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'''Michael Paul Snyder''' is an American [[Genomics|genomicist]] and the Stanford B. Ascherman Professor,<ref name=StanfordEdu>{{cite web |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/michael-snyder |title=Michael Snyder, Ph.D., STANFORD W. ASCHERMAN PROFESSOR OF GENETICS |last= |first= |date=20 August 2015 |website= Stanford profiles|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://genestogenomes.org/snyder-beadle/|title=Congratulations to Michael Snyder for receiving the 2019 George W. Beadle Award!|date=2 April 2019|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> and since 2009, chair of [[genetics]] and director of genomics and personalized [[medicine]] at [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Stanford University]].<ref name=StanfordEdu/> He is the former director of the [[Yale University|Yale]] Center for [[Genomics]] and Proteomics.<ref name="auto5"/> He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2015.<ref name="auto3"/> During his tenure as chair of the department at Stanford, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' has ranked [[Stanford University]] first or tied for first in genetics, genomics and bioinformatics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Genetics Graduate Programs - US News Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/genetics-rankings |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407171846/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/genetics-rankings |archive-date=2023-04-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Michael Paul Snyder''' is an American [[Genomics|genomicist]] and the Stanford W. Ascherman Professor,<ref name=StanfordEdu>{{cite web |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/michael-snyder |title=Michael Snyder, Ph.D., STANFORD W. ASCHERMAN PROFESSOR OF GENETICS |last= |first= |date=20 August 2015 |website= Stanford profiles|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://genestogenomes.org/snyder-beadle/|title=Congratulations to Michael Snyder for receiving the 2019 George W. Beadle Award!|date=2 April 2019|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> and since 2009, chair of [[genetics]] and director of genomics and personalized [[medicine]] at [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Stanford University]].<ref name=StanfordEdu/> He is the former director of the [[Yale University|Yale]] Center for [[Genomics]] and Proteomics.<ref name="auto5"/> He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2015.<ref name="auto3"/> During his tenure as chair of the department at Stanford, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' has ranked [[Stanford University]] first or tied for first in genetics, genomics and bioinformatics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Genetics Graduate Programs - US News Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/genetics-rankings |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407171846/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/genetics-rankings |archive-date=2023-04-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Snyder has co-founded companies in [[genetics]], genomics, and personalized medicine, including Personalis,<ref name="auto9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/business/geneticists-research-finds-his-own-diabetes.html|title=A Geneticist's Research Turns Personal|first=Anne|last=Eisenberg|newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 2012|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> a company that develops software to interpret genomes after sequencing; January AI,<ref name="auto6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/14/well/eat/ai-diet-personalized.html|title=Here Come the Artificial Intelligence Nutritionists|first=Sandeep|last=Ravindran|newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 March 2022|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> a health startup; Protometrix;<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.genomeweb.com/archive/invitrogen-buys-protein-chip-maker-protometrix|title=Invitrogen Buys Protein Chip Maker Protometrix|date=2 April 2004|website=Genomeweb|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> Affomix;<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web | url=https://online.stanford.edu/instructors/michael-snyder| title=Michael Snyder | website=online.stanford.edu}}</ref> and Q Bio.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whats-your-ageing-type-the-four-ways-we-grow-old-bhd2lrscp|title=What's your ageing type? The four ways we grow old|first=Anna|last=Maxted|accessdate=16 May 2022|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref>
Snyder has co-founded companies in [[genetics]], genomics, and personalized medicine, including Personalis,<ref name="auto9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/business/geneticists-research-finds-his-own-diabetes.html|title=A Geneticist's Research Turns Personal|first=Anne|last=Eisenberg|newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 2012|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> a company that develops software to interpret genomes after sequencing; January AI,<ref name="auto6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/14/well/eat/ai-diet-personalized.html|title=Here Come the Artificial Intelligence Nutritionists|first=Sandeep|last=Ravindran|newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 March 2022|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> a health startup; Protometrix;<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.genomeweb.com/archive/invitrogen-buys-protein-chip-maker-protometrix|title=Invitrogen Buys Protein Chip Maker Protometrix|date=2 April 2004|website=Genomeweb|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> Affomix;<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web | url=https://online.stanford.edu/instructors/michael-snyder| title=Michael Snyder | website=online.stanford.edu}}</ref> and Q Bio.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whats-your-ageing-type-the-four-ways-we-grow-old-bhd2lrscp|title=What's your ageing type? The four ways we grow old|first=Anna|last=Maxted|accessdate=16 May 2022|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:48, 6 September 2024

