Jump to content

OpenStreetMap: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,340,830 edits
Add: arxiv, class, bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2024 | #UCB_Category 50/719
Line 160: Line 160:


===Conferences===
===Conferences===
Since 2007, the OpenStreetMap community has organised State of the Map (SotM), an annual international conference at which stakeholders present on technical progress and discuss policy issues.<ref name="sotm"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Plotting practices and politics: (im)mutable narratives in OpenStreetMap|first=Chris|last=Perkins|work=[[Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers]]|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|volume=39|issue=2|date=17 September 2013|pages=304–317|doi=10.1111/tran.12022|url=https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12022}}</ref> Various regional editions of State of the Map are also held for each continent, as well as for some countries with especially active local communities, such as France, Germany, and the United States.
Since 2007, the OpenStreetMap community has held an annual, international conference called ''State of the Map'' (SotM) where all stake holders gather to share progress and discuss issues.<ref name="sotm"/> There are also various national, regional and continental SotM conferences, such as SotM U.S., SotM Baltics, SotM Asia & SotM Africa.


==Operation==
==Operation==

Revision as of 20:01, 8 October 2024

OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap homepage, showing the world map
Available in96 languages and variants,[1] local languages for map data
Country of originUnited Kingdom
OwnerOpenStreetMap Foundation
Created bySteve Coast
ProductsEditable geographic data, tiled web map layer
URLwww.openstreetmap.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationRequired for contributors, not required for viewing
Users10.6 million[2]
Launched9 August 2004; 20 years ago (2004-08-09) [3]
Current statusActive
Content license
Open Database License
Written inRuby, JavaScript

OpenStreetMap (abbreviated OSM) is a website that uses an open geographic database which is updated and maintained by a community of volunteers via open collaboration. Contributors collect data from surveys, trace from aerial photo imagery or satellite imagery, and also import from other freely licensed geodata sources. OpenStreetMap is freely licensed under the Open Database License and as a result commonly used to make electronic maps, inform turn-by-turn navigation, assist in humanitarian aid and data visualisation. OpenStreetMap uses its own topology to store geographical features which can then be exported into other GIS file formats. The OpenStreetMap website itself is an online map, geodata search engine and editor.

OpenStreetMap was created by Steve Coast in response to the Ordnance Survey, the United Kingdom's national mapping agency, failing to release its data to the public under free licences in 2004. Initially, maps were created only via GPS traces, but it was quickly populated by importing public domain geographical data such as the U.S. TIGER and by tracing imagery as permitted by source. OpenStreetMap's adoption was accelerated by Google Maps's introduction of pricing in 2012 and the development of supporting software and applications.

The database is hosted by the OpenStreetMap Foundation, a non-profit organisation registered in England and Wales and is funded mostly via donations.

History

The founder of OpenStreetMap, Steve Coast, in 2009

Steve Coast founded the project in 2004 while at a university in Britain, initially focusing on mapping the United Kingdom.[3] In the UK and elsewhere, government-run and tax-funded projects like the Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but declined to freely and widely distribute them. The first contribution was a street that Coast entered in December 2004 after cycling around Regent's Park in London with a GPS tracking unit.[4][5][6] In April 2006, the OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage the growth, development and distribution of free geospatial data and provide geospatial data for anybody to use and share.

In April 2007, Automotive Navigation Data (AND) donated a complete road data set for the Netherlands and trunk road data for India and China to the project.[7] By July 2007, when the first "The State of the Map" (SotM) conference[8] was held, there were 9,000 registered users. In October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset.[9] In December 2007, Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website.[10] Ways to import and export data have continued to grow – by 2008, the project developed tools to export OpenStreetMap data to power portable GPS units, replacing their existing proprietary and out-of-date maps.[11] In March 2008, two founders of CloudMade, a commercial company that uses OpenStreetMap data, announced that they had received venture capital funding of €2.4 million.[12] In 2010, AOL launched an OSM-based version of MapQuest and committed $1 million to increasing OSM's coverage of local communities for its Patch website.[13]

In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors.[14] Chief among these were Foursquare and Craigslist, which adopted OpenStreetMap, and Apple, which ended a contract with Google and launched a self-built mapping platform using TomTom and OpenStreetMap data.[15]

Content

The OSM project aims to collect data about stationary objects throughout the world, including infrastructure and other aspects of the built environment, points of interest, land use and land cover classifications, and topography. Map features range in scale from international boundaries to hyperlocal details such as shops and street furniture. Although historically significant features and ongoing construction projects are routinely included in the database, the project's scope is generally limited to the present day, as opposed to the past or future.[16]

Each feature comes with structured metadata indicating facts such as names, physical characteristics, contact information, and access restrictions. Standards exist for mapping three-dimensional architectural elements and indoor details within buildings, as well as lane-level navigation details.

Data structure

see caption
Illustration of OpenStreetMap data primitives (nodes, ways and relations)

OSM's data model differs markedly from that of a conventional GIS or CAD system. It is a topological data structure without the formal concept of a layer, allowing thematically diverse data to commingle and interconnect. A map feature or element is modelled as one of three geometric primitives:[17]

  • A node is a point with a geographic coordinate expressed in the WGS 84 coordinate system. A standalone node represents a point of interest, such as a mountain peak.[18]
  • A way is an ordered list of nodes that represents a polyline or polygon, depending on its metadata and whether it forms a closed ring. A way can represent either a linear feature, such as a street or river, or an area, such as a forest, park, parking lot, or lake.[18] Multiple ways can share a node to represent a connection, for instance, a street intersection or a confluence of two rivers. The node itself can simultaneously represent another feature, for example, an entrance that connects a footway to a building. Until 2007, a way was formally composed of explicit segments between pairs of nodes.
  • A relation is an ordered list of nodes, ways and other relations (together called members). A relation can optionally specify the role of each of its members. Relations form complex geometries or represent abstract relationships among members. Examples include turn restrictions on roads, routes that span several existing ways (for instance, a long-distance motorway), and areas with holes.[18] Multiple relations can contain the same member to represent an overlap, for example, a route concurrency or two adjoining political boundaries.

