-Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting [[magnesium silicide]] (Mg<sub>2</sub>Si) with acids like 20% [[phosphoric acid]] in 50–60&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Steudel2014">{{citation |surname1=Steudel |first=Ralf |title=Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung |date=2014 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chemie_der_Nichtmetalle/SmnnBQAAQBAJ |at=pp.&nbsp;294–295 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-030797-9 |author-link=Ralf Steudel}}</ref>
+Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting [[magnesium silicide]] (Mg<sub>2</sub>Si) with acids like 20% [[phosphoric acid]] in 50–60&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Steudel2014">{{citation |surname1=Steudel |first=Ralf |title=Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmnnBQAAQBAJ |at=pp.&nbsp;294–295 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-030797-9 |author-link=Ralf Steudel}}</ref>
 :<math>\mathrm{Mg_2Si + \ 4 H^+\ \longrightarrow \ Si_nH_{2n+2}}</math>
-The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% [[hydrochloric acid]] produces 40% [[monosilane]], 30% [[disilane]], 15% [[trisilane]], 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.<ref name="Wiberg2011">{{citation |surname1=Wiberg |first=Egon |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte |date=2011 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie/W0Kwd55aEqMC |at=pp.&nbsp;319–320 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-023832-7}}</ref> The mixture can be separated by [[fractional distillation]].
+The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% [[hydrochloric acid]] produces 40% [[monosilane]], 30% [[disilane]], 15% [[trisilane]], 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.<ref name="Wiberg2011">{{citation |surname1=Wiberg |first=Egon |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Kwd55aEqMC |at=pp.&nbsp;319–320 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-023832-7}}</ref> The mixture can be separated by [[fractional distillation]].
 In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:<ref name="Steudel2014" />
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 == Properties==
-Tetrasilane is a colourless, [[pyrophoric]] liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54&nbsp;°C, it will still spontaneous combust.<ref name="voltaix" /> It is even more unstable than [[trisilane]], slowly decomposing at [[room temperature]], releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.<ref name="Siliciumwasserstoffe XVI">{{citation |surname1=Stock |first=Alfred |title=Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride |date=1923-07-04 |periodical=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |volume=56 |issue=7 |at=pp.&nbsp;1695–1705 |language=German |doi=10.1002/cber.19230560735 |last2=Stiebeler |first2=Paul |last3=Zeidler |first3=Friedrich}}</ref>
+Tetrasilane is a colourless, [[pyrophoric]] liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54&nbsp;°C, it will still spontaneous combust.<ref name="voltaix" /> It is even more unstable than [[trisilane]], slowly decomposing at [[room temperature]], releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.<ref name="Siliciumwasserstoffe XVI">{{citation |surname1=Stock |first1=Alfred |title=Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride |date=1923-07-04 |periodical=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |volume=56 |issue=7 |at=pp.&nbsp;1695–1705 |language=German |doi=10.1002/cber.19230560735 |last2=Stiebeler |first2=Paul |last3=Zeidler |first3=Friedrich}}</ref>
 == Reactions==
-Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce [[3-silylpentasilane]] and disilane.<ref name="ZAAC_1976_9">{{citation |surname1=Fehér |first=F. |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan |date=March 1976 |periodical=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=421 |issue=1 |at=pp.&nbsp;9–14 |language=German |doi=10.1002/zaac.19764210103 |last2=Fischer |first2=I.}}</ref>
+Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce [[3-silylpentasilane]] and disilane.<ref name="ZAAC_1976_9">{{citation |surname1=Fehér |first1=F. |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan |date=March 1976 |periodical=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=421 |issue=1 |at=pp.&nbsp;9–14 |language=German |doi=10.1002/zaac.19764210103 |last2=Fischer |first2=I.}}</ref>
 :<math>\mathrm{2 \ Si_4H_{10} \rightarrow \ Si_2H_6 \ + H_3Si{-}SiH(Si_2H_6)_2 }</math>
-With the presence of [[aluminium chloride]], heating tetrasilane in [[xylene]] will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fehér |first1=Franz |last2=Ocklenburg |first2=Franz |last3=Skrodzki |first3=Dieter |date=June 2014 |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid |URL=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276416452_Beitrage_zur_Chemie_des_Siliciums_und_Germaniums_XXXII_1_Isomerisierung_von_hoheren_Silanen_mit_Aluminiumchlorid_Contributions_to_the_Chemistry_of_Silicon_and_Germanium_XXXII_1_Isomerization_of_Higher |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=869-872 |doi=10.1515/znb-1980-0715 |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+With the presence of [[aluminium chloride]], heating tetrasilane in [[xylene]] will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fehér |first1=Franz |last2=Ocklenburg |first2=Franz |last3=Skrodzki |first3=Dieter |date=June 2014 |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276416452 |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=869–872 |doi=10.1515/znb-1980-0715 |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi-access=free}}</ref>
 :<math>\mathrm{2 \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3 \longrightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH(SiH_3)_2 }</math>