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== History ==
== History ==
Youth crew was most popular from 1986 to 1992, primarily in New York City tri-state region and, to a lesser degree, California. It was inspired by bands such as 7 Seconds, Minor Threat and SSD, whose members were all [[straight edge]], and lyrical concerns included brotherhood and community values. The sound was largely defined by a series of releases by labels such as [[Revelation Records]], including albums by [[Youth of Today]],<ref name=ap>"[Youth of Today] spearheaded the almost jock-like "Youth Crew" movement embraced by some and mocked by others in the late '80s (ever heard the phrase '88 hardcore'?). [...] YOT's no-frills music was filled with such now public-domain signifiers as gang vocals and 'heavy breakdowns' ... " Ryan J. Downey, "Youth of Today", "Blood Runs Deep: 23 Bands Who Shaped the Scene", ''Alternative Press'' #240, July 2008, p. 109.</ref> [[Chain of Strength]], [[Gorilla Biscuits]],<ref name="ap" /> [[Bold (band)|Bold]],<ref name="ap" /> [[Judge (band)|Judge]],<ref name="ap" /> and Side By Side. However, many of these bands were more aggressive in their attitudes. [[Ray Cappo]] eventually converted to the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] faith, and [[108 (band)|108]]<ref>"Fast and Furious", ''Revolver'', June 2008, p. 32.</ref> and the [[Cro-Mags]] also participated in the [[Krishnacore]] offshoot. The California band Vegan Reich established the [[Hardline (subculture)|hardline]] wing of straight edge youth crew hardcore. Although hardline had few adherents, its attitudes and militancy had a notable effect on later bands such as [[Earth Crisis]] and [[Racetraitor]]. The "Youth Crew" scene also included the participation of [[skinhead]]s, many of whom were fans of [[Warzone (band)|Warzone]], [[Cro-Mags]] and [[Youth Defense League]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Schreifels, Dylan |title=Youth crew memories |date=May 29, 2008 |url=http://doublecrosswebzine.blogspot.com/2008/05/dylan-schreifels-memories-of-youth-crew.html |publisher=Double Cross Webzine |access-date=June 8, 2008}}</ref> Youth crew bands were contemporary to, though noticeably distinct from, [[crossover thrash]], [[thrashcore]], [[crust punk]], [[melodic hardcore]], and [[emo]] bands. The music of youth crew bands was originally intended to be a reaction against the metal-influenced hardcore that groups like [[Agnostic Front]] and the [[Cro-Mags]] made popular at the time, by using a sound that called back to earlier [[punk rock]]–leaning hardcore acts. However, later youth crew bands, namely Judge, began to take heavily from metal, helping to lead to the development of [[beatdown hardcore]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=Straight Edge A Clear-Headed Hardcore Punk History |date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>
Youth crew was most popular from 1985 to 1992, primarily in New York City tri-state region and, to a lesser degree, California. It was inspired by bands such as 7 Seconds, Minor Threat and SSD, whose members were all [[straight edge]], and lyrical concerns included brotherhood and community values. The sound was largely defined by a series of releases by labels such as [[Revelation Records]], including albums by [[Youth of Today]],<ref name=ap>"[Youth of Today] spearheaded the almost jock-like "Youth Crew" movement embraced by some and mocked by others in the late '80s (ever heard the phrase '88 hardcore'?). [...] YOT's no-frills music was filled with such now public-domain signifiers as gang vocals and 'heavy breakdowns' ... " Ryan J. Downey, "Youth of Today", "Blood Runs Deep: 23 Bands Who Shaped the Scene", ''Alternative Press'' #240, July 2008, p. 109.</ref> [[Chain of Strength]], [[Gorilla Biscuits]],<ref name="ap" /> [[Bold (band)|Bold]],<ref name="ap" /> [[Judge (band)|Judge]],<ref name="ap" /> and Side By Side. However, many of these bands were more aggressive in their attitudes. [[Ray Cappo]] eventually converted to the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] faith, and [[108 (band)|108]]<ref>"Fast and Furious", ''Revolver'', June 2008, p. 32.</ref> and the [[Cro-Mags]] also participated in the [[Krishnacore]] offshoot. The California band Vegan Reich established the [[Hardline (subculture)|hardline]] wing of straight edge youth crew hardcore. Although hardline had few adherents, its attitudes and militancy had a notable effect on later bands such as [[Earth Crisis]] and [[Racetraitor]]. The "Youth Crew" scene also included the participation of [[skinhead]]s, many of whom were fans of [[Warzone (band)|Warzone]], [[Cro-Mags]] and [[Youth Defense League]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Schreifels, Dylan |title=Youth crew memories |date=May 29, 2008 |url=http://doublecrosswebzine.blogspot.com/2008/05/dylan-schreifels-memories-of-youth-crew.html |publisher=Double Cross Webzine |access-date=June 8, 2008}}</ref> Youth crew bands were contemporary to, though noticeably distinct from, [[crossover thrash]], [[thrashcore]], [[crust punk]], [[melodic hardcore]], and [[emo]] bands. The music of youth crew bands was originally intended to be a reaction against the metal-influenced hardcore that groups like [[Agnostic Front]] and the [[Cro-Mags]] made popular at the time, by using a sound that called back to earlier [[punk rock]]–leaning hardcore acts. However, later youth crew bands, namely Judge, began to take heavily from metal, helping to lead to the development of [[beatdown hardcore]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=Straight Edge A Clear-Headed Hardcore Punk History |date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>


