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Its name was changed in 1994 during the [[presidency of Bill Clinton]] to reflect its broader mission. It is a relatively small agency, currently comprising about 12,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/people/|title=People|website=Natural Resources Conservation Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804012559/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/people/|archive-date=2017-08-04|url-status=live|access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref> Its mission is to improve, protect, and conserve natural resources on private lands through a cooperative partnership with [[State governments of the United States|state]] and [[Local government in the United States|local agencies]]. While its primary focus has been [[agriculture|agricultural]] lands, it has made many technical contributions to [[soil survey]]ing, [[soil classification|classification]], and [[water quality]] improvement.<ref>U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Washington, DC. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/soilsurvey "Soil Survey Programs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173140/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/soilsurvey/ |date=2011-07-26 }} Accessed 2009-06-05.</ref><ref>NRCS. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/standards/nhcp.html "National Conservation Practice Standards."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611092227/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/standards/nhcp.html |date=2011-06-11 }} National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Accessed 2009-06-05.</ref> One example is the [[Conservation Effects Assessment Project]] (CEAP), set up to quantify the benefits of agricultural conservation efforts promoted and supported by programs in the [[Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002]] (2002 Farm Bill). NRCS is the leading agency in this project.
Its name was changed in 1994 during the [[presidency of Bill Clinton]] to reflect its broader mission. It is a relatively small agency, currently comprising about 12,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/people/|title=People|website=Natural Resources Conservation Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804012559/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/people/|archive-date=2017-08-04|url-status=live|access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref> Its mission is to improve, protect, and conserve natural resources on private lands through a cooperative partnership with [[State governments of the United States|state]] and [[Local government in the United States|local agencies]]. While its primary focus has been [[agriculture|agricultural]] lands, it has made many technical contributions to [[soil survey]]ing, [[soil classification|classification]], and [[water quality]] improvement.<ref>U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Washington, DC. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/soilsurvey "Soil Survey Programs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173140/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/soilsurvey/ |date=2011-07-26 }} Accessed 2009-06-05.</ref><ref>NRCS. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/standards/nhcp.html "National Conservation Practice Standards."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611092227/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/standards/nhcp.html |date=2011-06-11 }} National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Accessed 2009-06-05.</ref> One example is the [[Conservation Effects Assessment Project]] (CEAP), set up to quantify the benefits of agricultural conservation efforts promoted and supported by programs in the [[Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002]] (2002 Farm Bill). NRCS is the leading agency in this project.


==om==
==History==
[[File:Photograph of Horace Fitzgerald, Larry Edmond, John DaVitte, Clever Youngblood with a Future Farmers of America truck, Columbia County, Georgia, 1957 May - DPLA - 1ca880d126105c8d62f04f91f05e80b3.jpeg|thumb|Members of the Little River Soil Conservation District, [[Columbia County, Georgia]], 1957]]
[[File:Photograph of Horace Fitzgerald, Larry Edmond, John DaVitte, Clever Youngblood with a Future Farmers of America truck, Columbia County, Georgia, 1957 May - DPLA - 1ca880d126105c8d62f04f91f05e80b3.jpeg|thumb|Members of the Little River Soil Conservation District, [[Columbia County, Georgia]], 1957]]


Revision as of 01:14, 15 September 2024

Natural Resources Conservation Service
Agency overview
FormedSeptember 13, 1933
Preceding agency
  • Soil Conservation Service, Soil Erosion Service
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
EmployeesApprox 11,000
Agency executive
Parent agencyDepartment of Agriculture
Websitewww.nrcs.usda.gov

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners and managers.

Its name was changed in 1994 during the presidency of Bill Clinton to reflect its broader mission. It is a relatively small agency, currently comprising about 12,000 employees.[1] Its mission is to improve, protect, and conserve natural resources on private lands through a cooperative partnership with state and local agencies. While its primary focus has been agricultural lands, it has made many technical contributions to soil surveying, classification, and water quality improvement.[2][3] One example is the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), set up to quantify the benefits of agricultural conservation efforts promoted and supported by programs in the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (2002 Farm Bill). NRCS is the leading agency in this project.

