Jump to content

Hidden children during the Holocaust: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
+ref
Line 4: Line 4:
==Methods of hiding==
==Methods of hiding==
Poland had the largest prewar Jewish population<ref>Friedman, Jonathan C. "The Jewish Communities of Europe on the Eve of World War II" in ''The Routledge History of the Holocaust''. London: Routledge 2011, 8</ref> During the war had the largest number of hidden children, significant numbers were also hidden in France and the [[The Holocaust in the Netherlands|Netherlands]], with smaller numbers in other parts of Western Europe. Children were hidden in several different ways, each traumatic, but those in which the child was separated from his or her parents proved the most difficult (see next section).<ref>USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia article{{Cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006127 | title=Hidden Children: Quest for Family}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/24/hidden_children.asp |title=Hidden Children in France During the Holocaust - E-Newsletter - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122201529/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/24/hidden_children.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>A data base of important facts of 4080 individual Hidden Children who hid in France with the very critical help of [[Œuvre de secours aux enfants]](OSE) has been created.{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0171_Hidden_Children_in_France.html |title = Hidden Children in France}}</ref><ref>The previous reference also gives much information about this French organization [[Œuvre de secours aux enfants]] (OSE) which was critically helpful to so many Hidden Children. It includes a listing of OSE "chateau" (mansions).{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0171_Hidden_Children_in_France.html |title = Hidden Children in France}}</ref><ref>The USHMM Exhibition gave important awareness to this special group - "the Hidden Children:" "Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust"{{Cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/hidden-children/index |title = Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust}}</ref><ref>http://www.mjhnyc.org/LISHC/index.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203547/http://www.mjhnyc.org/LISHC/index.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}"</ref><ref>The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) is a source for information about the hidden children – here the ADL describes, with photos, a few child survivors, not all of whom were hidden children
Poland had the largest prewar Jewish population<ref>Friedman, Jonathan C. "The Jewish Communities of Europe on the Eve of World War II" in ''The Routledge History of the Holocaust''. London: Routledge 2011, 8</ref> During the war had the largest number of hidden children, significant numbers were also hidden in France and the [[The Holocaust in the Netherlands|Netherlands]], with smaller numbers in other parts of Western Europe. Children were hidden in several different ways, each traumatic, but those in which the child was separated from his or her parents proved the most difficult (see next section).<ref>USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia article{{Cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006127 | title=Hidden Children: Quest for Family}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/24/hidden_children.asp |title=Hidden Children in France During the Holocaust - E-Newsletter - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122201529/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/24/hidden_children.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>A data base of important facts of 4080 individual Hidden Children who hid in France with the very critical help of [[Œuvre de secours aux enfants]](OSE) has been created.{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0171_Hidden_Children_in_France.html |title = Hidden Children in France}}</ref><ref>The previous reference also gives much information about this French organization [[Œuvre de secours aux enfants]] (OSE) which was critically helpful to so many Hidden Children. It includes a listing of OSE "chateau" (mansions).{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0171_Hidden_Children_in_France.html |title = Hidden Children in France}}</ref><ref>The USHMM Exhibition gave important awareness to this special group - "the Hidden Children:" "Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust"{{Cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/hidden-children/index |title = Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust}}</ref><ref>http://www.mjhnyc.org/LISHC/index.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203547/http://www.mjhnyc.org/LISHC/index.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}"</ref><ref>The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) is a source for information about the hidden children – here the ADL describes, with photos, a few child survivors, not all of whom were hidden children
https://www.adl.org/education/educator-resources/lesson-plans/children-of-the-holocaust-a-discussion-guide</ref>
https://www.adl.org/education/educator-resources/lesson-plans/children-of-the-holocaust-a-discussion-guide</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lukas |first=Richard C. |title=Did the children cry? Hitler's war against Jewish and Polish children, 1939-1945 |date=1994 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-0242-0 |location=New York |pages=149-200 |chapter=Hiding}}</ref>
*A child who was actually hidden with at least one of his parents, in some physical location, such as a secret attic. The family would need at least one outside non-Jewish "helper," who brought in daily food and other supplies. The lives of the helpers were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception, as they would be murdered as well.
*A child who was actually hidden with at least one of his parents, in some physical location, such as a secret attic. The family would need at least one outside non-Jewish "helper," who brought in daily food and other supplies. The lives of the helpers were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception, as they would be murdered as well.
*A child who was "hidden" in plain sight in a convent, as if one of the other Catholic children. The child would have to be able to behave as all the other Catholic convent children behaved – know their prayers, know how to handle a [[rosary]], know how to behave during [[mass (liturgy)|mass]], etc. All these skills would have to be learned very quickly. In this case, at least one of the nuns, and generally more, would have to know that the child was actually Jewish and "hiding". Once again, the lives of the nuns were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception.
*A child who was "hidden" in plain sight in a convent, as if one of the other Catholic children. The child would have to be able to behave as all the other Catholic convent children behaved – know their prayers, know how to handle a [[rosary]], know how to behave during [[mass (liturgy)|mass]], etc. All these skills would have to be learned very quickly. In this case, at least one of the nuns, and generally more, would have to know that the child was actually Jewish and "hiding". Once again, the lives of the nuns were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception.