OSM manages metadata as a folksonomy. Each element contains key-value pairs, called tags, that identify and describe the feature.[18] A recommended ontology of map features (the meaning of tags) is maintained on a wiki. New tagging schemes can always be proposed by a popular vote of a written proposal in OpenStreetMap wiki, however, there is no requirement to follow this process. There are over 89 million different kinds of tags in use as of June 2017.[19]

The OpenStreetMap data primitives are stored and processed in different formats. OpenStreetMap server uses PostgreSQL database, with one table for each data primitive, with individual objects stored as rows.[20][21]

The data structure is defined as part of the OSM API. The current version of the API, v0.6, was released in 2009. A 2023 study found that this version's changes to the relation data structure had the effect of reducing the total number of relations; however, it simultaneously lowered the barrier to creating new relations and spurred the application of relations to new use cases.[22]

Coverage

OpenStreetMap data has been favourably compared with proprietary datasources,[23] although as of 2009 data quality varied across the world.[24][25] A study in 2011 compared OSM data with TomTom for Germany. For car navigation TomTom has 9% more information, while for the entire street network, OSM has 27% more information.[26] In 2011, TriMet, which serves the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, found that OSM's street data, consumed through the routing engine OpenTripPlanner and the search engine Apache Solr, yields better results than analogous GIS datasets managed by local government agencies.[27]

A 2021 study compared the OpenStreetMap Carto style's symbology to that of the Soviet Union's comprehensive military mapping programme, finding that OSM matched the Soviet maps in coverage of some features such as road infrastructure but gave less prominence to the natural environment.[28] According to a 2024 study using PyPSA, OSM has the most detailed and up-to-date publicly available coverage of the European high-voltage electrical grid, comparable to official data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity.[29]

License

All data added to the project needs to have a licence compatible with the Open Data Commons Open Database Licence (ODbL). This can include out-of-copyright information, public domain or other licences. Software used in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data may have separate licensing terms.

OpenStreetMap data and derived tiles were originally published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence (CC BY-SA) with the intention of promoting free use and redistribution of the data. In September 2012, the licence was changed to the ODbL in order to define its bearing on data rather than representation more specifically.[30][31] As part of this relicensing process, some of the map data was removed from the public distribution. This included all data contributed by members that did not agree to the new licensing terms, as well as all subsequent edits to those affected objects. It also included any data contributed based on input data that was not compatible with the new terms.

Estimates suggested that over 97% of data would be retained globally, but certain regions would be affected more than others, such as in Australia where 24 to 84% of objects would be retained, depending on the type of object.[32] Ultimately, more than 99% of the data was retained, with Australia and Poland being the countries most severely affected by the change.[33] The license change and resulting deletions prompted a group of dissenting mappers to establish Free Open Street Map (FOSM), a fork of OSM that remained under the previous license.[34]

Map tiles provided by the OpenStreetMap project were licensed under CC-BY-SA-2.0 until 1 August 2020. The ODbL license requires attribution to be attached to maps produced from OpenStreetMap data, but does not require that any particular license be applied to those maps. "©OpenStreetMap Contributors" with link to ODbL copyright page as attribution requirement is used on the site.[35]

Distribution

OSM publishes official database dumps of the entire "planet" for reuse on minutely and weekly intervals, formatted as XML or binary Protocol Buffers. Alternative third-party distributions provide access to OSM data in other formats or to more manageable subsets of the data. Geofabrik publishes extracts of the database in OSM and shapefile formats for individual countries and political subdivisions. Amazon Web Services publishes the planet on S3 for querying in Athena.[36] As part of the QLever project, the University of Freiburg publishes Turtle dumps suitable for linked data systems.[37] From 2020 to 2024, Meta published the Daylight Map Distribution, which applied quality assurance processes and added some external datasets to OSM data to make it more production-ready.[38] OSM data also forms a major part of the Overture Maps Foundation's dataset and commercial datasets from Mapbox and MapTiler.[39]

Mapmaking

Data sources

Editing with JOSM after a ground survey

Map data is collected by ground survey, personal knowledge, digitizing from imagery, and government data. Ground survey data is collected by volunteers traditionally using tools such as a handheld GPS unit, a notebook, digital camera and voice recorder.

Software applications on smartphones (mobile devices) have made it easy for anybody to survey. The data is then entered into the OpenStreetMap database using a number of software tools including JOSM and Merkaator.[40]

Mapathon competition events are also held by local OpenStreetMap teams and by non-profit organisations and local governments to map a particular area.

The availability of aerial photography and other data from commercial and government sources has added important sources of data for manual editing and automated imports. Special processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems.

Surveys and personal knowledge

Surveying routes with a satellite navigation device

Ground surveys are performed by a mapper, on foot, bicycle, or in a car, motorcycle, or boat. Map data is typically recorded on a GPS unit or on a smart phone with mapping app; a common file format is GPX.

Once the data has been collected, it is entered into the database by uploading it onto the project's website together with appropriate attribute data. As collecting and uploading data may be separated from editing objects, contribution to the project is possible without using a GPS unit, such as by using paper mapping.

Similar to users contributing data using a GPS unit, corporations (e.g. Amazon) with large vehicle fleets may use telemetry data from the vehicles to contribute data to OpenStreetMap.[41]

Some committed contributors adopt the task of mapping whole towns and cities, or organising mapping parties to gather the support of others to complete a map area.

A large number of less-active users contributes corrections and small additions to the map.[citation needed]

Satellite/Aerial images

Maxar,[42] Bing,[43] ESRI, and Mapbox are some of the providers of aerial/satellite imagery which are used as a backdrop for map production.

Yahoo! (2006–2011),[44][45] Bing (2010 – till date),[43] and DigitalGlobe (2017[42]–2023[46]) allowed their aerial photography, satellite imagery to be used as a backdrop for map production. For a period from 2009 to 2011, NearMap Pty Ltd made their high-resolution PhotoMaps (of major Australian cities, plus some rural Australian areas) available under a CC BY-SA licence.[47]

Street-level image data

Data from several street-level image platforms are available as map data photo overlays. Bing Streetside 360° image tracks, and the open and crowdsourced Mapillary and KartaView platforms provide generally smartphone and dashcam images. Additionally, a Mapillary traffic sign data layer, a product of user-submitted images is also available.[48]

Government data

Some government agencies have released official data on appropriate licences. This includes the United States, where works of the federal government are placed under public domain. In the United States, most roads originate from TIGER from the Census Bureau.[49] Geographic names were initially sourced from Geographic Names Information System, and some areas contain water features from the National Hydrography Dataset. In the UK, some Ordnance Survey OpenData is imported. In Canada Natural Resources Canada's CanVec vector data and GeoBase provide landcover and streets.[citation needed]

Globally, OpenStreetMap initially used the prototype global shoreline from NOAA. Due to it being oversimplified and crude, it has been mainly replaced by other government sources or manual tracing.[citation needed]

Out-of-copyright maps can be good sources of information about features that do not change frequently. Copyright periods vary, but in the UK Crown copyright expires after 50 years and hence old Ordnance Survey maps can legally be used. A complete set of UK 1 inch/mile maps from the late 1940s and early 1950s has been collected, scanned, and is available online as a resource for contributors.[50]

Editing software

A map with different colored icons on it, currently a quest about a house number
StreetComplete asking user a question. User filled in the answer. After tapping "OK" this answer will be added to an OpenStreetMap database.

The map data can be edited from a number of editing applications that provide aids including satellite and aerial imagery, street-level imagery, GPS traces, and photo and voice annotations.

