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==Conflict with Mongols==
==Conflict with Mongols==
In 1289, [[Kublai Khan]] sent a demand for tribute to the Kingdom of [[Singhasari]], although the demand was refused by Kertanagara, [[King]] of Singhasari and the messenger was humiliated with his ear cut off.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Fuaddah|first=Muflika Nur|title=Tega Mengiris Kuping Utusan Kubilai Khan dari Mongol, Raja dari Kerajaan Terkuat di Jawa Waktu Itu 'Wariskan' Kelicikan pada Bakal Pendiri Majapahit|url=https://intisari.grid.id/read/033181744/tega-mengiris-kuping-utusan-kubilai-khan-dari-mongol-raja-dari-kerajaan-terkuat-di-jawa-waktu-itu-wariskan-kelicikan-pada-bakal-pendiri-majapahit?page=all|work=Intisari Online|language=id|date=11 March 2022|access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> Shortly after, there was a rebellion against Singhasari in the duchy of Gelang-Gelang (modern day [[Madiun Regency|Madiun]]) led by [[Jayakatwang]]. Kertanagara was killed in the attempt to put down the rebellion in 1292, and Raden Wijaya fled to [[Sumenep]], [[Madura]], along with the governor of that region, [[Aria Wiraraja|Arya Wiraraja]]. There, Raden Wijaya made a plan to establish a new kingdom. Wijaya promised that he would divide Java with Arya Wiraraja if Arya Wiraraja could help him overthrow Jayakatwang's [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri kingdom]] . When he was young, Wiraraja served Narasingamurti, Raden Wijaya's grandfather. So, he was willing to help the prince to overthrow Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya vowed that if he succeeded in reclaiming his father in law's throne, his power would be divided into two, namely for himself and for Wiraraja. In 1293 the [[Mongol]] army came to punish Kertanagara who dared to harm Kublai Khan's envoy in 1289. Raden Wijaya as Kertanagara's heir was ready to hand over himself as long as he is first helped to liberate himself from Jayakatwang. So the Mongol and Majapahit troops joined forces to invade the capital city of Kadiri. At that time, the Kingdom of Kediri collapsed. Next, Raden Wijaya based on Wiraraja's input attacked the Mongol army who were experiencing the euphoria of victory against the Kediri Kingdom. Inevitably, Wiraraja with his various tactics brought victory to Raden Wijaya to defeat the Mongol army. This was the starting point for Raden Wijaya to come to power and make Tarik ([[Trowulan]], [[Mojokerto]]) the center of power which later became the Majapahit Kingdom. The term Majapahit emerged because in the Tarik forest area there are many maja ''(mojo)'' fruits which taste bitter. Raden Wijaya became the first king of Majapahit which became independent in 1293. Arya Wiraraja was appointed as the ''pasangguhan/ senapati'' (warlord) of Majapahit with the title ''Rakryan Mantri Arya Wiraraja Makapramuka''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Mudjirahardjo|first=Panca|title=Arya Wiraraja I, Raja I Sumenep|url=http://pancamr.lecture.ub.ac.id/history/arya-wiraraja-i-raja-i-sumenep-dan-rakryan-mantri-arya-wiraraja-makapramuka/|work=Brawijaya University Official Website|language=id|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
In 1289, [[Kublai Khan]] sent a demand for tribute to the Kingdom of [[Singhasari]], although the demand was refused by [[Kertanagara]], [[King]] of Singhasari and the messenger was humiliated with his ear cut off.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Fuaddah|first=Muflika Nur|title=Tega Mengiris Kuping Utusan Kubilai Khan dari Mongol, Raja dari Kerajaan Terkuat di Jawa Waktu Itu 'Wariskan' Kelicikan pada Bakal Pendiri Majapahit|url=https://intisari.grid.id/read/033181744/tega-mengiris-kuping-utusan-kubilai-khan-dari-mongol-raja-dari-kerajaan-terkuat-di-jawa-waktu-itu-wariskan-kelicikan-pada-bakal-pendiri-majapahit?page=all|work=Intisari Online|language=id|date=11 March 2022|access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> Shortly after, there was a rebellion against Singhasari in the duchy of Gelang-Gelang (modern day [[Madiun Regency|Madiun]]) led by [[Jayakatwang]]. Kertanagara was killed in the attempt to put down the rebellion in 1292, and Raden Wijaya fled to [[Sumenep]], [[Madura]], along with the governor of that region, [[Aria Wiraraja|Arya Wiraraja]]. There, Raden Wijaya made a plan to establish a new kingdom. Wijaya promised that he would divide Java with Arya Wiraraja if Arya Wiraraja could help him overthrow Jayakatwang's [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri kingdom]] . When he was young, Wiraraja served Narasingamurti, Raden Wijaya's grandfather. So, he was willing to help the prince to overthrow Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya vowed that if he succeeded in reclaiming his father in law's throne, his power would be divided into two, namely for himself and for Wiraraja. In 1293 the [[Mongol]] army came to punish Kertanagara who dared to harm Kublai Khan's envoy in 1289. Raden Wijaya as Kertanagara's heir was ready to hand over himself as long as he is first helped to liberate himself from Jayakatwang. So the Mongol and Majapahit troops joined forces to invade the capital city of Kadiri. At that time, the Kingdom of Kediri collapsed. Next, Raden Wijaya based on Wiraraja's input attacked the Mongol army who were experiencing the euphoria of victory against the Kediri Kingdom. Inevitably, Wiraraja with his various tactics brought victory to Raden Wijaya to defeat the Mongol army. This was the starting point for Raden Wijaya to come to power and make Tarik ([[Trowulan]], [[Mojokerto]]) the center of power which later became the Majapahit Kingdom. The term Majapahit emerged because in the Tarik forest area there are many maja ''(mojo)'' fruits which taste bitter. Raden Wijaya became the first king of Majapahit which became independent in 1293. Arya Wiraraja was appointed as the ''pasangguhan/ senapati'' (warlord) of Majapahit with the title ''Rakryan Mantri Arya Wiraraja Makapramuka''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Mudjirahardjo|first=Panca|title=Arya Wiraraja I, Raja I Sumenep|url=http://pancamr.lecture.ub.ac.id/history/arya-wiraraja-i-raja-i-sumenep-dan-rakryan-mantri-arya-wiraraja-makapramuka/|work=Brawijaya University Official Website|language=id|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>