The end of the 1980s also saw the beginning of the [[Durham, England]] scene, one of the few youth crew scenes outside of the U.S. Heavily inspired by the sound of U.S. youth crew and straight edge bands, groups in the scene included Steadfast, False Face, No Way Out, Long Cold Stare, Know Your Enemy, The MacDonalds and Northern Wolfpack.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=1989 |title= UK Straight Edge}}</ref> Members of multiple of these bands would eventually form [[Voorhees (band)|Voorhees]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Voorhees "What You See Is What You Get" 7" |url=http://socialnapalm.limitedrun.com/products/625163-voorhees-what-you-see-is-what-you-get-7 |access-date=August 31, 2019}}</ref>
The end of the 1980s also saw the beginning of the [[Durham, England]] scene, one of the few youth crew scenes outside of the U.S. Heavily inspired by the sound of U.S. youth crew and straight edge bands, groups in the scene included Steadfast, False Face, No Way Out, Long Cold Stare, Know Your Enemy, The MacDonalds and Northern Wolfpack.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=1989 |title= UK Straight Edge}}</ref> Members of multiple of these bands would eventually form [[Voorhees (band)|Voorhees]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Voorhees "What You See Is What You Get" 7" |url=http://socialnapalm.limitedrun.com/products/625163-voorhees-what-you-see-is-what-you-get-7 |access-date=August 31, 2019}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:19, 4 September 2024

Youth crew
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1980s, United States
Derivative forms
Other topics

Youth crew is a music subculture of hardcore punk, which was particularly prominent during the New York hardcore scene of the late 1980s. Youth crew is distinguished from other punk styles by its optimism and moralistic outlook. The original youth crew bands and fans were predominantly straight edge (abstaining from alcohol and drugs) and vegetarian.

Early musical influences included Minor Threat, Bad Brains, Negative Approach, 7 Seconds, and Black Flag. While some youth crew music is similar to melodic hardcore, other styles can be very thrash metal-influenced and also includes breakdowns intended for the hardcore dancing style associated with live performances.[1] Youth of Today was a very thrashy youth crew band, with abrasive vocals and fast songs too short to include much melody (similar to early Agnostic Front, and contrasting with the other big New York City youth crew bands such as Gorilla Biscuits). Later youth crew bands took increasing influence from heavy metal.[2]

Etymology

The term crew was used by many first wave hardcore punk bands of the early 80s. 7 Seconds named their debut LP record The Crew in 1984, which also contained the song "The Crew".[3] Some other notable examples of this are Boston straight edge bands like SS Decontrol, Negative FX, DYS and other associates calling themselves the "Boston Crew", bands in the Reno area (most notably 7 Seconds) used to refer to themselves as the "Skeeno Crew". John L Hancock III (aka RatBoy) designed a T-shirt and wrote the Youth of Today song "Youth Crew" which appeared on their 1985 Can't Close My Eyes 7". Warzone also had a song called "We're the Crew" on their 1988 album Don't Forget the Struggle, Don't Forget the Streets. Judge also released a song called "New York Crew" in 1988.