By default, the official OSM website directs contributors to the Web-based iD editor.[51][52] Meta develops a fork of this editor, Rapid, that provides access to external datasets, including some derived from machine learning detections.[53] For complex or large-scale changes, experienced users often turn to more powerful desktop editing applications such as JOSM and Potlatch.

Several mobile applications also edit OSM. Go Map!! and Vespucci are the primary full-featured editors for iOS and Android, respectively. StreetComplete is an Android application designed for laypeople around a guided question-and-answer format. Every Door, Maps.me, Organic Maps, and OsmAnd include basic functionality for editing points of interest.

Between 2018 and 2023, the top five editing tools by number of edits were JOSM, iD, StreetComplete, Rapid, and Potlatch.[54]

Quality assurance

OSM accepts contributions from the general public. Changesets submitted through editors and the OSM API immediately enter the database and are quickly published for reuse, without going through peer review beforehand. The API only validates changes for basic well-formedness, but not for topological or logical consistency or for adherence to community norms.

As a crowdsourced project, OSM is susceptible to several forms of data vandalism, including copyright infringement, graffiti, and spam.[55] Overall, vandalism accounts for an estimated 0.2% of edits to OSM, which is relatively low compared to vandalism on Wikipedia. Members of the community detect and fix most unintentional errors and vandalism promptly,[56] by monitoring the slippy map and revision history on the main website, as well as by searching for issues using tools like OSMCha, OSM Inspector, and Osmose. In addition to community vigilance, the OpenStreetMap Foundation's Data Working Group and a group of administrators are responsible for responding to vandals.[55]

There have been several high-profile incidents of vandalism and other errors in OSM:

  • In 2012, contractors affiliated with Google were found to be sabotaging OSM's navigation data in major cities around the world. Google responded by dismissing the contractors.[57]
  • In 2018, a vandal renamed New York City and some nearby map features to antisemitic names. Although the vandalism was quickly expunged, third-party replication lag caused it to resurface to readers of Wikipedia, as well as to users of Mapbox-powered applications such as Zillow, Snapchat, and Citibike.[58]
  • In 2020, Microsoft Flight Simulator players discovered an impossibly thin, 212-storey building in a Melbourne suburb, which was traced to a typographical error that had gone unnoticed in OSM for a year.[59][60]
  • In 2021, Balad, an Iranian developer of OSM-based mobile navigation applications, apologized after the OSM community caught an employee vandalising streets in Iran.[61]
  • In 2023, the Taj Mahal was misidentified as 'Shiv Mandir' for 13 days until contributors from Kerala discovered and fixed it.[62]

Players of Pokémon Go have been known to vandalize OSM, one of the game's map data sources, to manipulate gameplay. However, this vandalism is casual, rarely sustained, and it is predictable based on the mechanics of the game.[56]

Community

Field survey in various parts of the Guagua by a group of mappers. They took notes and photos, and recorded GPS tracks. Shown in the photo is the Betis group standing beside one of the Death March trail monuments.

The project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to emphasis of local knowledge and "on-the-ground" situation in the process of data collection.[63] Many early contributors were cyclists who survey with and for bicyclists, charting cycleroutes and navigable trails.[64] Others are GIS professionals. Contributors are predominately men, with only 3–5% being women.[65]

By August 2008, shortly after the second The State of the Map conference was held, there were over 50,000 registered contributors; by March 2009, there were 100,000 and by the end of 2009 the figure was nearly 200,000. In April 2012, OpenStreetMap cleared 600,000 registered contributors.[66] On 6 January 2013, OpenStreetMap reached one million registered users.[67] Around 30% of users have contributed at least one point to the OpenStreetMap database.[68][69]

As per a study conducted in 2011, only 38% of members carried out at least one edit and only 5% of members created more than 1000 nodes. Most members are in Europe (72%).[70] According to another study, when a competing maps platform is launched, OSM attracts fewer new contributors and pre-existing contributors increase their level of contribution possibly driven by their ideological attachment to the platform. Overall, there is a negative effect on the quantum of contributions.[71]

Commercial contributors

Some companies freely license satellite/aerial/street imagery sources from which OpenStreetMap contributors trace roads and features, while other companies make data available for importing map data. Automotive Navigation Data (AND) provided a complete road data set for Netherlands and trunk roads data for China and India. In June 2018, the Microsoft Bing team announced contribution of 125 million U.S. building footprints to the project – four times the number contributed by users and government data imports.[72] Amazon Logistics uses OpenStreetMap for navigation and has a team which revises the map based on GPS traces and feedback from its drivers.[73] eCourier contributes its drivers' GPS traces to OSM. As of February 2021, Apple was the most prolific corporate editor, responsible for 80% of edits to existing roads.[73]

According to a study, nearly 17% of all edits to the map came from corporate teams during 2019–2020. The top 13 corporate contributors during 2014–2020 include Apple, Kaart, Amazon, Facebook, Mapbox, Digital Egypt, Grab, Microsoft, Telenav, Developmentseed, Uber, Lightcyphers and Lyft.[73]

Non-governmental organisations

Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) is a nonprofit organisation promoting community mapping across the world. It developed the open source HOT Tasking Manager for collaboration, and contributed to mapping efforts after the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, and the 2016 Ecuador earthquake. The Missing Maps Project, founded by the American Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, and other NGOs, uses HOT Tasking Manager. The University of Heidelberg hosts the Disastermappers Project for training university students in mapping for humanitarian purposes. When Ebola broke out in 2014, the volunteers mapped 100,000 buildings and hundreds of miles of roads in Guinea in just five days.[74] Local groups such as Ramani Huria in Dar es Salaam incorporate OSM mapping into their community resilience programmes.

Conferences

Since 2007, the OpenStreetMap community has organised State of the Map (SotM), an annual international conference at which stakeholders present on technical progress and discuss policy issues.[8][75] Various regional editions of State of the Map are also held for each continent, as well as for some countries with especially active local communities, such as France, Germany, and the United States.

Operation

OSM application architectural components

The official OSM website at openstreetmap.org is the project's main hub for contributors. A reference implementation of a slippy map (featuring a selection of third-party tile layers), a revision log, and integrations with basic geocoders and route planners facilitate the community's management of the database contents. Logged-in users can access an embedded copy of the iD editor and shortcuts for desktop editors for contributing to the database, as well as some rudimentary social networking features such as user profiles and diaries. The website's built-in REST API and OAuth authentication enable third-party applications to programmatically interact with the site's major functionality, including submitting changes. Much of the website runs as a Ruby on Rails application backed by a PostgreSQL database.

Software development

Strictly speaking, the OSM project produces only a geographic database, leaving data consumers to handle every aspect of postprocessing the data and presenting it to end users. However, a large ecosystem of command line tools, software libraries, and cloud services has developed around OSM, much of it as free and open-source software.

