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In 2023, the [[KEGOC]] reported that the electricity consumption increased by 1.9% to 115.06 billion kWh, while generation stagnated at 112.82 billion kWh, resulting in a 1,519 MW deficit covered by imports from Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Жұмаділлә |first=Балнұр |date=2024-03-06 |title=Қазақстан бірыңғай уақыт белдеуіне көшкеннен кейін электр энергиясын тұтыну қаншалық артты? |trans-title= How much did energy consumption increase since the Kazakh timezone change? |url=https://massaget.kz/news/kazakstan-bryingay-uakyit-beldeune-koshkennen-keyn-elektr-102649/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Massaget.kz |language=kk}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite press release |title=KEGOC ҚР Энергетика министрлігінің алқалы отырысында 2023 жылғы жұмысы туралы есеп берді |trans-title=KEGOC reported on its 2023 progress during a Kazakh Energy Ministry meeting |date=2024-03-05 |publisher=[[KEGOC]] |url=https://www.kegoc.kz/press-center/press-releases/163167/ |language=Kazakh |access-date=2024-08-27}}</ref> This deficit is projected to grow to 6.2 GWe by 2030.<ref name=":1" /> Independent expert Jaqyp Hayrushev suggests that a nuclear plant could have met the current shortfall of 1.5 GWe, similar to the consumption of regional centers like [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Скибан |first=Оксана |date=2023-08-03 |title=Строительство АЭС в Казахстане: есть ли угрозы и каковы плюсы |trans-title=The nuclear power plant construction in Kazakhstan: Are there dangers, and what are the advantages? |url=https://www.zakon.kz/stati/6402114-stroitelstvo-aes-v-kazakhstane-est-li-ugrozy-i-kakovy-plyusy.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=zakon.kz |language=ru}}</ref> With demand expected to reach 152.4 billion kWh by 2035, while aging [[Thermal power station|thermal plants]] can only produce 135 billion kWh, the Kazakh government views nuclear energy as a viable long-term solution, supported by the country's significant uranium reserves, scientific expertise, and skilled specialists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Нуруллин |first=Эльдар |date=2024-01-08 |title=Без АЭС не обойтись? Готов ли Казахстан к масштабному строительству |trans-title= Do we really have to have a nuclear power plant? Is Kazakhstan ready for such a massive construction? |url=https://tengrinews.kz/article/aes-ne-oboytis-gotov-kazahstan-masshtabnomu-stroitelstvu-2279/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Tengrinews.kz |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuriev |first=Telman |date=2024-08-05 |title=Atomic power: How Kazakhstan will overcome the energy crisis |url=https://news.az/news/-atomic-power-how-kazakhstan-will-overcome-the-energy-crisis |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=News.az |language=en}}</ref>
In 2023, the [[KEGOC]] reported that the electricity consumption increased by 1.9% to 115.06 billion kWh, while generation stagnated at 112.82 billion kWh, resulting in a 1,519 MW deficit covered by imports from Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Жұмаділлә |first=Балнұр |date=2024-03-06 |title=Қазақстан бірыңғай уақыт белдеуіне көшкеннен кейін электр энергиясын тұтыну қаншалық артты? |trans-title= How much did energy consumption increase since the Kazakh timezone change? |url=https://massaget.kz/news/kazakstan-bryingay-uakyit-beldeune-koshkennen-keyn-elektr-102649/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Massaget.kz |language=kk}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite press release |title=KEGOC ҚР Энергетика министрлігінің алқалы отырысында 2023 жылғы жұмысы туралы есеп берді |trans-title=KEGOC reported on its 2023 progress during a Kazakh Energy Ministry meeting |date=2024-03-05 |publisher=[[KEGOC]] |url=https://www.kegoc.kz/press-center/press-releases/163167/ |language=Kazakh |access-date=2024-08-27}}</ref> This deficit is projected to grow to 6.2 GWe by 2030.<ref name=":1" /> Independent expert Jaqyp Hayrushev suggests that a nuclear plant could have met the current shortfall of 1.5 GWe, similar to the consumption of regional centers like [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Скибан |first=Оксана |date=2023-08-03 |title=Строительство АЭС в Казахстане: есть ли угрозы и каковы плюсы |trans-title=The nuclear power plant construction in Kazakhstan: Are there dangers, and what are the advantages? |url=https://www.zakon.kz/stati/6402114-stroitelstvo-aes-v-kazakhstane-est-li-ugrozy-i-kakovy-plyusy.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=zakon.kz |language=ru}}</ref> With demand expected to reach 152.4 billion kWh by 2035, while aging [[Thermal power station|thermal plants]] can only produce 135 billion kWh, the Kazakh government views nuclear energy as a viable long-term solution, supported by the country's significant uranium reserves, scientific expertise, and skilled specialists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Нуруллин |first=Эльдар |date=2024-01-08 |title=Без АЭС не обойтись? Готов ли Казахстан к масштабному строительству |trans-title= Do we really have to have a nuclear power plant? Is Kazakhstan ready for such a massive construction? |url=https://tengrinews.kz/article/aes-ne-oboytis-gotov-kazahstan-masshtabnomu-stroitelstvu-2279/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Tengrinews.kz |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuriev |first=Telman |date=2024-08-05 |title=Atomic power: How Kazakhstan will overcome the energy crisis |url=https://news.az/news/-atomic-power-how-kazakhstan-will-overcome-the-energy-crisis |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=News.az |language=en}}</ref>