Michael Paul Snyder
Born1955
Pottstown, Pennsylvania
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Rochester California Institute of Technology
Occupation(s)Geneticist, Stanford B. Ascherman Professor
chair of genetics department, Stanford University
director of the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine
Known forRNA sequencing, ChIP-chip and CHIP-seq(11), genomics, pioneering multi-omic longitudinal health tracking, wearable technology, systems biology, systems medicine
Scientific career
FieldsGenetics, genomics, personalized medicine
InstitutionsYale University
Stanford University
Doctoral advisorDr. Norman Davidson
Other academic advisorsDr. Ronald Davis[1]

Michael Paul Snyder is an American genomicist and the Stanford W. Ascherman Professor,[2][3] and since 2009, chair of genetics and director of genomics and personalized medicine at Stanford University.[2] He is the former director of the Yale Center for Genomics and Proteomics.[1] He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2015.[4] During his tenure as chair of the department at Stanford, U.S. News & World Report has ranked Stanford University first or tied for first in genetics, genomics and bioinformatics.[5]

Snyder has co-founded companies in genetics, genomics, and personalized medicine, including Personalis,[6] a company that develops software to interpret genomes after sequencing; January AI,[7] a health startup; Protometrix;[8] Affomix;[9] and Q Bio.[10]

Snyder has been a principal investigator of the ENCODE project since its inception in 2003,[11] and co-director of the CIRM Center for Stem Cell Genomics[12] and director of the Center for Genome of Gene Regulation.[13]

Snyder pioneered the use of multi-omic longitudinal profiling to track health.[14][15]

Early life and education

Snyder was born in 1955 and grew up outside of Pottstown, Pennsylvania.[16][17] His father, Kermit Snyder, was an accountant and his mother, Phyllis Snyder, was an elementary school teacher. Snyder attended Owen J Roberts High school in Pottstown. He received a BA in chemistry and biology from the University of Rochester, NY on a scholarship.[18] He went on to receive a PhD in biology from the California Institute of Technology, where he trained in the laboratory of Norman Davidson.[19] Snyder completed his postdoctoral training at Stanford University School of Medicine in the laboratory of Ronald W. Davis.[19] There he was involved in several projects including establishment of successful cloning of genes using antibodies.[4]

Career

Snyder worked at Yale University in 1986 as an assistant professor in the department of biology,[18] and was granted tenure in 1994. In 1998, the department of biology split and Snyder served as chair of the new molecular, cellular and developmental biology (MCDB) department until 2004.[19] His laboratory worked on chromosome segregation and cell polarity, and discovered a number of genes involved in these processes.[20][21]

His laboratory proposed the first models by which eukaryotes select sites of cell growth.[22][21]

In 2009, Snyder chaired the genetics department at Stanford University and directed the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine.[3][19] Snyder was principal investigator of the Center of Excellence in the Genome Sciences (CEGS) from 2001 to 2011, was principal investigator for NIH Training Grants in Genomics and Proteomics (first at Yale, now at Stanford) from 2004, and is co-director of the CIRM Center for Stem Cell Genomics[23] and director for the Center for Genome of Gene Regulation.[24] Snyder was president of the US Human Proteome Organization from 2006 to 2008, and the international Human Proteome Organization from 2017 to 2018. He currently leads the National Institutes of Health's Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)'s production center for mapping regulatory regions of the human genome.[25]

Snyder has co-founded biotechnology companies, including Personalis,[6] SensOmics,[26] Qbio,[10][27][28] January AI,[7] Filtricine, Mirvie, Protos, Protometrix[8] (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), and Affomix[9] (now part of Illumina).[29]

Research

Snyder has made contributions to medicine, genomics and biotechnology. Snyder's laboratory has invented a number of novel systems-wide and genomics technologies. Snyder's laboratory at Yale initially focused on studying the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryote model organism commonly used in genetics and molecular biology.[30] Later, the lab began to use the same techniques to look at the human genome.[30]