Two kinds of software stacks have emerged for rendering OSM data as an interactive slippy map. In one, a server-side rendering engine such as Mapnik prerenders the data as a series of raster image tiles, then serves them using a library such as mod_tile. A library such as OpenLayers or Leaflet displays these tiles on the client side on the slippy map. Alternatively, a server application converts raw OSM data into vector tiles according to a schema, such as Mapbox Streets, OpenMapTiles, or Shortbread. These tiles are rendered on the client side by a library such as the Mapbox Maps SDK, MapLibre, Mapzen's Tangrams, or OpenLayers. Applications such as Mapbox Studio allow designers to author vector styles in an interactive, visual environment.[76] Vector maps are especially common among three-dimensional mapping applications and mobile applications.

A geocoder indexes map data so that users can search it by name and address (geocoding) or look up an address based on a given coordinate pair (reverse geocoding). Several geocoders are designed to index OSM data, including Nominatim (from the Latin, 'by name'), which is built into the official OSM website along with GeoNames.[77][78] Komoot's Photon search engine provides incremental search functionality based on a Nominatim database. Element 84's natural language geocoder uses a large language model to identify OSM geometries to return.[79]

A variety of route planning libraries and services are based on OSM data. OSM's official website has featured GraphHopper, the Open Source Routing Machine, and Valhalla since February 2015.[80][81] Other widely deployed routing engines include Openrouteservice and OpenTripPlanner, which specializes in public transport routing.

Uses

OSM is an important source of geographic data in many fields, including transportation, analysis, public services, and humanitarian aid. However, much of its use by consumers is indirect via third-party products, because customer reviews and aerial and satellite imagery are not part of the project per se.[39]

Cartography

OpenStreetMap of Soho, central London, shown in the "Carto" OpenStreetMap layer

A variety of applications and services allow users to visualise OSM data in the form of a map. The official OSM website features an interactive slippy map interface so that users can efficiently edit maps and view changesets. It presents the general-purpose OpenStreetMap Carto style alongside a selection of specialised styles for cycling and public transport. Beyond this reference implementation, community-maintained map applications focus on alternative cartographic representations and specialised use cases. For example, OpenRailwayMap is a detailed online map of the world's railway infrastructure based on OSM data.[82] OpenSeaMap is a world nautical chart built as a mashup of OpenStreetMap, crowdsourced water depth tracks, and third-party weather and bathymetric data. OpenTopoMap uses OSM and SRTM data to create topographic maps.[83] In March 2010, Steve Coast posted about the release of the very first WordPress plugin for displaying slippy OpenStreetMap maps on the OpenStreetMap Blog[84] , which uses OpenLayers for map rendering. On the desktop, applications such as GNOME Maps and Marble provide their own interactive styles, and GIS suites such as QGIS allow users to produce their own custom maps based on the same data.

Geolocation

Map
Wikimedia Maps ({{Maplink}}) example, highlighting the Eiffel Tower using live OpenStreetMap data

Many commercial and noncommercial websites feature maps powered by OSM data in locator maps, store locators, infographics, story maps, and other mashups. Locator maps on Wikipedia and Wikivoyage articles for cities and points of interest are powered by a MediaWiki extension and the OSM-based Wikimedia Maps service.[85] The locator maps on Craigslist,[86] Facebook,[87] Flickr,[88] Foursquare City Guide,[89] Gurtam's Wialon,[90] and Snapchat[91] are also powered by OSM. From 2013 to 2022, GitHub visualized any uploaded GeoJSON data atop an OSM-based Mapbox basemap.[92][93]

In 2012, Apple quietly switched the locator map in iPhoto from Google Maps to OSM.[94] Interactive OSM-based maps appear in many mobile navigation applications, fitness applications, and augmented reality games, such as Strava.[95]

Geospatial analysis

Raw OpenStreetMap data of India loading in QGIS for analysis and map-making

The Overpass API searches the OSM database for features whose metadata or topology match criteria specified in a structured query language.[96] Overpass turbo is an integrated development environment for querying this API. Bellingcat develops an alternative Overpass frontend for geolocating photographs.[97]

QLever and Sophox are triplestores that accept standard SPARQL queries to return facts about the OSM database. Geographic information retrieval systems such as NLMaps Web[98] and OSCAR[99] answer natural language queries based on OSM data. OSMnx is a Python package for analysing and visualising the OSM road network.[100]

OSM is often a source for large-scale transport network analyses because the raw road network data is freely available or because of aspects of coverage that are uncommon in proprietary alternatives. A team at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute has used Valhalla's map matching function to evaluate advanced driver-assistance systems.[101] The United States Census Bureau has analysed routes generated by the Open Source Routing Machine along with American Community Survey data to develop a socioeconomic profile of commuters affected by the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse.[102]

OSM is also used in conservation and land-use planning research. The annual Forest Landscape Integrity Index is based on a comprehensive map of remaining roadless areas derived from OSM's road network.[103][104] OpenSentinelMap is a global land use dataset based on OSM's land use areas and Sentinel-2 imagery, designed for feature detection and image segmentation using computer vision.[105]

Various groups, including researchers, data journalists, the Open Knowledge Foundation, and Geochicas, have used OSM in conjunction with Wikidata to explore the demographics of people honoured by street names and raise awareness of gender bias in naming decisions.[106][107][108]

A device on the dashboard of a Sydtrafik bus in Denmark tracks the operator's route using OSM data.

OSM is a data source for some Web-based map services. In 2010, Bing Maps introduced an option to display an OSM-based map[109] and later began including building data from OSM by default.[60] Wheelmap.org is a portal for discovering wheelchair-accessible places, mashing up OSM data with a separate, crowdsourced customer review database.

Mobile applications such as CycleStreets, Karta GPS, Komoot,[110] Locus Map, Maps.me, Organic Maps, and OsmAnd also provide offline route planning capabilities. Apple Maps uses OSM data in many countries.[111] Some of Garmin's GPS products incorporate OSM data.[112] OSM is a popular source for road data among Iranian navigation applications, such as Balad.[61] Geotab[113] and TeleNav[114] also use OSM data in their in-car navigation systems.

Some public transportation providers rely on OpenStreetMap data in their route planning services and for other analysis needs.