History

Members of the Little River Soil Conservation District, Columbia County, Georgia, 1957

The agency was founded largely through the efforts of Hugh Hammond Bennett, a soil conservation pioneer who worked for the Department of Agriculture from 1903 to 1952.[4] Bennett's motivation was based on his knowledge of the detrimental effects of soil erosion and the impacts on U.S lands[5] that led to the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. On September 13, 1933, the Soil Erosion Service was formed in the Department of the Interior, with Bennett as chief. The service was transferred to the Department of Agriculture on March 23, 1935, and was shortly thereafter combined with other USDA units to form the Soil Conservation Service by the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1935.[6][7]

The SCS was in charge of 500 Civilian Conservation Corps camps between 1933 and 1942. The primary purpose of these camps was erosion control.[8] In the 1980s, there were around 3,000 local Soil Conservation Service districts throughout the United States, each with elected executive boards.[9] These districts provided financial as well as technical support, such as assistance inventorying natural resources, to land owners in their conservation efforts upon request.[9]

Bennett continued as chief until his retirement in 1952.[4] As part of the Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994, the agency was renamed the Natural Resources Conservation Service during the tenure of Chief Paul Johnson.[7][10]

Programs and services

NRCS offers technical and financial assistance to farmers and ranchers. The financial assistance is authorized by the "Farm Bill", a law that is renewed every five years. The 2014 Farm Bill consolidated 23 programs into 15.[11] NRCS offers these services to private land owners, conservation districts, tribes, and other types of organizations. NRCS also collects and shares information on the nation's soil, water, air, and plants.

Farm bill

The "Conservation" title of the Farm Bill (Title II in the 2014 bill) provides the funding to agricultural producers, and a conservation plan must be included. All of these programs are voluntary. The main programs include:

Environmental Quality Incentives Program

An alfalfa farm in Montana implementing an Irrigation Water Management Plan with assistance from the Environmental Quality Incentives Program

The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) provides assistance to landowners to help them improve their soil, water and related natural resources, including grazing lands, wetlands, and wildlife habitat. Congress established the program in the 1996 farm bill to provide primarily cost-sharing assistance, but also technical and educational assistance, aimed at promoting production and environmental quality, and optimizing environmental benefits.[12][13]

Conservation Stewardship Program

The Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), established by the 2008 Farm Bill, is targeted to producers who maintain a higher level of environmental stewardship.[14]

Regional Conservation Partnership Program

Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) consolidated four programs from the 2008 Farm Bill. It aims at more regional or watershed scale projects, rather than individual farms and ranches.[15]

Agricultural Conservation Easement Program

The Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) was another consolidation effort of the 2014 Farm Bill, which includes the former Grasslands Reserve Program, Farm, and Ranch Lands Protection Program, and Wetlands Reserve Program. ACEP includes technical and financial help to maintain or improve land for agriculture or environmental benefits.[16]

Healthy Forests Reserve Program

(HFRP) Landowners volunteer to restore and protect forests in 30 or 10 year contracts. This program hands assisting funds to participants. The objectives of HFRP are to:

  1. Promote the recovery of endangered and threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)
  2. Improve plant and animal biodiversity
  3. Enhance carbon sequestration[17]

NRCS National Ag Water Management Team

(AGWAM) Serves 10 states in the Midwest United States in helping to reduce nitrate levels in soil due to runoff from fertilized farmland. The project began in 2010 and initially focused on the Mississippi Basin area. The main goal of the project is to implement better methods of managing water drainage from agricultural uses, in place of letting the water drain naturally as it had done in the past. In October 2011, The National "Managing Water, Harvesting Results"[18] Summit was held to promote the drainage techniques used in hopes of people adopting them nationwide.[19]

Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting

Includes water supply forecasts, reservoirs, and the Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI) for Alaska and other Western states. NRCS agents collect data from snowpack and mountain sites to predict spring runoff and summer streamflow amounts. These predictions are used in decision making for agriculture, wildlife management, construction and development, and several other areas. These predictions are available within the first five days of each month from January to June.[20]

Conservation Technical Assistance Program

(CTA) Is a blanket program which involves conservation efforts on soil and water conservation, as well as management of agricultural wastes, erosion, and general longterm sustainability. NRCS and related agencies work with landowners, communities, or developers to protect the environment. Also serve to guide people to comply with acts such as the Highly Erodible Land, Wetland (Swampbuster), and Conservation Compliance Provisions acts. The CTA can also cover projects by state, local, and federal governments.[21]

Gulf of Mexico Initiative

Is a program to assist gulf bordering states (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) improve water quality and use sustainable methods of farming, fishing, and other industry. The program will deliver up to 50 million dollars over 2011–2013 to apply these sustainable methods, as well as wildlife habitat management systems that do not hinder agricultural productivity, and prevent future over use of water resources to protect native endangered species.[22]

International programs

The NRCS (formerly SCS) has been involved in soil and other conservation issues internationally since the 1930s. The main bulk of international programs focused on preventing soil erosion by sharing techniques known to the United States with other areas. NRCS sends staff to countries worldwide to conferences to improve knowledge of soil conservation.[23] There is also international technical assistance programs similar to programs implemented in the United States. There are long-term technical assistance programs in effect with one or more NRCS staff residing in the country for a minimum of one year. There are currently long-term assistance programs on every continent. Short-term technical assistance is also available on a two-week basis.[24]

These programs are to encourage local landowners and organizations to participate in the conservation of natural resources on their land, and lastly, landscape planning has a goal to solve problems dealing with natural resource conservation with the help of the community in order to reach a desired future outcome.[25]

Technical resources

Soil

There is a long history of the federal Soil Survey Program,[26] including federal scientists and cooperators working through the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS).[27] Soil survey products include the Web Soil Survey,[28] the NCSS Characterization Database[29] and many investigative reports and journal articles.[30] In 2015 NRCS began broad support of soil health, which incorporates less tillage and more cover crops to reduce erosion and improve the diversity of the soil.[31] Information is maintained in the Soil Survey Geographic database (SSURGO) dataset.[32]

Water

Water pollution related to agricultural practices is addressed in several NRCS programs which provide financial and technical assistance.[33] Nutrient pollution caused by excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in farm surface runoff depletes oxygen levels and creates algal blooms in lakes, streams and rivers, harming aquatic life.[34] Excessive sedimentation and pathogens from agricultural pollution can also have major impacts on water quality, and some NRCS projects focus on these problems with land owners and their water systems.

Water management

The practice of water management focuses on the efficiently controlling the flow of water while causing the least amount of damage to life and property.[35] This helps to provide protection in high risk areas from flooding. Irrigation management is the most efficient way to use and recycle water resources for land owners and farmers.[35] Drainage management is the manipulation of the sub-surface drainage networks in order to properly disperse the water to the correct geographical areas.[36] The NRCS engineering vision is constantly making improvements to irrigation systems in a way that incorporates every aspect of water restoration.[37]

Water quality

A team of highly trained experts on every aspect of water is employed by the NRCS to analyze water from different sources. They work in many areas such as: hydrology and hydraulics, stream restoration, wetlands, agriculture, agronomy, animal waste management, pest control, salinity, irrigation, and nutrients in water.[38]

Watershed program

See also: Emergency Watershed Program

Under watershed programs the NRCS works with states, local governments, and tribes by providing funding and resources in order to help restore and also benefit from the programs.[39] They provide: watershed protection, flood mitigation, water quality improvement, soil erosion reduction, irrigation, sediment control, fish and wildlife enhancement, wetland and wetland function creation and restoration, groundwater recharge, easements, wetland and floodplain conservation easements, hydropower, watershed dam rehabilitation.[39]