Arya Wiraraja's son [[Ranggalawe]] served as one of Wijaya's ''adipati''/ [[duke]] but in later days he would rebel against the new king. Other famous officers were Lembu Sora and Nambi, both also rebelled against Wijaya respectively after the founding of [[Majapahit]] kingdom.The trigger for rebellion is that even though those who rebel have been given positions, they still feel dissatisfied.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|title=Ranggalawe Melawan Majapahit|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/ranggalawe-melawan-majapahit-PRykE/page/1|website=Historia|language=id|date=10 July 2018|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|title=Pemberontakan Terhadap Majapahit|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/pemberontakan-terhadap-majapahit-DLNbL/page/1|website=Historia|language=id|date=6 July 2018|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> Ranggalawe rebellion was the first recorded in 1295. Ranggalawe lost in his battle against the Majapahit Kingdom and died at the hands of Mahisa Anabrang while fighting at the Tambak Beras river. Lembu Sora rebellion occurred in 1301. War between the Majapahit army and Lembu Sora's followers could not be avoided. Lembu Sora and his followers Juru Demung and Gajah Biru died in this battle. Nambi rebellion occurred during the reign of King [[Jayanegara]], it is stated that during the reign of Jayanegara, Nambi rebellion occurred. Then Nambi rebellion was suppressed in 1316.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Ardiansyah|first=Rahmad|title=Peristiwa Pemberontakan di Kerajaan Majapahit|url=https://idsejarah.net/2020/12/peristiwa-pemberontakan-di-kerajaan-majapahit.html|website=Idsejarah|language=id|date=2 December 2020|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
Arya Wiraraja's son [[Ranggalawe]] served as one of Wijaya's ''adipati''/ [[duke]] but in later days he would rebel against the new king. Other famous officers were Lembu Sora and Nambi, both also rebelled against Wijaya respectively after the founding of [[Majapahit]] kingdom.The trigger for rebellion is that even though those who rebel have been given positions, they still feel dissatisfied.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|title=Ranggalawe Melawan Majapahit|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/ranggalawe-melawan-majapahit-PRykE/page/1|website=Historia|language=id|date=10 July 2018|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|title=Pemberontakan Terhadap Majapahit|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/pemberontakan-terhadap-majapahit-DLNbL/page/1|website=Historia|language=id|date=6 July 2018|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> Ranggalawe rebellion was the first recorded in 1295. Ranggalawe lost in his battle against the Majapahit Kingdom and died at the hands of Mahisa Anabrang while fighting at the Tambak Beras river. Lembu Sora rebellion occurred in 1301. War between the Majapahit army and Lembu Sora's followers could not be avoided. Lembu Sora and his followers Juru Demung and Gajah Biru died in this battle. Nambi rebellion occurred during the reign of King [[Jayanegara]], it is stated that during the reign of Jayanegara, Nambi rebellion occurred. Then Nambi rebellion was suppressed in 1316.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Ardiansyah|first=Rahmad|title=Peristiwa Pemberontakan di Kerajaan Majapahit|url=https://idsejarah.net/2020/12/peristiwa-pemberontakan-di-kerajaan-majapahit.html|website=Idsejarah|language=id|date=2 December 2020|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

Revision as of 13:07, 23 October 2024

Raden Wijaya
Nararya Sanggramawijaya Sri Maharaja Kertarajasa Jayawardhana
Statue of Harihara, a combination of the gods Shiva and Vishnu, which is the deified portrayal of Raden Wijaya. Originally located in Simping Temple, Blitar. From the collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta.
1st Maharaja of Majapahit
Reign1293–1309
SuccessorJayanegara
Died1309
Kingdom of Majapahit
Burial
Simping Temple, Blitar Regency
Consort
Wives
Issue
Names
Raden Wijaya or Nararya Sangramawijaya or Dyah Wijaya
Regnal name
Kertarajasa Jayawardhana
ꦑꦼꦂꦡꦬꦗꦯꦗꦪꦮꦂꦝꦟ
DynastyRajasa dynasty
FatherDyah Lembu Tal
ReligionHinduism