OSM data appears in the driver or rider application or powers backend operations for ridesharing companies such as Grab.[115]

In 2019, owners of Tesla cars found that the Smart Summon automatic valet parking feature within Tesla Autopilot relied on OSM's coverage of parking lot details.[116] Webots uses OSM data to simulate realistic surroundings for autonomous vehicles.[117]

Humanitarian aid

See also: Crisis mapping, Smart mob, and Ushahidi
OpenStreetMap Philippines GPS map, an end-product of over a thousand crisis mappers that contributed almost 5 million map updates during the 2013 Haiyan humanitarian activation[118]

Humanitarian aid agencies use OSM data both proactively and reactively. OSM's road and building coverage allow them to discover patterns of disease outbreaks and target interventions such as antimalarial medications toward remote villages. After a disaster occurs, they produce large-format printed maps and downloadable maps for GPS tracking units for aid workers to use in the field.[119]

The 2010 Haiti earthquake established a model for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to collaborate with international organisations. OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons volunteers used available satellite imagery to map the roads, buildings and refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in just two days, building "the most complete digital map of Haiti's roads".[120][121] The resulting data and maps have been used by several organisations providing relief aid, such as the World Bank, the European Commission Joint Research Centre, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNOSAT and others.[122]

After Haiti, the OpenStreetMap community continued mapping to support humanitarian organisations for various crises and disasters. After the Northern Mali conflict (January 2013), Typhoon Haiyan[123][124] in the Philippines (November 2013), and the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa (March 2014), the OpenStreetMap community in association with the NGO Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) has shown it can play a significant role in supporting humanitarian organisations.[74]

Gaming

OSM is a map data source for many location-based games that require broad coverage of local details such as streets and buildings. One of the earliest such games was Hasbro's short-lived Monopoly City Streets (2009), which offered a choice between OSM and Google Maps as the playing board.[125][126] Battlefield 4 (2013) used a customized OSM-based Mapbox map in its leaderboards.[127] In 2013, Ballardia shut down testing of World of the Living Dead: Resurrection, because too many players attempted to use the Google Maps–based game, then relaunched it after switching to OSM, which could handle thousands of players.[128]

Innsbruck in FlightGear Flight Simulator

Flight simulators combine OSM's coverage of roads and structures with other sources of natural environment data, acting as sophisticated 3D map renderers, in order to add realism to the ground below. X-Plane 10 (2011) replaced TIGER and VMAP0 with OSM for roads, railways, and some bodies of water.[129][130] Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020) introduced software-generated building models based in part on OSM data.[60] In 2020, FlightGear Flight Simulator officially integrated OSM buildings and roads into the official scenery.[131]

City-building games use a subset of OSM data as a base layer to take advantage of the player's familiarity with their surroundings. In NIMBY Rails (2021), the player develops a railway network that coexists with real-world roads and bodies of water.[132] In Jutsu Games' Infection Free Zone (2024), the player builds fortifications amid a post-apocalyptic world based on OSM streets and buildings.[133]

Alternate reality games rely on OSM data to determine where rewards and other elements of the game spawn in the player's presence, such as the 'portals' in Ingress, the 'PokéStops' and 'Pokémon Gyms' in Pokémon Go, and the 'tappables' in Minecraft Earth (2019).[134] In 2017, when Niantic migrated its augmented reality titles, including Ingress and Pokémon Go, from Google Maps to OSM, the overworld maps in these games initially became more detailed for some players but completely blank for others, due to OSM's uneven geographic coverage at the time.[135][136]

Recognition

OSM and projects based on it have been recognized for their contributions to design and the public good:

Influence

According to the Open Data Institute, OSM is one of the most successful collaboratively maintained open datasets in existence.[143] A 2020 research report by Accenture estimated the total replacement value of the OSM database, the value of OSM software development effort, and maintenance overhead at $1.67 billion,[144] roughly equivalent to the value of the Linux kernel in 2008.[145] Several startups have turned OSM-based software as a service into a business model, including Carto, Mapbox,[146] MapTiler, and Mapzen. The Overture Maps Foundation incorporates OSM data in some of its GIS layers.[147]

Several open collaborative mapping projects are modeled after OSM and rely on OSM software. OpenHistoricalMap is a world historical map that tracks the evolution of human geography over time, from prehistory to the present day. OpenGeofiction focuses on fantasy cartography and worldbuilding. The OSM community sees these projects as complements for aspects of geography that are out of scope for OSM.[148][149][16]