History

Youth crew was most popular from 1985 to 1992, primarily in New York City tri-state region and, to a lesser degree, California. It was inspired by bands such as 7 Seconds, Minor Threat and SSD, whose members were all straight edge, and lyrical concerns included brotherhood and community values. The sound was largely defined by a series of releases by labels such as Revelation Records, including albums by Youth of Today,[1] Chain of Strength, Gorilla Biscuits,[1] Bold,[1] Judge,[1] and Side By Side. However, many of these bands were more aggressive in their attitudes. Ray Cappo eventually converted to the Hare Krishna faith, and 108[4] and the Cro-Mags also participated in the Krishnacore offshoot. The California band Vegan Reich established the hardline wing of straight edge youth crew hardcore. Although hardline had few adherents, its attitudes and militancy had a notable effect on later bands such as Earth Crisis and Racetraitor. The "Youth Crew" scene also included the participation of skinheads, many of whom were fans of Warzone, Cro-Mags and Youth Defense League.[5] Youth crew bands were contemporary to, though noticeably distinct from, crossover thrash, thrashcore, crust punk, melodic hardcore, and emo bands. The music of youth crew bands was originally intended to be a reaction against the metal-influenced hardcore that groups like Agnostic Front and the Cro-Mags made popular at the time, by using a sound that called back to earlier punk rock–leaning hardcore acts. However, later youth crew bands, namely Judge, began to take heavily from metal, helping to lead to the development of beatdown hardcore.[6]

The end of the 1980s also saw the beginning of the Durham, England scene, one of the few youth crew scenes outside of the U.S. Heavily inspired by the sound of U.S. youth crew and straight edge bands, groups in the scene included Steadfast, False Face, No Way Out, Long Cold Stare, Know Your Enemy, The MacDonalds and Northern Wolfpack.[7] Members of multiple of these bands would eventually form Voorhees.[8]

The 1990s saw the emergence of groups inspired by this scene, as well as by thrash and death metal. These bands, including Earth Crisis, Snapcase, One Life Crew, Integrity, Strife, Hatebreed and Blood for Blood, recorded for Victory Records, and were partly responsible for the contemporary metalcore scene.[9] Groups on Trustkill Records, such as Walls of Jericho, Racetraitor and Shai Hulud, were also part of this current. There were some bands, such as Mouthpiece, who were still keeping the original sound of youth crew.

As a reaction against the dominance of metal-influenced hardcore amongst straight edge bands, around 1996, a revival of the sound of the youth crew bands began.[10] Bands including In My Eyes, Bane, Ten Yard Fight and Floorpunch, used the key aspects of late 1980s bands such as the gang vocals, high tempos and lyrical themes of straight edge, unity and vegetarianism.[11][12] Additionally, at this time, Youth of Today's Ray Cappo formed Better Than a Thousand with Ken Olden and Graham Land of early 1990s straight edge band Battery, creating a sound, too, harkening back to this era.[13]

By 1999 and 2000, the youth crew revival was in decline, with Ten Yard Fight, In My Eyes and Floorpunch all disbanding. As a reaction against the homogeneity and simplicity that scene had developed, Ten Yard Fight guitarist Tim Cossar and the band's roadie Wesley Eisold formed American Nightmare.[14] Although still musically rooted in the youth crew revival, the band's negative, poetic lyrics of self-loathing were inspired by groups like the Smiths.[11][15] American Nightmare's influence was apparent promptly in their home of Boston,[14] then expanded nationally with the release of their 2001 debut album Background Music,[11] being followed by a wave bands including Ceremony, Ruiner, Modern Life Is War, the Hope Conspiracy and Killing the Dream.[16][17] A reaction against this movement also took place, which began with Mental, who were quickly followed by Have Heart.[18] Have Heart's success led to the rise in popularity of other positive hardcore groups like Champion, Verse and Sinking Ships, and the rise in prominence of Bridge 9 Records.[19][20]

Fashion

The youth crew fashion, different from the stereotypical skinhead fashion worn by many New York City-area hardcore music fans circa 1988, is preserved in record-liner photos, videos, and zine photos from that era. The look was more conventional than the usual punk fashion. In an interview in 2004's All Ages: Reflections on Straight Edge, Cappo described the youth crew look as "Tony Hawk meets Beaver Cleaver".

Youth crew fashion included bleached hair, crewcuts and similar haircuts, athletic wear, letterman jackets, sportswear, army pants or shorts, oversized T-shirts bearing band logos or straight edge slogans, hooded sweatshirts and hightop basketball shoes. 7 Seconds and their fans often drew black lines under their eyes in a similar manner to athletes. Hardliners and more militant straight-edgers sometimes wore camouflage and military surplus gear. The Swatch X-Rated became popular in youth crew fashion. Sports brands, such as Adidas, Nike or Champion, were popular in youth crew fashion.[21]