Revision as of 07:26, 12 October 2024

Children (mainly Jewish) were hidden in various different ways during the Holocaust in order to save them from the Nazis. Most were hidden in Poland, though some were hidden in Western Europe. Not all attempts to save them were successful; for instance, German Jewish refugee Anne Frank was eventually captured in Amsterdam.

Methods of hiding

Poland had the largest prewar Jewish population[1] During the war had the largest number of hidden children, significant numbers were also hidden in France and the Netherlands, with smaller numbers in other parts of Western Europe. Children were hidden in several different ways, each traumatic, but those in which the child was separated from his or her parents proved the most difficult (see next section).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

  • A child who was actually hidden with at least one of his parents, in some physical location, such as a secret attic. The family would need at least one outside non-Jewish "helper," who brought in daily food and other supplies. The lives of the helpers were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception, as they would be murdered as well.
  • A child who was "hidden" in plain sight in a convent, as if one of the other Catholic children. The child would have to be able to behave as all the other Catholic convent children behaved – know their prayers, know how to handle a rosary, know how to behave during mass, etc. All these skills would have to be learned very quickly. In this case, at least one of the nuns, and generally more, would have to know that the child was actually Jewish and "hiding". Once again, the lives of the nuns were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception.
  • A Hidden child during the Holocaust who was "hidden" in plain sight and was placed into the care of a "foster-family," usually Catholic, and raised as if one of the family. To explain the sudden "arrival" of this "new" child into the family, he might for instance be described as a cousin who had come to join this family, perhaps from the countryside. Since he was now a new member of this Catholic family, he too would have to be able to behave as other Catholic children behaved – know the prayers, know how to handle a rosary, know how to behave during mass, etc. Once again, the lives of the true family-members were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this deception.
Some such "foster-family" children were only babies at the time they were "placed" with a foster-family, others only toddlers or else still very young.
The experience of these "foster family" hidden children was very similar to that of the One Thousand Children.
  • A child who was "hidden" in plain sight by the Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) as part of their continuing activities in France. (During the war, OSE was unable to continue its earlier work in Poland and elsewhere.)

In each of these cases, there had to be at least one non-Jewish helper on the outside, who risked his or her own life to help. Remembrance and records about such a person would often lead Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Remembrance Museum in Israel, to designate and honor them as "Righteous among the Nations" (this is often mis-stated as "Righteous Gentile").

Trauma

Hidden children during the Holocaust faced significant trauma during and after World War II.[10][11] Most importantly, except when the child was in hiding with at least one parent, the child had effectively lost all parental support during the war, but would be in the care of strangers.

Younger children were often too young to remember their parents. Nonetheless, they did suffer the extreme trauma of separation from their parents and being placed with previously unknown "foster-parents." While they did not remember this trauma consciously, it remained in their subconscious and in most cases had an impact on their future life behavior.[10][11]

Older children knew that if they were discovered by the Nazis their fate was definitely dire and included possible death. This caused extreme stress and trauma at that time, and that trauma continued after the Holocaust and perhaps even into adulthood.[10][11]

Post War era

After the war, as with nearly all child survivors of the Holocaust, most hidden children were never reunited with their parents, who nearly certainly had been murdered by the Nazis. Usually after some difficult delay, he or she would be truly adopted by a caring new family[citation needed] - but the trauma would often remain.