See also

References

  1. ^ "openstreetmap-website/config/locales at master". Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2019 – via GitHub.
  2. ^ "OpenStreetMap Statistics". OpenStreetMap. OpenStreetMap Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b Foody 2017, p. 38.
  4. ^ Fox, Killian (18 February 2012). "OpenStreetMap: 'It's the Wikipedia of maps'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  5. ^ Sinton, Diana (6 April 2016). "OSM: The simple map that became a global movement". Directions Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024.
  6. ^ Coast, Steve (11 December 2004). "First street entered". talk (Mailing list). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  7. ^ Coast, Steve (4 July 2007). "AND donate entire Netherlands to OpenStreetMap". OpenGeoData (Blog). Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  8. ^ a b "State of the Map". stateofthemap.org. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  9. ^ Willis, Nathan (11 October 2007). "OpenStreetMap project imports US government maps". Linux.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  10. ^ Batty, Peter (3 December 2007). "Oxford University using OpenStreetMap data". Geothought. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  11. ^ Fairhurst, Richard (13 January 2008). "Cycle map on your GPS". Système D. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  12. ^ "Open-source mapping company CloudMade raises €2.4 million in Series A financing round from Sunstone Capital" (PDF) (Press release). 17 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  13. ^ Kirk, Jeremy (9 July 2010). "AOL's MapQuest Embraces OpenStreetMap Data for the UK". PC World. San Francisco. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  14. ^ Fossum, Mike (20 March 2012). "Websites Bypassing Google Maps Due to Fees". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  15. ^ Ingraham, Nathan (11 June 2012). "Apple using TomTom and OpenStreetMap data in iOS 6 Maps app". Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  16. ^ a b Topf, Jochen; Ramm, Frederik (6 September 2024). On the Ground. State of the Map 2024. Nairobi: OpenStreetMap Foundation. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  17. ^ Zhou, Xiaoguang; Zeng, Lu; Jiang, Yu; Zhou, Kaixuan; Zhao, Yijiang (8 September 2015). "Dynamically Integrating OSM Data into a Borderland Database". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 4 (3): 1707–1728. Bibcode:2015IJGI....4.1707Z. doi:10.3390/ijgi4031707.
  18. ^ a b c d Foody 2017, p. 39.
  19. ^ Mocnik, Franz-Benjamin; Zipf, Alexander; Raifer, Martin (18 September 2017). "The OpenStreetMap folksonomy and its evolution". Geo-spatial Information Science. 20 (3): 219–230. Bibcode:2017GSIS...20..219M. doi:10.1080/10095020.2017.1368193.
  20. ^ "OpenStreetMap Wiki: Database". OpenStreetMap. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Databases and data access APIs". Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  22. ^ Arnold, Laurin; Hukal, Philipp (6 May 2024). "The varying effects of standardisation on digital platform innovation: evidence from OpenStreetmap". Innovation: 1–26. doi:10.1080/14479338.2024.2345319. hdl:11250/3131589.
  23. ^ Zielstra, Dennis. "Comparing Shortest Paths Lengths of Free and Proprietary Data for Effective Pedestrian Routing in Street Networks" (PDF). University of Florida, Geomatics Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  24. ^ Haklay, M. (2010). "How good is volunteered geographical information? A comparative study of OpenStreetMap and Ordnance Survey datasets" (PDF). Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 37 (4): 682–703. Bibcode:2010EnPlB..37..682H. doi:10.1068/b35097. S2CID 301237. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  25. ^ Coleman, D. (2013). "Potential Contributions and Challenges of VGI for Conventional Topographic Base-Mapping Programs". In Sui, D.; Elwood, S; Goodchild, M. (eds.). Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge: Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice. New York, London: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. pp. 245–264. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2. ISBN 978-94-007-4586-5.
  26. ^ Neis, Pascal; Zielstra, Dennis; Zipf, Alexander (2011). "The Street Network Evolution of Crowdsourced Maps: OpenStreetMap in Germany 2007–2011". Future Internet. 4: 1–21. doi:10.3390/fi4010001.
  27. ^ McHugh, Bibiana (31 August 2011). The OpenTripPlanner Project (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: TriMet. p. 36. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  28. ^ Martin, Davis; Kent, Alexander J. (2023). "Soviet City Plans and OpenStreetMap: a comparative analysis". International Journal of Cartography. 9 (1). International Cartographic Association: 73–86. Bibcode:2023IJCar...9...73D. doi:10.1080/23729333.2022.2047396.
  29. ^ Xiong, Bobby; Fioriti, Davide; Neumann, Fabian; Riepin, Iegor; Brown, Tom (30 August 2024). "Modelling the High-Voltage Grid Using Open Data for Europe and Beyond". arXiv:2408.17178 [physics.soc-ph].
  30. ^ Fairhurst, Richard (7 January 2008). "The licence: where we are, where we're going". OpenGeoData. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  31. ^ "Licence – OpenStreetMap Foundation". wiki.osmfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  32. ^ Poole, Simon. "OSM V1 Objects ODbL acceptance statistics". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  33. ^ Wood, Harry (26 July 2012). "Automated redactions complete". Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  34. ^ Paulson, Robin (2013). The Digital Commons: Escape from Capital? (Ph.D. thesis). University of Auckland. p. 69.
  35. ^ "New licence for the "standard style" tiles from openstreetmap.org". openstreetmap.org. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  36. ^ "OpenStreetMap Public Data Set Now Available on AWS". Seattle: Amazon Web Services. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  37. ^ Bast, Hannah; Brosi, Patrick; Kalmbach, Johannes; Lehmann, Axel (2–5 November 2021). An Efficient RDF Converter and SPARQL Endpoint for the Complete OpenStreetMap Data (PDF). SIGSPATIAL. Beijing: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/3474717.3484256. ISBN 978-1-4503-8664-7.
  38. ^ "Sunsetting Daylight". daylightmap.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  39. ^ a b Schröder-Bergen, Susanne (12 June 2024). "Google Maps and OpenStreetMap: The coexistence of two unequal siblings". Geoawesome. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  40. ^ "Merkaartor - OpenStreetMap Wiki". wiki.openstreetmap.org. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  41. ^ Sarkar, Dipto; Anderson, Jennings T. (June 2022). "Corporate editors in OpenStreetMap: Investigating co-editing patterns". Transactions in GIS. 26 (4): 1879–1897. Bibcode:2022TrGIS..26.1879S. doi:10.1111/tgis.12910. S2CID 247178270.
  42. ^ a b "DigitalGlobe satellite imagery launch for OpenStreetMap". Maxar Blog. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  43. ^ a b "Bing engages open maps community". 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  44. ^ Coast, Steve (4 December 2006). "Yahoo! aerial imagery in OSM". OpenGeoData. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  45. ^ Mata, Raj (13 June 2011). "Yahoo! Maps APIs Service Closure Announcement – New Maps Offerings Coming Soon!". Yahoo! Developer Network. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  46. ^ "Maxar imagery not working (was "Maxar is blurred in ID" and other similar topics)". OpenStreetMap Community Forum. 26 June 2023.
  47. ^ "Community licence". NearMap. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  48. ^ Mahabir, Ron; Schuchard, Ross; Crooks, Andrew; Croitoru, Arie; Stefanidis, Anthony (26 May 2020). "Crowdsourcing Street View Imagery: A Comparison of Mapillary and OpenStreetCam". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 9 (6): 341. Bibcode:2020IJGI....9..341M. doi:10.3390/ijgi9060341.
  49. ^ "2.2 Exploring TIGER and OSM Data". Penn State College. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  50. ^ "Ordnance Survey". National Library of Scotland. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  51. ^ Franzen, Carl (7 May 2013). "Can new OpenStreetMap editor use the crowd to beat Google Maps?". theverge. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  52. ^ Barth, Alex (20 May 2013). "Collaborating to improve OpenStreetMap infrastructure". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  53. ^ "mapwith.ai". Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  54. ^ "Exploring OSM editor statistics by combining data from OSHDB and changeset DB". Heidelberg Institute for Geoinformation Technology. 1 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  55. ^ a b Ballatore, Andrea (5 May 2014). "Defacing the Map: Cartographic Vandalism in the Digital Commons". The Cartographic Journal. 51 (3): 214–224. arXiv:1404.3341. Bibcode:2014CartJ..51..214B. doi:10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000085.