=== Green policies ===
=== Carbon neutrality ===
In 2012, then-President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] launched the Kazakhstan-2050 Strategy, aiming to position Kazakhstan among the top 30 most developed nations by 2050, with a focus on transitioning to a [[low-carbon economy]].<ref>{{cite speech |title=Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Leader of the Nation, N.Nazarbayev "Strategy Kazakhstan-2050": new political course of the established state” |first=Nursultan |last=Nazarbayev |author-link=Nursultan Nazarbayev |event=State of the Nation Address |location=Astana |date=14 December 2012 |url=https://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/addresses_of_president/address-by-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-leader-of-the-nation-nnazarbayev-strategy-kazakhstan-2050-new-political-course-of-the-established-state |access-date= }}</ref> This strategy laid the groundwork for Kazakhstan's commitment to [[sustainable energy]], including the concept adoption for [[green economy]] in 2013, which set ambitious targets for the power sector to achieve 50% alternative and renewable energy by 2050, along with plans to integrate 1.5 GWe of nuclear energy by 2030 and 2.0 GWe by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Қазақстан Республикасының "жасыл" экономикаға көшуі жөніндегі тұжырымдама туралы" Қазақстан Республикасының Президенті Жарлығының жобасы туралы |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/kaz/docs/P1300000496 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=adilet.zan.kz |language=kk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-01 |title=«Қазақстан Республикасының «жасыл экономикаға» көшуі жөніндегі тұжырымдама туралы» Мемлекет басшысының Жарлығы бекітілді |url=https://kaz.inform.kz/news/kazakstan-respublikasynyn-zhasyl-ekonomikaga-koshui-zhonindegi-tuzhyrymdama-turaly-memleket-basshysynyn-zharlygy-bekitildi_a2562730/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[Kazinform]] |language=kk}}</ref> In 2016, Kazakhstan further solidified its commitment to these goals by signing the [[Paris Agreement]], pledging to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and transition toward sustainable energy practices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Carbon neutrality |url=https://qazaqgreen.com/en/journal-qazaqgreen/environmental-policy/1210/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=QazaqGreen |publisher=[[Konrad Adenauer Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref>
In 2012, then-President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] launched the Kazakhstan-2050 Strategy, aiming to position Kazakhstan among the top 30 most developed nations by 2050, with a focus on transitioning to a [[low-carbon economy]].<ref>{{cite speech |title=Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Leader of the Nation, N.Nazarbayev "Strategy Kazakhstan-2050": new political course of the established state” |first=Nursultan |last=Nazarbayev |author-link=Nursultan Nazarbayev |event=State of the Nation Address |location=Astana |date=14 December 2012 |url=https://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/addresses_of_president/address-by-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-leader-of-the-nation-nnazarbayev-strategy-kazakhstan-2050-new-political-course-of-the-established-state |access-date= }}</ref> This strategy laid the groundwork for Kazakhstan's commitment to [[sustainable energy]], including the concept adoption for [[green economy]] in 2013, which set ambitious targets for the power sector to achieve 50% alternative and renewable energy by 2050, along with plans to integrate 1.5 GWe of nuclear energy by 2030 and 2.0 GWe by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Қазақстан Республикасының "жасыл" экономикаға көшуі жөніндегі тұжырымдама туралы" Қазақстан Республикасының Президенті Жарлығының жобасы туралы |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/kaz/docs/P1300000496 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=adilet.zan.kz |language=kk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-01 |title=«Қазақстан Республикасының «жасыл экономикаға» көшуі жөніндегі тұжырымдама туралы» Мемлекет басшысының Жарлығы бекітілді |url=https://kaz.inform.kz/news/kazakstan-respublikasynyn-zhasyl-ekonomikaga-koshui-zhonindegi-tuzhyrymdama-turaly-memleket-basshysynyn-zharlygy-bekitildi_a2562730/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[Kazinform]] |language=kk}}</ref> In 2016, Kazakhstan further solidified its commitment to these goals by signing the [[Paris Agreement]], pledging to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and transition toward sustainable energy practices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Carbon neutrality |url=https://qazaqgreen.com/en/journal-qazaqgreen/environmental-policy/1210/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=QazaqGreen |publisher=[[Konrad Adenauer Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref>