In 2003, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project was launched by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), with the goal of identifying all functional elements in the human genome. He has been a principal investigator in the ENCODE project since its inception in 2003 and his lab has contributed a large number of data sets.[19]

Selected publications

  1. Alavi, Arash, et al. Alavi, Arash; Bogu, Gireesh K.; Wang, Meng; Rangan, Ekanath Srihari; Brooks, Andrew W.; Wang, Qiwen; Higgs, Emily; Celli, Alessandra; Mishra, Tejaswini; Metwally, Ahmed A.; Cha, Kexin; Knowles, Peter; Alavi, Amir A.; Bhasin, Rajat; Panchamukhi, Shrinivas; Celis, Diego; Aditya, Tagore; Honkala, Alexander; Rolnik, Benjamin; Hunting, Erika; Dagan-Rosenfeld, Orit; Chauhan, Arshdeep; Li, Jessi W.; Bejikian, Caroline; Krishnan, Vandhana; McGuire, Lettie; Li, Xiao; Bahmani, Amir; Snyder, Michael P. (January 2022). "Real-time alerting system for COVID-19 and other stress events using wearable data | Nature Medicine". Nature Medicine. 28 (1): 175–184. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01593-2. PMC 8799466. PMID 34845389.. Nature medicine 2021 Nov 29:1-0.
  2. Bahmani, Amir, et al. Bahmani, Amir; Alavi, Arash; Buergel, Thore; Upadhyayula, Sushil; Wang, Qiwen; Ananthakrishnan, Srinath Krishna; Alavi, Amir; Celis, Diego; Gillespie, Dan; Young, Gregory; Xing, Ziye; Nguyen, Minh Hoang Huynh; Haque, Audrey; Mathur, Ankit; Payne, Josh; Mazaheri, Ghazal; Li, Jason Kenichi; Kotipalli, Pramod; Liao, Lisa; Bhasin, Rajat; Cha, Kexin; Rolnik, Benjamin; Celli, Alessandra; Dagan-Rosenfeld, Orit; Higgs, Emily; Zhou, Wenyu; Berry, Camille Lauren; Van Winkle, Katherine Grace; Contrepois, Kévin; Ray, Utsab; Bettinger, Keith; Datta, Somalee; Li, Xiao; Snyder, Michael P. (2021-10-01). "A scalable, secure, and interoperable platform for deep data-driven health management". Nature Communications. 12 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 5757. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5757B. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26040-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8486823. PMID 34599181.
  3. Mishra, Tejaswini, et al. Mishra, Tejaswini; Wang, Meng; Metwally, Ahmed A.; Bogu, Gireesh K.; Brooks, Andrew W.; Bahmani, Amir; Alavi, Arash; Celli, Alessandra; Higgs, Emily; Dagan-Rosenfeld, Orit; Fay, Bethany; Kirkpatrick, Susan; Kellogg, Ryan; Gibson, Michelle; Wang, Tao; Hunting, Erika M.; Mamic, Petra; Ganz, Ariel B.; Rolnik, Benjamin; Li, Xiao; Snyder, Michael P. (2020-11-18). "Pre-symptomatic detection of COVID-19 from smartwatch data". Nature Biomedical Engineering. 4 (12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1208–1220. doi:10.1038/s41551-020-00640-6. ISSN 2157-846X. PMC 9020268. PMID 33208926.
  4. Robertson G, Hirst M, Bainbridge M, Bilenky M, Zhao Y, Zeng T, Euskirchen G, Bernier B, Varhol R, Delaney A, Thiessen N, …, Snyder M and Jones S. Robertson, G.; Hirst, M.; Bainbridge, M.; Bilenky, M.; Zhao, Y.; Zeng, T.; Euskirchen, G.; Bernier, B.; Varhol, R.; Delaney, A.; Thiessen, N.; Griffith, O. L.; He, A.; Marra, M.; Snyder, M.; Jones, S. (2007). "Genome-wide profiles of STAT1 DNA association using chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel sequencing - PubMed". Nature Methods. 4 (8): 651–657. doi:10.1038/nmeth1068. PMID 17558387. S2CID 28531263.. Nat Methods. 2007;4:651-7.
