Vostok-2M: Difference between revisions
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The '''Vostok-2M''' ({{lang-ru|Восток}} meaning ''"East"''), [[GRAU index]] '''8A92M''' was an [[expendable launch system|expendable]] [[launch vehicle|carrier rocket]] used by the [[Soviet Union]] between 1964 and 1991. Ninety-three were launched, of which one failed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vostok-2M (8A92M) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/vostok-2m.htm |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref> Another was destroyed before launch.<ref name="EA">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/vos8a92m.htm|title=Vostok 8A92M|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2009-04-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306003155/http://astronautix.com/lvs/vos8a92m.htm|archive-date=2009-03-06}}</ref> It was originally built as a specialised version of the earlier [[Vostok-2 (rocket)|Vostok-2]], for injecting lighter payloads into higher [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]s. It was a member of the [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]] family of rockets, and the last [[Vostok (rocket)|Vostok]]. |
The '''Vostok-2M''' ({{lang-ru|Восток}} meaning ''"East"''), [[GRAU index]] '''8A92M''' was an [[expendable launch system|expendable]] [[launch vehicle|carrier rocket]] used by the [[Soviet Union]] between 1964 and 1991. Ninety-three were launched, of which one failed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vostok-2M (8A92M) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/vostok-2m.htm |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref> Another was destroyed before launch.<ref name="EA">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/vos8a92m.htm|title=Vostok 8A92M|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2009-04-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306003155/http://astronautix.com/lvs/vos8a92m.htm|archive-date=2009-03-06}}</ref> It was originally built as a specialised version of the earlier [[Vostok-2 (rocket)|Vostok-2]], for injecting lighter payloads into higher [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]s. It was a member of the [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]] family of rockets, and the last [[Vostok (rocket)|Vostok]]. |
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The Vostok-2M was similar to the Vostok-2 booster but the adapter portion of the Blok E stage remained attached to the payload and the guidance system was modified specially to assist in putting payloads in sun-synchronous orbits. Vehicles flown in 1967 and later used the 8D74M engines or the 11D511 in 1973 and later. |
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| ⚫ | The Vostok-2M made its maiden flight on 28 August 1964 |
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| ⚫ | The Vostok-2M made its maiden flight on 28 August 1964 from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|Site 31/6]] at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], successfully placing [[Kosmos 44]], a [[Meteor (satellite)|Meteor]] [[weather satellite]] into orbit. A total of 93 were launched from 1964 to '91. Its only launch failure occurred on 1 February 1969, when the launch of a Meteor failed due to an [[Multistage rocket|upper stage]] problem. |
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At 16:01 GMT on 18 March 1980, [[1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster|a Vostok-2M exploded during fueling]] at [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]] [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43|Site 43/4]], ahead of the launch of a [[Tselina-D]] satellite, [[Space accidents and incidents|killing]] 48 people who were working on the rocket at the time. A filter in a hydrogen peroxide tank of the third stage had accidentally been soldered with lead instead of tin, with the catalytically active lead solder on the filter causing the explosion upon contact [[hydrogen peroxide]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Boris Yevseyevich Chertok |title=Rockets and People: Creating a rocket industry |publisher=Government Printing Office|date=2006-06-01 |pages=636–640|isbn=9780160766725 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf }}</ref> As a consequence, the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> broke down, overheated, and melted the solder, causing pieces to fall into the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> storage tank and cause a runaway chemical reaction. This led to a fire inside the third stage and eventual explosion which resulted in the complete destruction of the launch vehicle and severe pad damage (LC-43 did not host another launch for three years). |