Revision as of 07:38, 4 September 2024

2024 Kazakh nuclear power referendum
6 October 2024 (2024-10-06)
Do you agree to the construction of a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan?[1]
Results by region
Politics of Kazakhstan

Commonwealth of Independent States CIS member state

A referendum on the construction of the first nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan is planned to take place on 6 October 2024.[2] The idea of holding a referendum was first raised in 2019 by President Tokayev.[3] This idea was brought up once again in June 2024 by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and the date was chosen by the Government.[4] This initiative aimed to reduce fossil fuel reliance, curb greenhouse gas emissions, and bolster national electricity generation in light of frequent power outages in recent years.[5][6][7]

If the majority of voters support the initiative, a nuclear power plant will be built in the village of Ülken, near Lake Balkhash. President Tokayev has described this initiative as essential for establishing a stable electricity source in the country. However, local ecologists and residents view the proposal as potentially dangerous, citing concerns over the already unstable water levels in Lake Balkhash.[4] Additionally, political activists criticize the possibility of Russia being selected as the builder of the plant, adding to local apprehensions.[8]

Background

Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has repeatedly considered constructing a nuclear power plant. The need for such a facility was first publicly expressed in 1997 by then-Minister of Science Vladimir Shkolnik. The idea of building a new plant gained momentum in the late 1990s, after the decommissioning of the Soviet-era BN-350 reactor at the Mangyshlak Atomic Energy Combine [kk; ru] (MAEK) in the city of Aqtau, which had provided electricity, desalinated water from the Caspian Sea, and weapons-grade plutonium for Soviet nuclear weapons. The MAEK was shut down in 1999 due to concerns over aging infrastructure and nuclear proliferation risks, especially after Kazakhstan ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994.[9] The decommissioning was supported by international partners, particularly the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United States Department of Energy.[10]

Over the years, Kazakhstan has repeatedly revisited the idea of building a new nuclear power plant, with several proposed locations, including the city of Kurchatov, the village of Ülken on the shores of Lake Balkhash, or the site of the former MAEK plant in Aqtau.[11][12] Government efforts, including international cooperation with Russia, France, Japan, and South Korea to conduct feasibility studies, have been made to support each proposal for nuclear plant projects.[13] However, these nuclear energy proposals have faced significant opposition, emerging amidst controversy fueled by Kazakhstan's history of environmental and public health issues due to Soviet nuclear weapon testing at Semipalatinsk-21, as well as broader fears stemming from the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima nuclear accident.[14][15] Additionally, concerns over Russian involvement have been heightened due to risks related to environmental safety and geopolitical interests.[16][17] Development projects have repeatedly faced delays or cancellations due to indecision among key figures and attempts to negotiate lower prices.[13] Since 2014, Kazakhstan has signed separate memorandum agreements with Russia and Japan regarding the construction of a nuclear power plant, with construction initially scheduled to begin in 2018.[18][19] However, in 2015, the project was indefinitely postponed due to an electricity surplus and economic uncertainty.[20] By 2016, it was revealed that the nuclear power plant construction would be delayed until 2023, as no electricity shortage was expected during the seven-year period.[21][22]

