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The name was proposed by [[William John Swainson]] as a subgenus of ''[[Scarus]]''. ''Sparus'' in [[Latin]] is a golden-headed fish, and ''soma'' means "body". The common spelling ''Sparisomus'' is incorrect.
The name was proposed by [[William John Swainson]] as a subgenus of ''[[Scarus]]''. ''Sparus'' in [[Latin]] is a golden-headed fish, and ''soma'' means "body". The common spelling ''Sparisomus'' is incorrect.


The size of parrotfishes of this genus range from the rather small-sized ''S. radians'' with a known maximum length of {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} to the large ''S. viride'', which reaches lengths of up to {{convert|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}.
The size of parrotfishes of this genus ranges from the rather small-sized ''S. radians'' with a known maximum length of {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} to the large ''S. viride'', which reaches lengths of up to {{convert|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}.


Members of this genus are [[sequential hermaphrodite]]s, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing and terminal phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is ''S. cretense''. They use their [[pectoral fin]]s to move; the [[caudal fin]] is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.
Members of this genus are [[sequential hermaphrodite]]s, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing terminal-phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is ''S. cretense''. They use their [[pectoral fin]]s to move; the [[caudal fin]] is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.


The genus ''Sparisoma'' is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of [[overfishing]] and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae, but since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much [[algae]] is deleterious to [[coral]].
The genus ''Sparisoma'' is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of [[overfishing]] and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae. Still, since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much [[algae]] is deleterious or harmful to [[coral]].


==Species==
==Species==
Line 57: Line 57:


==Type species==
==Type species==
[[William John Swainson]] described the [[genus]] ''Sparisoma'' in 1839 and he designated ''Sparus abildgaardi'' as its [[type species]],<ref name = CofFG/> Although the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''abildgaardi'' would appear to have precedence over ''chrysopterum'', the latter is the more widely used name and the former was long mistakenly thought to be synonymous with ''[[Sparisoma viride]]''.<ref name = Parenti>{{cite journal | author1 =Parenti, P. | author2 = J. E. Randall | author2-link = John Ernest Randall | year = 2000 |title = An annotated checklist of the species of the Labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae | journal = Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology | issue = 68 | pages = 1–97 | s2cid = 82180282 | url =https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2c/80dcf3cf88a5b8b9b45b7794837a6b3c7139.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175106/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2c/80dcf3cf88a5b8b9b45b7794837a6b3c7139.pdf | url-status =dead | archive-date =2020-02-11 }}</ref> The name ''Sparus abildgaardi'' was suppressed by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] and ''Scarus chrysopterus'' was recognised as the type species.<ref name = Smith>{{Cite book | author = J.D.D. Smith | year = 2001 | title = Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology Supplement 1986-2000 | publisher = The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature | isbn = 0853010072 | url = https://archive.org/details/officiallistsind2001inte | url-access = registration }}</ref>
[[William John Swainson]] described the [[genus]] ''Sparisoma'' in 1839 and he designated ''Sparus abildgaardi'' as its [[type species]],<ref name = CofFG/> Although the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''abildgaardi'' would appear to have precedence over ''chrysopterum'', the latter is the more widely used name and the former was long mistakenly thought to be synonymous with ''[[Sparisoma viride]]''.<ref name = Parenti>{{cite journal | author1 =Parenti, P. | author2 = J. E. Randall | author2-link = John Ernest Randall | year = 2000 |title = An annotated checklist of the species of the Labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae | journal = Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology | issue = 68 | pages = 1–97 | s2cid = 82180282 | url =https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2c/80dcf3cf88a5b8b9b45b7794837a6b3c7139.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175106/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2c/80dcf3cf88a5b8b9b45b7794837a6b3c7139.pdf | url-status =dead | archive-date =2020-02-11 }}</ref> The name ''Sparus abildgaardi'' was suppressed by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] and ''Scarus chrysopterus'' was recognised as the type species.<ref name = Smith>{{Cite book | author = J.D.D. Smith | year = 2001 | title = Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology Supplement 1986-2000 | publisher = The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature | ISBN = 0853010072 | url = https://archive.org/details/officiallistsind2001inte | url-access = registration }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 07:27, 13 September 2024

Sparisoma
Temporal range: 44–0 Ma Middle Eocene to Present[1]
Sparisoma viride
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Labriformes
Family: Scaridae
Genus: Sparisoma
Swainson, 1839
Type species
Scarus abildgaardi
Bloch, 1791[2]
Species

See text.

Synonyms[3]

Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus,[4] including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010[5] and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012.[6] They are the most important grazers of algae in the Caribbean Sea, especially since sea urchins, especially Diadema, the other prominent consumers of algae, have been reduced in many places by a recent epidemic.

The name was proposed by William John Swainson as a subgenus of Scarus. Sparus in Latin is a golden-headed fish, and soma means "body". The common spelling Sparisomus is incorrect.

The size of parrotfishes of this genus ranges from the rather small-sized S. radians with a known maximum length of 20 cm (7.9 in) to the large S. viride, which reaches lengths of up to 64 cm (25 in).

Members of this genus are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing terminal-phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is S. cretense. They use their pectoral fins to move; the caudal fin is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.

The genus Sparisoma is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of overfishing and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae. Still, since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much algae is deleterious or harmful to coral.

Species

Type species

William John Swainson described the genus Sparisoma in 1839 and he designated Sparus abildgaardi as its type species,[2] Although the specific name abildgaardi would appear to have precedence over chrysopterum, the latter is the more widely used name and the former was long mistakenly thought to be synonymous with Sparisoma viride.[7] The name Sparus abildgaardi was suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and Scarus chrysopterus was recognised as the type species.[8]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sparisoma.
  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  2. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Sparisoma". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  3. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Scaridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Sparisoma". FishBase. February 2012 version.
  5. ^ Pinheiro, H. T., J. L. Gasparini & I. Sazima (2010). Sparisoma rocha, a new species of parrotfish (Actinopterygii: Labridae) from Trindade Island, South-western Atlantic. Zootaxa 2493: 59–65.
  6. ^ Rocha, Brito, and Robertson (2012). Sparisoma choati, a new species of Parrotfish (Labirdae: Scarinae) from the tropical eastern Atlantic. Zootaxa, 3152: 61-67.
  7. ^ Parenti, P.; J. E. Randall (2000). "An annotated checklist of the species of the Labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae" (PDF). Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology (68): 1–97. S2CID 82180282. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-11.
  8. ^ J.D.D. Smith (2001). Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology Supplement 1986-2000. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. ISBN 0853010072.
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