  56. ^ a b Juhász, Levente; Novack, Tessio; Hochmair, Hartwig H.; Qiao, Sen (26 March 2020). "Cartographic Vandalism in the Era of Location-Based Games—The Case of OpenStreetMap and Pokémon GO". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 9 (4): 197. Bibcode:2020IJGI....9..197J. doi:10.3390/ijgi9040197.
  57. ^ "Google Blames Rogue Contractors For OpenStreetMap Sabotage". SlashGear. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  58. ^ Gallagher, Sean (30 August 2018). "Data vandal changes name of New York City to "Jewtropolis" across multiple apps [Updated]". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  59. ^ Taylor, Josh (20 August 2020). "Microsoft Flight Simulator's mysterious Melbourne 212-storey skyscraper: is it a tower, is it a pole, is it a typo?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  60. ^ a b c Warren, Tom (21 August 2020). "An innocent typo led to a giant 212-story obelisk in Microsoft Flight Simulator". The Verge. New York City. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  61. ^ a b "آیا مسیریاب بلد به‌طور عامدانه و سیستماتیک در نقشه‌های OSM خرابکاری می‌کند؟ (بروزرسانی)". زومیت (in Persian). 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  62. ^ "'Taj Mahal' marked wrong as 'Shiva Kshetra' on Open Street Map; corrected". Mathrubhumi. Kerala. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  63. ^ How we map, wiki.openstreetmap.org, retrieved 1 August 2021.
  64. ^ "Key and More Info". OpenCycleMap. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  65. ^ "Gender and Experience-Related Motivators for Contributing to OpenStreetMap". https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_218905.pdf Archived 13 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ "Stats". OpenStreetMap Wiki. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  67. ^ Wood, Harry (6 January 2013). "1 million OpenStreetMappers". OpenGeoData. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  68. ^ Neis, Pascal. "The OpenStreetMap Contributors Map aka Who's around me?". Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  69. ^ "OSMstats - Statistics of the free wiki world map". osmstats.neis-one.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  70. ^ Neis, Pascal; Zipf, Alexander (2012). "Analyzing the Contributor Activity of a Volunteered Geographic Information Project — The Case of OpenStreetMap". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 1 (2): 146–165. Bibcode:2012IJGI....1..146N. doi:10.3390/ijgi1020146.
  71. ^ Nagaraj, Abhishek; Piezunka, Henning (2020). "How Competition Affects Contributions to Open Source Platforms: Evidence from OpenStreetMap and Google Maps" (PDF).
  72. ^ "Microsoft releases more than 100 million Building Footprints in the US as open data". Geospatial World. 3 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  73. ^ a b c Dickinson, Corey (19 February 2021). "OpenStreetMap Charts a Controversial New Direction: Inside the 'Wikipedia of Maps,' Tensions Grow Over Corporate Influence". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  74. ^ a b Foody 2017, p. 43.
  75. ^ Perkins, Chris (17 September 2013). "Plotting practices and politics: (im)mutable narratives in OpenStreetMap". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 39 (2). Royal Geographical Society: 304–317. doi:10.1111/tran.12022.
  76. ^ "Interactive Maps Can Now Get the 'Matrix' Treatment". Bloomberg. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  77. ^ "Nominatim website homepage". Nominatim. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  78. ^ "GeoNames". Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  79. ^ Odonohue, Daniel. "Natural Language Geocoding". MapScaping (Podcast). Event occurs at 16:30. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  80. ^ Filney, Klint (11 November 2013). "Out in the Open: How to Get Google Maps Directions Without Google". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  81. ^ "Routing on OpenStreetMap.org | OpenStreetMap Blog". Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  82. ^ "OpenRailwayMap - OpenStreetMap Wiki". Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  83. ^ "OpenTopoMap". Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  84. ^ "WordPress OSM Plugin from openstreetmap.org". openstreetmap.org. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  85. ^ "Interactive maps, now in your language". Wikimedia. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  86. ^ Cooper, Daniel (28 August 2012). "Craigslist quietly switching to OpenStreetMap data". Engadget. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  87. ^ Adkins, Jonah (25 February 2021). "Launching the Facebook Map".
  88. ^ "Around the world and back again". blog-flickr.net. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  89. ^ "Foursquare Blog". Blog.foursquare.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  90. ^ Bravina, Tatsiana (15 February 2021). "Updates: what's new in January 2021". Gurtam. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  91. ^ "Snapchat's new Snap Map shows users their friends' locations". geoawesomeness.com. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  92. ^ Balter, Ben (13 June 2013). "There's a map for that". The GitHub Blog. San Francisco: GitHub. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  93. ^ "Transitioning from MapBox to Azure Maps". GitHub Changelog. San Francisco: GitHub. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  94. ^ Johnston, Casey (3 August 2012). "Apple begins using OpenStreetMap data, to OSM Foundation's surprise". Ars Technica. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  95. ^ Anderson, Elle (28 July 2015). "Feedback for Strava's new maps (OpenStreetMap)". Strava.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  96. ^ Olbricht, Roland (2015). "Chapter: Data Retrieval for Small Spatial Regions in OpenStreetMap". In Jokar Arsanjani, J.; Zipf, A.; Mooney, P.; Helbich, M. (eds.). OpenStreetMap in GIScience. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. pp. 101–122. ISBN 978-3-319-14280-7.
  97. ^ Williams, Logan (8 May 2023). "Finding Geolocation Leads with Bellingcat's OpenStreetMap Search Tool". Bellingcat. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  98. ^ Will, Simon (9–11 July 2021). Minghini, M.; Ludwing, C.; Anderson, J.; Mooney, P.; Grinberger, A. (eds.). NLMaps web: A natural language interface to OpenStreetMap (PDF). Proceedings of the Academic Track at the State of the Map 2021 Online Conference. pp. 13–15. doi:10.5281/zenodo.51122.
  99. ^ Bahrdt, Daniel; Funke, Stefan; Gelhausen, Rick; Storandt, Sabine (7 November 2017). Searching OSM Planet with Context-Aware Spatial Relations (PDF). SIGSPATIAL '17: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/3139958.3140000.
  100. ^ Boeing, Geoff (September 2017). "OSMnx: New Methods for Acquiring, Constructing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Street Networks". Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 65: 126–139. arXiv:1611.01890. Bibcode:2017CEUS...65..126B. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004.
  101. ^ Perez, Miguel A.; Terranova, Paolo; Metrey, Mariette; Bragg, Haden; Britten, Nicholas (January 2024). Characterizing Level 2 Automation in a Naturalistic Driving Fleet (Report). Blacksburg, Virginia: Safety through Disruption (Safe-D) National University Transportation Center, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. p. 9. VTTI-00-024.
  102. ^ Marshall, Joey; Cheung, Abraham; DeSalvo, Bethany; Sawyer, Chase; King, Heather; Notter, Isabelle (8 May 2024). "The Socioeconomic Profile of Commuters Likely Affected by Bridge Collapse". America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  103. ^ Ibisch, Pierre L.; Hoffmann, Monika T.; Kreft, Stefan; Pe'Er, Guy; Kati, Vassiliki; Biber-Freudenberger, Lisa; Dellasala, Dominick A.; Vale, Mariana M.; Hobson, Peter R.; Selva, Nuria (2016). "A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status". Science. 354 (6318): 1423–1427. Bibcode:2016Sci...354.1423I. doi:10.1126/science.aaf7166. PMID 27980208. S2CID 29409229. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  104. ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  105. ^ Johnson, Noah; Treible, Wayne; Crispell, Daniel (19–20 June 2022). OpenSentinelMap: A Large-Scale Land Use Dataset using OpenStreetMap and Sentinel-2 Imagery. 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). New Orleans. pp. 1332–1340. doi:10.1109/CVPRW56347.2022.00139.