The year 1988 is often considered the peak of youth crew straight edge New York hardcore, so the abbreviation '88 sometimes appears in songs, T-shirts, album cover art or other media. The year is also commonly remembered as a violent and dangerous one in the New York hardcore scene, when many clubs closed or banned hardcore concerts.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "[Youth of Today] spearheaded the almost jock-like "Youth Crew" movement embraced by some and mocked by others in the late '80s (ever heard the phrase '88 hardcore'?). [...] YOT's no-frills music was filled with such now public-domain signifiers as gang vocals and 'heavy breakdowns' ... " Ryan J. Downey, "Youth of Today", "Blood Runs Deep: 23 Bands Who Shaped the Scene", Alternative Press #240, July 2008, p. 109.
  2. ^ Sherman, Maria (October 11, 2016). "Air Jordans, Hockey and Hardcore: How Punk Embraced Sports". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  3. ^ Rasudi, Abdul Manan (September 2, 2017). "If You Think About It, Sheila on 7 is A Youth Crew Band". Vice. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  4. ^ "Fast and Furious", Revolver, June 2008, p. 32.
  5. ^ Schreifels, Dylan (May 29, 2008). "Youth crew memories". Double Cross Webzine. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  6. ^ Rettman, Tony (November 14, 2017). Straight Edge A Clear-Headed Hardcore Punk History.
  7. ^ UK Straight Edge. 1989.
  8. ^ "Voorhees "What You See Is What You Get" 7"". Retrieved August 31, 2019.
  9. ^ Christopher Pearson, "Beer and Loathing in New Jersey: Earth Crisis in Concert", January 20, 1999 [1][permanent dead link‍] Access date: December 11, 2009
  10. ^ Rettman, Tony. Straight Edge A Clear-Headed Hardcore Punk History. The early '90s was full of bands who promoted a straight edge lifestyle, but sounded more metal and played slower. Then the mid'90s brought bands made up of older guys from the late '80s who wanted that more traditional sound. There were younger guys who wanted that as well. So around 1996 or 1997, a full Youth Crew revival happened.
  11. ^ a b c "Wesley Eisold of American Nightmare Talks Legacy, Mental Health and Stripped Back Hardcore". Kerrang!. February 16, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Jake (April 8, 2015). "Chain of Strength The One Thing That Still Holds True (1996)". Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  13. ^ Ramirez, Carlos (April 28, 2020). "Better Than a Thousand's Just One + Value Driven LPs to Be Reissued in Expanded Editions". Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  14. ^ a b Rettman, Tony. Straight Edge A Clear-Headed Hardcore Punk History. Chris Wrenn: By 1999, Ten Yard Fight broke up, and In My Eyes and Floorpunch broke up soon after. That was the time for the next shift. Tim Cossar from Ten Yard Fight was my roommate, and when that band was breaking up, he started putting together American Nightmare. American Nightmare weren't really a crazy departure from Ten Yard Fight, but it was definitely darker. All of a sudden, all the bands that had red T-shirts or royal-blue T-shirts only sold black T-shirts.
    Greg W: In Boston, Ten Yard Fight and In My Eyes had been the bands that were setting the tone for kids my age. Then American Nightmare got really big in Boston. I think that was a reaction to Ten Yard Fight and In My Eyes going on for so long. Kids didn't want to be the clean-cut straight edge; they wanted something darker. Bands like Hope Conspiracy and Converge were more metal. Trust me, we were into American Nightmare, but it reached a point where every band was an American Nightmare junior. I was just so sick of seeing T-shirts with scratchy fonts and all that.
  15. ^ Blair, Ed (March 5, 2020). "A Brief Overview of Boston Hardcore In Nine Albums". Bandcamp Daily. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  16. ^ "Charts", Billboard. August 23, 2008, pp. 40–41. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  17. ^ Hughes, Josiah. "American Nightmare Announce New Album, Share "The World Is Blue"". Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  18. ^ Rettman, Tony. Straight Edge A Clear-Headed Hardcore Punk History. Greg W: When we formed the band Mental, it was a reaction to bands in our area like American Nightmare and Panic. We wanted to do something that was different to what was going on at the time. Luckily, the older people who got me into hardcore as a kid put me onto classic New York hard-core. I could never connect to any of that baggy-pants Victory Records stuff too much. The guys in Mental and I were so into old New York and D.C. hardcore. We worshipped it, and we wanted to bring that style of music back...
    Chris Wrenn: I saw Have Heart picking up the straight edge torch after Mental. Bands like American Nightmare and No Warning only had black T-shirts. When Bridge Nine Records started working with Have Heart, Pat's only concern was that we didn't make black T-shirts for the band, and I don't think we ever did; red and royal blue definitely, but not black.
  19. ^ "Have Heart announce final show with Bane, Shipwreck a.d." punknews.org. August 22, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  20. ^ Break-ups: Verse (2003–2009) Punknews.org, February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  21. ^ Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Clean-living Youth, Hardcore Punk, and Social Change. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8135-3852-5. Youth Crew music.

Bibliography

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