At 16:01 GMT on 18 March 1980, [[1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster|a Vostok-2M exploded during fueling]] at [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]] [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43|Site 43/4]], ahead of the launch of a [[Tselina-D]] satellite, [[Space accidents and incidents|killing]] 48 people who were working on the rocket at the time. A filter in a hydrogen peroxide tank of the third stage had accidentally been soldered with lead instead of tin, with the catalytically active lead solder on the filter causing the explosion upon contact [[hydrogen peroxide]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Boris Yevseyevich Chertok |title=Rockets and People: Creating a rocket industry |publisher=Government Printing Office|date=2006-06-01 |pages=636–640|isbn=9780160766725 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf }}</ref> As a consequence, the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> broke down, overheated, and melted the solder, causing pieces to fall into the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> storage tank and cause a runaway chemical reaction. This led to a fire inside the third stage and eventual explosion which resulted in the complete destruction of the launch vehicle and severe pad damage (LC-43 did not host another launch for three years). |
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Vostok-2M launches occurred from Site 31/6 at Baikonur, and [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 41|Sites 41/1]] and 43 at Plesetsk.<ref name=":0" /> |
Vostok-2M launches occurred from Site 31/6 at Baikonur, and [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 41|Sites 41/1]], 16, and 43 at Plesetsk.<ref name=":0" /> The Vostok-2M was retired in 1991 in favour of standardization on the [[Soyuz-U]] and [[Soyuz-U2|U2]] rockets. The final flight was conducted on 29 August and carried the [[IRS-1B]] satellite for the [[Indian Space Research Organization]]. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 20:28, 17 September 2024
 Vostok-2M rocket | |
| Function | Carrier rocket |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Country of origin | USSR |
| Size | |
| Stages | Two |
| Capacity | |
| Payload to SSO | |
| Mass | 3,800 kilograms (8,400 lb) |
| Associated rockets | |
| Family | R-7 |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Retired |
| Launch sites | Baikonur Site 31/6 Plesetsk Site 41/1 & 43 |
| Total launches | 93 |
| Success(es) | 92 |
| Failure(s) | 1 |
| First flight | 28 August 1964 |
| Last flight | 29 August 1991 |
| Type of passengers/cargo | Meteor Resurs Tselina-D |
| Boosters | |
| No. boosters | 4 |
| Powered by | 1 RD-107-8D74K |
| Maximum thrust | 995.3 kilonewtons (223,800 lbf) |
| Burn time | 120 seconds |
| Propellant | RP-1/LOX |
| First stage | |
| Powered by | 1 RD-108-8D75K |
| Maximum thrust | 940.4 kilonewtons (211,400 lbf) |
| Burn time | 305 seconds |
| Propellant | RP-1/LOX |
| Second stage | |
| Powered by | 1 RD-0109 |
| Maximum thrust | 54.52 kilonewtons (12,260 lbf) |
| Burn time | 400 seconds |
| Propellant | RP-1/LOX |
_in_Korolyov,_Moscow_Oblast.jpg)
The Vostok-2M (Template:Lang-ru meaning "East"), GRAU index 8A92M was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1991. Ninety-three were launched, of which one failed.[1] Another was destroyed before launch.[2] It was originally built as a specialised version of the earlier Vostok-2, for injecting lighter payloads into higher Sun-synchronous orbits. It was a member of the R-7 family of rockets, and the last Vostok.
The Vostok-2M was similar to the Vostok-2 booster but the adapter portion of the Blok E stage remained attached to the payload and the guidance system was modified specially to assist in putting payloads in sun-synchronous orbits. Vehicles flown in 1967 and later used the 8D74M engines or the 11D511 in 1973 and later.
The Vostok-2M made its maiden flight on 28 August 1964 from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, successfully placing Kosmos 44, a Meteor weather satellite into orbit. A total of 93 were launched from 1964 to '91. Its only launch failure occurred on 1 February 1969, when the launch of a Meteor failed due to an upper stage problem.
At 16:01 GMT on 18 March 1980, a Vostok-2M exploded during fueling at Plesetsk Site 43/4, ahead of the launch of a Tselina-D satellite, killing 48 people who were working on the rocket at the time. A filter in a hydrogen peroxide tank of the third stage had accidentally been soldered with lead instead of tin, with the catalytically active lead solder on the filter causing the explosion upon contact hydrogen peroxide.[3] As a consequence, the H2O2 broke down, overheated, and melted the solder, causing pieces to fall into the H2O2 storage tank and cause a runaway chemical reaction. This led to a fire inside the third stage and eventual explosion which resulted in the complete destruction of the launch vehicle and severe pad damage (LC-43 did not host another launch for three years).
Vostok-2M launches occurred from Site 31/6 at Baikonur, and Sites 41/1, 16, and 43 at Plesetsk.[1] The Vostok-2M was retired in 1991 in favour of standardization on the Soyuz-U and U2 rockets. The final flight was conducted on 29 August and carried the IRS-1B satellite for the Indian Space Research Organization.
References
- ^ a b "Vostok-2M (8A92M)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Vostok 8A92M". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Boris Yevseyevich Chertok (2006-06-01). Rockets and People: Creating a rocket industry (PDF). Government Printing Office. pp. 636–640. ISBN 9780160766725.