  106. ^ Gutiérrez-Mora, Dolores; Oto-Peralías, Daniel (10 February 2022). "Gendered cities: Studying urban gender bias through street names". Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 49 (6): 1792–1809. doi:10.1177/23998083211068844.
  107. ^ Comai, Giorgio (16 July 2021). "How we used OpenStreetMap and Wikidata to map street names across Europe – Part 1". Trento: European Data Journalism Network. Retrieved 15 September 2024. Comai, Giorgio (6 March 2023). "How we used OpenStreetMap and Wikidata to map street names across Europe – Part 2". Trento: European Data Journalism Network. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  108. ^ Bogucka, Edyta Paulina; Constantinides, Marios; Aiello, Luca Maria; Quercia, Daniele; So, Wonyoung; Bancilhon, Melanie (November–December 2020). "Cartographic Design of Cultural Maps". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 40 (6): 12–20. arXiv:2106.04688. doi:10.1109/MCG.2020.3026596.
  109. ^ "Bing Maps Adds OpenStreetMap". Maps Blog. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  110. ^ Butcher, Mike (12 August 2013). "Komoot Launches Its Hiking And Cycling Guide App Across European Regions". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  111. ^ Murdoch et al. 2020, p. 7.
  112. ^ "What is OpenStreetMap?". Garmin Support Center. Olathe, Kansas: Garmin. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  113. ^ S, Maria (8 October 2013). "Smarter Fleet Management with Geotab's Posted Road Speed Information". Geotab. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  114. ^ Gannes, Liz (30 January 2014). "In Open Navigation Tie-Up, Telenav Acquires Skobbler for $23.8 Million". Recode. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  115. ^ Lazar, Adrina (30 August 2023). "Building hyperlocal GrabMaps". Grab Tech Blog. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  116. ^ "Tesla Owners Can Edit Maps to Improve Summon Routes". Tesla Motors Club. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  117. ^ "Webots OpenStreetMap Importer". cyberbotics.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  118. ^ "OpenStreetMap Activities for Typhoon Haiyan (2013)". Neis-one.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  119. ^ Stowell, Dan (5 August 2020). "How OpenStreetMap Used Humans and Machines to Map Affected Areas After Typhoon Haiyan". In Silverman, Craig (ed.). Verification Handbook (1 ed.). Maastricht: European Journalism Centre. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  120. ^ Forrest, Brady (1 February 2010). "Technology Saves Lives In Haiti". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  121. ^ "Digital Help for Haiti". The New York Times. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  122. ^ European Commission Joint Research Centre (15 January 2010). "Haiti Earthquakes: Infrastructure Port-au-Prince 15/01/2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012.
  123. ^ MacKenzie, Debora (12 November 2013). "Social media helps aid efforts after typhoon Haiyan". Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  124. ^ Meyer, Robinson (12 November 2013). "How Online Mapmakers Are Helping the Red Cross Save Lives in the Philippines". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  125. ^ Raphael, JR (8 September 2009). "'Monopoly City Streets' Online Game: Will Buying Park Place Be Any Easier?". PC World. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  126. ^ "Monopoly game launches on Google". BBC Online. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  127. ^ "Battlefield launches with Mapbox maps". Washington, D.C.: Mapbox. 20 October 2013. Leaderboards allow players to compete within their geographic regions. The maps are tailored to the look and feel of the game.
  128. ^ Falcon, Jonah A. (1 December 2013). "World of the Living Dead Resurrection Expands Closed Beta". Strategy Informer. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  129. ^ Supnik, Ben (17 April 2011). "OpenStreetMap and X-Plane 10". X-Plane Developer. Columbia, South Carolina: Laminar Research. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  130. ^ Supnik, Ben (18 April 2011). "OSM: What Data Will the Global Scenery Use". X-Plane Developer. Columbia, South Carolina: Laminar Research. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  131. ^ "Changelog 2020.3". FlightGear wiki. FlightGear. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  132. ^ Carrasco, Carlos (16 March 2020). "NIMBY Rails — A development retrospective". Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  133. ^ Marques, Nuno Carvalho (8 April 2024). "Infection Free Zone Review – Finally, An Interesting Strategy Zombie Game". Strategy and Wargaming. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  134. ^ Stuart, Keith (1 October 2019). "Minecraft Earth is coming – it will change the way you see your town". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  135. ^ "Pokemon Go now uses OSM". comicbook.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  136. ^ Groux, Christopher (1 December 2017). "'Pokémon Go' Map Updated To OSM From Google Maps: What Is OpenStreetMap?". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  137. ^ "OpenStreetMap receives Document Freedom Day Award". Document Freedom Day. Berlin: Free Software Foundation Europe. 2014. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014.
  138. ^ "2014グッドデザイン賞" [2024 Good Design Award]. Good Design Award (in Japanese). Japan Institute of Design Promotion. 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  139. ^ Pridal, Petr (12 April 2018). "Swiss Society of Cartography and the Prix Carto award". Unterägeri: MapTiler. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  140. ^ "OpenStreetMap and Deborah Nicholson win 2018 FSF Awards" (Press release). Boston: Free Software Foundation. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  141. ^ "Watercolor Maptiles Website Enters Permanent Collection of Cooper Hewitt". Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. 18 May 2021.
  142. ^ "OpenStreetMap". Digital Public Goods Alliance. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  143. ^ Dodds, Leigh; Yates, Deborah (14 August 2018). "How Facebook, Apple and Microsoft are contributing to an openly licensed map of the world". London: Open Data Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  144. ^ Murdoch et al. 2020, p. 10, footnote ii: 'Accenture applied four methods to generate a valuation range for OSM. After evaluating the variability and uncertainty of many of the underlying assumptions in these approaches, the community replacement cost method was deemed the most reliable method for estimating the value of the OSM asset. Combining the total replacement cost of the OSM database, the value of the software development effort and industry standard maintenance costs yielded a total community replacement cost of $1,672,415,000.'
  145. ^ Asay, Matt (2 March 2021). "OpenStreetMap just turned 100 million". InfoWorld. San Francisco. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  146. ^ Quinn, Sterling; Baxter, Ryan; O'Brien, James. "Mapbox services and vector tiles". GEOG 865: Cloud and Server GIS. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  147. ^ "FAQ – Overture Maps Foundation". Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  148. ^ Yan Minghui (20 April 2022). "共享地圖OpenStreetMap爆改地名大戰 山友憂慮增加意外" [The shared map OpenStreetMap is overrun with changed place names, climbers worry about increase in accidents]. HK01 (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  149. ^ Quinn, Sterling; Bull, Floyd (2019). "Understanding Threats to Crowdsourced Geographic Data Quality Through a Study of OpenStreetMap Contributor Bans". In Valcik, Nicolas A. (ed.). Geospatial Information System Use in Public Organizations: How and Why GIS Should be Used in the Public Sector. New York City: Routledge. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-4987-6764-4 – via Google Books.

Bibliography

Foody, Giles; et al. (2017). Mapping and the Citizen Sensor. London: Ubiquity Press. ISBN 978-1-911529-16-3. JSTOR j.ctv3t5qzc.

Further reading


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=OpenStreetMap&oldid=1250157182"