In the Netherlands, the Dutch government set up a commission after World War II to decide the care of orphaned children, whom they deemed foster children. The government treated the issue as a Dutch matter and not a Jewish matter, causing Dutch Jews wishing to reconstitute the Jewish community to see the Dutch government as an adversary. One scholar contends that the controversy was a continuation of the Holocaust into the postwar period.[12]

A notable source on hidden children is a book of excerpts of writings by themselves "Out of Chaos: Hidden Children Remember the Holocaust".[13]

Recognition and restitution by German government

In 2014, the German government, through the Claims Conference, officially arranged to make an extra restitution payment of 2,500 euros to each former hidden child, in addition to any other restitution for Holocaust experiences to which they were entitled. This was in recognition that any physical or emotional trauma suffered by a child would be greater than that suffered by an adult in similar circumstances, because the child would not yet have developed fully mature coping skills. Due to budgetary constraints, the amount of the payment (about $3,300 at the time) was only a token sum, but nevertheless brought high symbolic value.[14][15][16]

Feature film

The 2021 French film Valiant Hearts by Mona Achache follows six Jewish children who were hidden in the Château de Chambord in France during World War II.[17] The film was inspired by the real-life experiences of the director's grandmother, Suzanne Achache–Wiznitzer.[18][19]

Documentary

A 2002 documentary, Secret Lives: Hidden Children and Their Rescuers During WWII, covered the hidden children.

References

  1. ^ Friedman, Jonathan C. "The Jewish Communities of Europe on the Eve of World War II" in The Routledge History of the Holocaust. London: Routledge 2011, 8
  2. ^ USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia article"Hidden Children: Quest for Family".
  3. ^ "Hidden Children in France During the Holocaust - E-Newsletter - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem". Archived from the original on 2015-01-22. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  4. ^ A data base of important facts of 4080 individual Hidden Children who hid in France with the very critical help of Œuvre de secours aux enfants(OSE) has been created."Hidden Children in France".
  5. ^ The previous reference also gives much information about this French organization Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE) which was critically helpful to so many Hidden Children. It includes a listing of OSE "chateau" (mansions)."Hidden Children in France".
  6. ^ The USHMM Exhibition gave important awareness to this special group - "the Hidden Children:" "Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust""Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust".
  7. ^ http://www.mjhnyc.org/LISHC/index.htm Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine"
  8. ^ The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) is a source for information about the hidden children – here the ADL describes, with photos, a few child survivors, not all of whom were hidden children https://www.adl.org/education/educator-resources/lesson-plans/children-of-the-holocaust-a-discussion-guide
  9. ^ Lukas, Richard C. (1994). "Hiding". Did the children cry? Hitler's war against Jewish and Polish children, 1939-1945. New York: Hippocrene Books. pp. 149–200. ISBN 978-0-7818-0242-0.
  10. ^ a b c Moskovitz, Sarah "LOVE DESPITE HATE – Child Survivors of the Holocaust and their Adult Lives." Schocken Books, New York 1983. ISBN 0-8052-3801-8.
  11. ^ a b c Krell, Robert "Child Holocaust Survivors, Memories and Reflections." Trafford Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4251-3720-5.
  12. ^ Fishman, J.S. "The War Orphan Controversy in the Netherlands: Majority-Minority Relations" in Dutch Jewish History, Jozeph Michman, ed. Jerusalem: The Institute for Research on Dutch Jewry 1984, 421-432
  13. ^ Fox, Elaine Saphier (Ed). "Out of Chaos: Hidden Children Remember the Holocaust", Introduction by Phyllis Lassner (2013).
  14. ^ "Claims Conference Reaches Landmark Agreement with Germany to Assist Child Survivors of the Holocaust". 2014-09-03.
  15. ^ "Child Survivor Fund: Frequently Asked Questions". 5 September 2014.
  16. ^ "Apply for Compensation". 3 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Valiant Hearts". Menemsha Films. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  18. ^ "Marillenknödel, a recipe by Mamé, a film by Mona Achache". Grandmas Project. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  19. ^ "Cinéma : "Cœurs vaillants", un film de Mona Achache, au cinéma le 11 mai". France Télévisions (in French). 5 May 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust&oldid=1250740143"