In April 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed the construction of a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan using Russian technologies,[23] sparking renewed discussions about nuclear energy development.[24][25] This proposal faced scrutiny among Kazakh society, becoming a widescale issue during the 2018–2020 Kazakh protests.[26] In response to the controversy, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev emphasized that decisions regarding the potential construction of a nuclear power plant could not be made without considering public opinion.[27] Shortly after his election as president in June 2019, Tokayev acknowledged that discussions about the project were ongoing, underscoring that public consultations with citizens would be held if necessary, and indicating that a referendum could also be conducted regarding the initiative.[28] Kanat Bozumbayev, the Minister of Energy, confirmed that building a nuclear power plant was not in the ministry's immediate plans but might be considered within the next decade.[29]

In May 2021, Tokayev stated it was premature to dismiss nuclear energy in Kazakhstan, emphasizing its reliance in the developed world, and while the government wouldn't rush construction, it shouldn't delay either, highlighting the need for ongoing communication with citizens to address their concerns. Energy Minister Nurlan Nogaev reiterated Tokayev's pledge to conduct explanatory work to gauge public opinion and assess the "temperature of society" regarding the issue.[30]

Energy crisis

Kazakhstan’s ongoing energy crisis, part of a broader regional issue affecting Central Asia, was exacerbated in 2021 by a sudden surge in cryptocurrency mining following an influx of miners from China, leading to significant electricity shortages, power outages, and a reliance on imported power.[31][32] In response to these challenges, President Tokayev described the situation as revealing "the first signs of electricity shortages" and did not rule out the possibility of making "inherently unpopular decisions" regarding the construction of a nuclear power plant.[33][34][35] There have been suggestions to build two or three nuclear power plants with six 1.2 GW units across Kazakhstan's Northern, Southern, and Western energy zones to address the growing nationwide energy deficit, balance regional needs, and support desalination.[36] Energy expert Petr Svoik warns that Kazakhstan faces challenges similar to its neighbors, including underfunded infrastructure and the need for new capacity. By the 2030s, Kazakhstan will require an additional 4,000 megawatts of power, which these plants could help provide while boosting infrastructure and the economy.[37]

In 2023, the KEGOC reported that the electricity consumption increased by 1.9% to 115.06 billion kWh, while generation stagnated at 112.82 billion kWh, resulting in a 1,519 MW deficit covered by imports from Russia.[38][39] This deficit is projected to grow to 6.2 GWe by 2030.[39] Independent expert Jaqyp Hayrushev suggests that a nuclear plant could have met the current shortfall of 1.5 GWe, similar to the consumption of regional centers like Oral.[40] With demand expected to reach 152.4 billion kWh by 2035, while aging thermal plants can only produce 135 billion kWh, the Kazakh government views nuclear energy as a viable long-term solution, supported by the country's significant uranium reserves, scientific expertise, and skilled specialists.[41][42]

Carbon neutrality

In 2012, then-President Nursultan Nazarbayev launched the Kazakhstan-2050 Strategy, aiming to position Kazakhstan among the top 30 most developed nations by 2050, with a focus on transitioning to a low-carbon economy.[43] This strategy laid the groundwork for Kazakhstan's commitment to sustainable energy, including the concept adoption for green economy in 2013, which set ambitious targets for the power sector to achieve 50% alternative and renewable energy by 2050, along with plans to integrate 1.5 GWe of nuclear energy by 2030 and 2.0 GWe by 2050.[44][45] In 2016, Kazakhstan further solidified its commitment to these goals by signing the Paris Agreement, pledging to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition toward sustainable energy practices.[46]

At the Climate Ambition Summit 2020, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev outlined Kazakhstan's commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060,[47] emphasizing nuclear power's role as a low-carbon source.[48] To diversify its energy development and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, Tokayev urged the government and Samruk-Kazyna to explore "safe and environmentally friendly" nuclear energy options, positioning them as a viable solution for national energy demands and international climate obligations.[49]