  5. Horak, Christine E., et al. Horak, C. E.; Mahajan, M. C.; Luscombe, N. M.; Gerstein, M.; Weissman, S. M.; Snyder, M. (2002). "GATA-1 binding sites mapped in the beta-globin locus by using mammalian chIp-chip analysis - PubMed". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (5): 2924–2929. doi:10.1073/pnas.052706999. PMC 122449. PMID 11867748.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99.5 (2002): 2924-2929.
  6. The ENCODE Project Consortium. ENCODE Project Consortium (2012). "An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome - PubMed". Nature. 489 (7414): 57–74. Bibcode:2012Natur.489...57T. doi:10.1038/nature11247. PMC 3439153. PMID 22955616.. Nature. 2012. 489(7414): 57-74.
  7. Wang Z, Gerstein M, Snyder M. Wang, Z.; Gerstein, M.; Snyder, M. (2009). "RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics - PubMed". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 10 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1038/nrg2484. PMC 2949280. PMID 19015660.. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Jan;10(1):57-63. PMID 19015660.
  8. Hudson ME, Pozdnyakova I, Haines K, Mor G, Snyder M. Hudson, M. E.; Pozdnyakova, I.; Haines, K.; Mor, G.; Snyder, M. (2007). "Identification of differentially expressed proteins in ovarian cancer using high-density protein microarrays - PubMed". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (44): 17494–17499. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10417494H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708572104. PMC 2077284. PMID 17954908.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104: 17494-9.
  9. Kasowski M, Grubert F, Heffelfinger C, Hariharan M, Asabere A, Waszak SM, Habegger L, Rozowsky J, Shi M, Urban AE, … Weissman SM, Gerstein MB, Korbel JO, Snyder M. Kasowski, M.; Grubert, F.; Heffelfinger, C.; Hariharan, M.; Asabere, A.; Waszak, S. M.; Habegger, L.; Rozowsky, J.; Shi, M.; Urban, A. E.; Hong, M. Y.; Karczewski, K. J.; Huber, W.; Weissman, S. M.; Gerstein, M. B.; Korbel, J. O.; Snyder, M. (2010). "Variation in transcription factor binding among humans - PubMed". Science. 328 (5975): 232–235. doi:10.1126/science.1183621. PMC 2938768. PMID 20299548.. Science. 2010. 328(5975): 232-5. Epub 2010. PMID 20299548.
  10. Borneman AR, Gianoulis TA, Zhang ZD, Yu H, Rozowsky J, Seringhaus MR, Wang LY, Gerstein M, Snyder M. Borneman, A. R.; Gianoulis, T. A.; Zhang, Z. D.; Yu, H.; Rozowsky, J.; Seringhaus, M. R.; Wang, L. Y.; Gerstein, M.; Snyder, M. (2007). "Divergence of transcription factor binding sites across related yeast species - PubMed". Science. 317 (5839): 815–819. doi:10.1126/science.1140748. PMID 17690298. S2CID 21535866.. Science. 2007;317: 815-19.
  11. Chen R, Mias GI, Li-Pook-Than J, Jiang L, … Snyder M. Chen, R.; et al. (2012). "Personal omics profiling reveals dynamic molecular and medical phenotypes - PubMed". Cell. 148 (6): 1293–1507. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.009. PMC 3341616. PMID 22424236.. Cell. 2012;148:1293-307.
  12. Li X, Dunn J, Salins D, Zhou G, Zhou W, Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose SM, Perelman D, Colbert E, Runge R, Rego S, Sonecha R, Datta S, McLaughlin T, Snyder M. Li, X.; Dunn, J.; Salins, D.; Zhou, G.; Zhou, W.; Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, S. M.; Perelman, D.; Colbert, E.; Runge, R.; Rego, S.; Sonecha, R.; Datta, S.; McLaughlin, T.; Snyder, M. P. (2017). "Digital Health: Tracking Physiomes and Activity Using Wearable Biosensors Reveals Useful Health-Related Information - PubMed". PLOS Biology. 15 (1): e2001402. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001402. PMC 5230763. PMID 28081144.. 2017 Jan 12;15(1):e2001402. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001402. PMID 28081144