Plants and animals

Plants and animals play a huge role in the health of our ecosystems. A delicate balance exists between relationships of plants and animals. If an animal is introduced to an ecosystem that is not native to the region that it could destroy plants or animals that should not have to protect itself from this particular threat. As well as if a plant ends up in a specific area where it should not be it could have adverse effects on the wildlife that try to eat it. NRCS protects the plants and animals because they provide us with food, materials for shelter, fuel to keep us warm, and air to breathe.[40] Without functioning ecosystems we would have none of the things mentioned above. NRCS provides guidance to assist conservationists and landowners with enhancing plant and animal populations as well as helping them deal with invasive species.[40]

Fish and wildlife

NRCS for years has been working toward restoration, creation, enhancement, and maintenance for aquatic life on the nearly 70% of land that is privately owned in order to keep the habitats and wildlife protected.[41] NRCS with a science-based approach, provides equipment to wildlife and fish management. They also do this for landowners who qualify .[41]

Insects and pollinators

Pollination by insects plays a huge role in the production of food crop and flowering plants. Without pollinators searching for nectar and pollen for food the plants would not produce a seed that will create another plant. NRCS sees the importance of this process so they are taking measures to increase the declining number of pollinators.[42] There are many resources provided from the NRCS that will help any individual do their part in conservation of these important insects. Such as Backyard Conservation which tells an individual exactly how to help by just creating a small habitat in minutes. There are many others such as: Plants for pollinators, pollinators habitat in pastures, pollinator value of NRCS plant releases in conservation planting, plant materials publications relating to insects and pollinators, PLANTS database: NRCS pollinator documents.[42] All of these are valuable resources that any individual can take advantage of.

Invasive species and pests

Invasive species cause America's reduction in economic productivity and ecological decline.[43] NRCS works in collaboration with the plant materials centers scattered throughout the country in order to get a handle on the invasive species of plants. These centers scout out the plants and take measures to control and eradicate them from the particular area.[44]

Livestock

Livestock management is an area of interest for the NRCS because if not maintained valuable resources such as food, wools, and leather would not be available. The proper maintenance of livestock can also improve soil and water resources by providing a waste management system so that run off and erosion is not a problem.[45] The NRCS provides financial assistance to land owners with grazing land and range land that is used by livestock in order to control the run off of waste into fresh water systems and prevent soil erosion.[45]

Plants

Plants are a huge benefit to the health of ecosystems. NRCS offers significant amounts of resources to individuals interested in conserving plants. From databases full of information to financial assistance the NRCS works hard to provide the means needed to do so. The plant materials program, Plant materials centers, Plant materials specialists, PLANTS database, National Plant Data Team (NPDT) are all used together to keep our ecosystems as healthy as possible.[46] This includes getting rid of unwanted species and building up species that have been killed off that are beneficial to the environment. The NRCS utilizes a very wide range of interdisciplinary resources.

The NRCS also utilizes the following disciplines in order to maximize efficiency:

  • Agronomy
  • Erosion
  • Air Quality and Atmospheric Change
  • Animal Feeding Operations and Confined Animal Feeding Operations
  • Biology
  • Conservation Innovation Grants
  • Conservation Practices
  • Cultural Resources
  • Economics
  • Energy
  • Engineering
  • Environmental Compliance
  • Field Office Technical Guide
  • Forestry,
  • Maps
  • Data and Analysis
  • Nutrient Management
  • Pest Management
  • Range and Pasture
  • Social Sciences
  • Soils, and Water Resources

These Science-Based technologies are all used together in order to provide the best conservation of natural resources possible.[25]