While nuclear power has the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and environmental degradation compared to fossil fuels,[50] concerns regarding radioactive waste management present critical challenges for safe implementation.[51] By integrating nuclear power into its energy strategy, Kazakhstan aims to lower its carbon footprint, enhance energy security, and contribute to global climate change efforts, aligning its green policies with the broader goals of the Paris Agreement.[52][53]

Prelude

On 1 September 2023, it was officially decided that the referendum would be held, this was said by Tokayev while responding to the nation's need to develop nuclear power using the world's largest uranium production.[54][55]

Referendum announcement

On 27 June 2024, at a speech during an awarding ceremony, President Tokayev announced, that the referendum will take place in the autumn of 2024. In the building of the Senate, Deputy Minister of Energy Sūñğat Esimhanov talked about the questions that will be asked on the referendum. According to him, the people will be asked only one thing, whether they support or are against the building of a nuclear power plant. However he also noted that this was "his opinion" and the details will be worked out by the Government.[56]

The people that would help with the construction are yet undecided. It is speculated, however, that Russian, South Korean or French companies would be in charge. The companies CNNC (China), Rosatom, KHNP and the EDF were specifically mentioned to be candidates.[56] The possibility of the nuclear power plant being built by Russia was frowned upon and criticised by political activists, who feared the increase of Russia's political and economic influence in the country.[8] During his annual Address to the People, Tokayev announced on September 2 that the referendum will be held on October 6.[2]

The next day, he signed the corresponding order, which also included the ballot question itself:

Do you agree to the construction of a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan?[a]

Public hearings

The Kazakh government engaged in public deliberations regarding the proposed construction of the Ülken Nuclear Power Plant, emphasizing careful consideration over haste in making their decision.[59]

In August 2024, 20 different official hearings on the potential nuclear power plant were held publicly in 20 different cities.[b] The last one, held in Astana, took place on 20 August. Radio Free Europe criticised the environment of the hearings, reporting that opposition voices were silenced, with microphones turned off, and dissenters barred from participating.[61] The official hearing event in Astana was attended by Mäjilis deputies and Amanat party officials, who expressed support for the nuclear plant construction.[61] Prominent ecologist, Mels Eleusizov, opposed the idea citing danger risks.[62] Political activist Nağyzhan Töleubaev and other like-minded people complained that the talks were biased and undemocratic.[61][62] Before the Semey talks, a local activist and reporter Eldos Dosanov was detained by the police.[63]

Opinion polls

As of September 2024, only two opinion polls on the issue are known to have been made. One of them, made by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was conducted in the autumn of 2023, and the other one was made by the government-affiliated Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies (KazISS) under the President of Kazakhstan.

Fieldwork
date 		Polling firm/Commissioner Sample size Yes No Undecided Would not vote Lead
7–18 August 2024 KazISS/President of the Republic of Kazakhstan[64] 1,200 53.1% 32.5% 14.4% 34.2% 20.6%
22 Sep–4 Oct 2023 Demoscope/Konrad Adenauer Foundation[65] 1,100 46.6% 37.7% 18.8% 19.8% 8.9%

In August 27, 2024, Minister of Energetics of Kazakhstan, Almasadam Sätqaliev alleged that there was an unspecified group and political campaign trying to change the public opinion on the issue to be against the construction. When asked for specifics, Sätqaliev claimed that the ministry already contacted the corresponding law enforcement agencies, and is planning to file an official complaint.[66]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Template:Lang-kk[57]
    Template:Lang-ru[58]
  2. ^ The cities include: Almaty, Karagandy, Turkistan, Shymkent, Aktobe, Atyrau, Aktau, Oral, Oskemen, Semey and Taldykorgan,[8] representing each region of the country.[60]