Book

Awards and honors

  • Pew Scholars (1987)[31]
  • Lewis B Cullman named chair, Yale (1996)[32]
  • Burroughs Wellcome Scholar Award (2000)[1]
  • Connecticut Medal of Science (2007)[32]
  • Stanford B. Ascherman named chair, Stanford (2011)[19]
  • Member of the American Academy of Sciences (elected 2015)[4]
  • George W. Beadle Award, Genetics Society of America (2019)[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Michael P. Snyder".
  2. ^ a b "Michael Snyder, Ph.D., STANFORD W. ASCHERMAN PROFESSOR OF GENETICS". Stanford profiles. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Congratulations to Michael Snyder for receiving the 2019 George W. Beadle Award!". 2 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Michael Snyder". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 13 September 2023.
  5. ^ "Best Genetics Graduate Programs - US News Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07.
  6. ^ a b Eisenberg, Anne (2 June 2012). "A Geneticist's Research Turns Personal". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  7. ^ a b Ravindran, Sandeep (14 March 2022). "Here Come the Artificial Intelligence Nutritionists". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Invitrogen Buys Protein Chip Maker Protometrix". Genomeweb. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Michael Snyder". online.stanford.edu.
  10. ^ a b Maxted, Anna. "What's your ageing type? The four ways we grow old". Retrieved 16 May 2022 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  11. ^ Abascal, Federico; Acosta, Reyes; Addleman, Nicholas J.; Adrian, Jessika; Afzal, Veena; Aken, Bronwen; et al. (2020). "Perspectives on ENCODE". Nature. 583 (7818): 693–98. Bibcode:2020Natur.583..693E. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2449-8. PMC 7410827. PMID 32728248.
  12. ^ "The CIRM Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Genomics (CESCG)". 26 February 2015.
  13. ^ "Home". genomacrg.cl.
  14. ^ Zhou W, Sailani MR, Contrepois K, Zhou Y, Ahadi S, Leopold SR, et al. (May 2019). "Longitudinal multi-omics of host-microbe dynamics in prediabetes". Nature. 569 (7758): 663–71. Bibcode:2019Natur.569..663Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1236-x. PMC 6666404. PMID 31142858.
  15. ^ "How Multi-Omics Profiling Can Redefine Precision Health and Medicine - US". ThermoFisher Scientific.
  16. ^ "Michael P. Snyder". Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  17. ^ Marcus, Amy Dockser (14 May 2012). "What Happens When One Man's Genome Is Revealed". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 May 2022 – via www.wsj.com.
  18. ^ a b Sukel, Kayt. "Making It Personal: Geneticist Michael Snyder Puts a Face on Personalized Medicine". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Schmidt, Silke (9 April 2019). "Congratulations to Michael Snyder for receiving the 2019 George W. Beadle Award!". Genetics Society of America. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  20. ^ Page BD, Snyder M (August 1992). "CIK1: a developmentally regulated spindle pole body-associated protein important for microtubule functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Genes Dev. 6 (8): 1414–29. doi:10.1101/gad.6.8.1414. PMID 1644287. S2CID 24949358.
  21. ^ a b Roemer T, Madden K, Chang J, Snyder M (April 1996). "Selection of axial growth sites in yeast requires Axl2p, a novel plasma membrane glycoprotein". Genes Dev. 10 (7): 777–93. doi:10.1101/gad.10.7.777. PMID 8846915.
  22. ^ Snyder M, Gehrung S, Page BD (August 1991). "Studies concerning the temporal and genetic control of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". J Cell Biol. 114 (3): 515–32. doi:10.1083/jcb.114.3.515. PMC 2289092. PMID 1860883.
  23. ^ "The CIRM Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Genomics (CESCG)". California's Stem Cell Agency. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Snyder awarded $7.1 million from genome institute". News Center. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  25. ^ "RePORT ⟩ RePORTER".
  26. ^ "SensOmics, See the Unseen". SensOmics, See the Unseen.
  27. ^ "Our Mission and Values". www.q.bio. Retrieved 16 May 2022. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  28. ^ magazine, STANFORD (17 November 2021). "Body Count". stanfordmag.org. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Snyder Lab". Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  30. ^ a b Bechard, Deni Ellis (December 2021). "Body Count: How Michael Snyder's self-monitoring project could transform human health". Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  31. ^ "Directory of Scholars". pewtrusts.org.
  32. ^ a b "Yale's Snyder Awarded 2007 Connecticut Medal of Science". 12 June 2008.
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