Supported organizations

Established in 2006, the GBVPMC serves Nevada, California, and parts of Utah and Oregon. The main purpose of the center is to combat damage done by invasive plant species in the area, which have done great damage to ecosystems in the Great Basin. They also aid in restoring ecosystems damaged by fires, climate change, drought, or other natural disasters. The centers provides native plants to help restore these damaged areas. They also do work developing plant organisms and technologies that are suited for the dry, high salt content soil of the area.[48]

  • National Association of Conservation Districts

(NACD) A non-profit agency which serves 3,000 conservation districts across the United States. There about 17,000 individuals who serve on the governing boards of conservation districts. Local conservation districts work with landowners to help manage land and water resources. The mission of NACD is to provide leadership and a unified voice for natural resource conservation in the United States.[49] The NACD grew in the 1930s from a statewide operation in Oklahoma, and many independent districts, to a unified National organization in 1946.

See also

References

  1. ^ "People". Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  2. ^ U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Washington, DC. "Soil Survey Programs." Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009-06-05.
  3. ^ NRCS. "National Conservation Practice Standards." Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Accessed 2009-06-05.
  4. ^ a b Cook, Maurice. "Hugh Hammond Bennett: the Father of Soil Conservation". Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  5. ^ "Biography of Hugh Hammond Bennett". NRCS. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  6. ^ Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, P.L. 74-46, 49 Stat. 163, 16 U.S.C. § 590(e), April 27, 1935.
  7. ^ a b "Records of the Natural Resources Conservation Service". NARA. Archived from the original on 2007-12-07. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  8. ^ Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). Archived 2013-05-30 at the Wayback Machine U-S-History.com, Online Highways LLC. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Assistance Available from the Soil Conservation Service (Rev. Aug. 1988 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1988. pp. 4, 6–7.
  10. ^ Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994, 108 Stat. 3223, October 13, 1994.
  11. ^ United States. Agricultural Act of 2014. Pub. L. 113–79 (text) (PDF) "Title II—Conservation." Approved 2014-02-07.
  12. ^ United States. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. Pub. L. 104–127 (text) (PDF) Approved April 4, 1996.
  13. ^ "Environmental Quality Incentives Program". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  14. ^ "Conservation Stewardship Program". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  15. ^ "Regional Conservation Partnership Program". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  16. ^ "Agricultural Conservation Easement Program". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  17. ^ "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. 2013-09-30. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  18. ^ "Ag Water Management Summit | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  19. ^ "Water Management | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  20. ^ "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  21. ^ "Purpose of the CTA Program | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  22. ^ "Gulf of Mexico Initiative | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  23. ^ "International Programs | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  24. ^ "International Technical Assistance | NRCS | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  25. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  26. ^ "Soil Survey". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  27. ^ "National Cooperative Soil Survey". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  28. ^ "Web Soil Survey". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  29. ^ "National Cooperative Soil Survey Soil Characterization Database". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  30. ^ "NRCS Soils". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  31. ^ "Soil Health". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  32. ^ "Description of SSURGO Database". nrcs.usda.gov. NRCS. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  33. ^ "Water". NRCS. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  34. ^ Oenema, Oene; van Liere, Lowie; Schoumans, Oscar (2005). "Effects of lowering nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses in agriculture on the quality of groundwater and surface water in the Netherlands". Journal of Hydrology. 304 (1–4): 289–301. Bibcode:2005JHyd..304..289O. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.044.
  35. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  36. ^ "Drainage | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  37. ^ "Conservation Engineering Division (CED) | NRCS". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  38. ^ "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service" (in Greek). Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  39. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  40. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  41. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  42. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  43. ^ "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-08-18. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  44. ^ "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  45. ^ a b "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  46. ^ "USDA NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service". Nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  47. ^ "Great Basin Plant Materials Center". USDA NRCS. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  48. ^ "Great Basin Plant Materials Center | NRCS Plant Materials Program". Plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  49. ^ "About NACD". Nacdnet.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
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