References

  1. ^ "АЭС бойынша референдумда қойылатын сұрақ анықталды" [The question that is to be asked on the nuclear power plant referendum was revealed]. Radio Free Europe (in Kazakh). 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Референдум по АЭС в Казахстане состоится 6 октября 2024 года — Токаев" [Tokayev: The referendum on the nuclear power plant will be held on 6 October]. Radio Free Europe (in Russian). 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  3. ^ Kozhanova, Nazira (1 October 2021). "Nuclear Energy in Kazakhstan? The Problem of Accountability". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Тоқаев: АЭС бойынша референдум биыл күзде өтеді" [Tokayev: The referendum on the nuclear power plant will be held this autumn]. Radio Free Europe (in Kazakh). 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  5. ^ Satubaldina, Assel (1 September 2023). "Kazakhstan to Hold Referendum on Nuclear Power Plant Construction". The Astana Times. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  6. ^ Konurbaeva, Aigerim (27 January 2022). "Blackout in Central Asia. Countries Need to Expand Power Capacity". CABAR.asia. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Kazakhstan dispatch: President Tokayev announces nuclear power plant proposal will be decided in a national referendum". JURIST. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  8. ^ a b c "АЭС жобасы бойынша соңғы талқы Астанада өтеді" [The last public nuclear power plant talks will be held in Astana] (in Kazakh). Radio Free Europe. 19 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  9. ^ Pearce, Jim, ed. (Fall 2011). "The Sum of All Fears: ORNL plays a role in securing nuclear materials in Kazakhstan" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. ORNL Review. Vol. 44, no. 1. pp. 10–12. ISSN 0048-1262. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  10. ^ Newton, David E.; Connery, Joyce; Wells, Peter (2002). Written at Germantown, Maryland. U.S. Experience in the Decommissioning of the BN-350 Fast Breeder Reactor in Kazakhstan, (PDF). International Conference on Safe Decommissioning for Nuclear Activities: Assuring the Safe Termination of Practices Involving Radioactive Materials (PDF). Berlin: US Department of Energy. pp. 278–280. XA 0202915. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via International Atomic Energy Agency.
  11. ^ "Kazakhstan: Russia Offers To Build Nuclear Plant". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 November 1997. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  12. ^ Saidazimova, Gulnoza (24 February 2006). "Government Pushing Nuclear Power Despite Public Fears". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  13. ^ a b Алхабаев, Шокан (8 September 2021). ""Вновь заговорили об АЭС". Как возрождается атомная энергетика Казахстана" ["Started talking about a nuclear power plant once again": How Kazakh nuclear energy comes back to life]. Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  14. ^ Козыбаева, Зарина (28 April 2011). Бушуев, Михаил (ed.). "Стоит ли Казахстану строить первую в Центральной Азии АЭС?" [Is it worth it for Kazakhstan to be first in nuclear power plant construction?]. Deutsche Welle (in Russian). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  15. ^ Altynbayev, Kanat (26 February 2021). "Moscow tries to foist nuclear power plant on Kazakhstan, again". Caravanserai. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  16. ^ Altynbayev, Kanat (26 February 2021). "Moscow tries to foist nuclear power plant on Kazakhstan, again". Caravanserai. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  17. ^ "Kazakhstan's nuclear power plans - the mysteries only deepen". theecologist.org. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  18. ^ "Қазақстанда АЭС құрылысы 2018 жылы басталады" [Nuclear power plant construction in Kazakhstan to start in 2018]. Tengrinews.kz (in Kazakh). 4 June 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Жапония Қазақстанға АЭС салуға көмектеспек" [Japan to help Kazakhstan to build a nuclear power plant]. Азаттық радиосы (in Kazakh). 27 October 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Министр Школьник: Қазақстан АЭС-ке әзір мұқтаж емес" [Minister Shkolnik: Kazakhstan not really in need of a nuclear power plant for now]. Азаттық радиосы (in Kazakh). 11 December 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
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  22. ^ "ҚР ЭМ: алдағы 7 жылда АЭС салу мәселесі өзекті болмайды" [Kazakh Energy Ministry: the nuclear power plant construction not to be relevant in the next 7 years]. inbusiness.kz (in Kazakh). 2 November 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
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  62. ^ a b Узбекбай, Ақбота; Қайсар, Алмас (16 August 2024). ""Это не публичные обсуждения, а реклама АЭС!"" ["These are not public talks, these are nuclear power plant advertisement campaigns!"]. vlast.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 21 August 2024.
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