Raden Wijaya or Raden Vijaya, also known as Nararya Sangramawijaya and his regnal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana was a Javanese emperor and founder of the Majapahit Empire who ruled from 1293 until his death in 1309.[1] The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama.[2] His rule was marked by the victory against the army and the Mongol navy of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty.[3]

Ancestry

There are several versions of his ancestry. According to Pararaton, Raden Wijaya was the son of Mahisa Campaka, prince of Singhasari.Mahisa Campaka alias Narasingamurti is the son of Mahisa Wonga Teleng. Meanwhile, Mahisa Wonga Teleng was the son of Ken Arok, founder of the Rajasa dynasty.[4]

According to later controversial source from 17th century, Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Raden Wijaya was the son of Rakeyan Jayadarma (son of Sunda-Galuh King Prabu Guru Darmasiksa) and Dyah Lembu Tal (daughter of Mahisa Campaka from Singhasari). Rakeyan Jayadarma was poisoned and after her husband's death, Dyah Lembu Tal returned from Sunda-Galuh Kingdom to Singhasari with Raden Wijaya. This story is similar to that of Babad Tanah Jawi which mentioned the founder of Majapahit was Jaka Sesuruh, a son from the king of Pajajaran's which is located in Sunda Kingdom. Jaka Sesuruh ran to the east because of a rivalry with his step brother Siyung Wanara.[4][5]

Alternatively with Nagarakretagama, Dyah Lembu Tal, also known as Dyah Singhamurti, was a man and the great-grandson of Ken Arok, 1st King of Singhasari (1222–1227) and Ken Dedes, by their son Mahisa Wonga Teleng, and his son Mahisa Campaka (Nara Singhamurti). Because Nagarakretagama was written in 1365, 56 years since the Raden Wijaya's death, popular opinion supports it.[4]

Conflict with Mongols

In 1289, Kublai Khan sent a demand for tribute to the Kingdom of Singhasari, although the demand was refused by Kertanagara, King of Singhasari and the messenger was humiliated with his ear cut off.[6] Shortly after, there was a rebellion against Singhasari in the duchy of Gelang-Gelang (modern day Madiun) led by Jayakatwang. Kertanagara was killed in the attempt to put down the rebellion in 1292, and Raden Wijaya fled to Sumenep, Madura, along with the governor of that region, Arya Wiraraja. There, Raden Wijaya made a plan to establish a new kingdom. Wijaya promised that he would divide Java with Arya Wiraraja if Arya Wiraraja could help him overthrow Jayakatwang's Kediri kingdom . When he was young, Wiraraja served Narasingamurti, Raden Wijaya's grandfather. So, he was willing to help the prince to overthrow Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya vowed that if he succeeded in reclaiming his father in law's throne, his power would be divided into two, namely for himself and for Wiraraja. In 1293 the Mongol army came to punish Kertanagara who dared to harm Kublai Khan's envoy in 1289. Raden Wijaya as Kertanagara's heir was ready to hand over himself as long as he is first helped to liberate himself from Jayakatwang. So the Mongol and Majapahit troops joined forces to invade the capital city of Kadiri. At that time, the Kingdom of Kediri collapsed. Next, Raden Wijaya based on Wiraraja's input attacked the Mongol army who were experiencing the euphoria of victory against the Kediri Kingdom. Inevitably, Wiraraja with his various tactics brought victory to Raden Wijaya to defeat the Mongol army. This was the starting point for Raden Wijaya to come to power and make Tarik (Trowulan, Mojokerto) the center of power which later became the Majapahit Kingdom. The term Majapahit emerged because in the Tarik forest area there are many maja (mojo) fruits which taste bitter. Raden Wijaya became the first king of Majapahit which became independent in 1293. Arya Wiraraja was appointed as the pasangguhan/ senapati (warlord) of Majapahit with the title Rakryan Mantri Arya Wiraraja Makapramuka.[7]

Arya Wiraraja's son Ranggalawe served as one of Wijaya's adipati/ duke but in later days he would rebel against the new king. Other famous officers were Lembu Sora and Nambi, both also rebelled against Wijaya respectively after the founding of Majapahit kingdom.The trigger for rebellion is that even though those who rebel have been given positions, they still feel dissatisfied.[8][9] Ranggalawe rebellion was the first recorded in 1295. Ranggalawe lost in his battle against the Majapahit Kingdom and died at the hands of Mahisa Anabrang while fighting at the Tambak Beras river. Lembu Sora rebellion occurred in 1301. War between the Majapahit army and Lembu Sora's followers could not be avoided. Lembu Sora and his followers Juru Demung and Gajah Biru died in this battle. Nambi rebellion occurred during the reign of King Jayanegara, it is stated that during the reign of Jayanegara, Nambi rebellion occurred. Then Nambi rebellion was suppressed in 1316.[10]

Reign (1293–1309)

Founding of Majapahit

In November 1292, a Mongol force landed in Tuban, East Java, with the aim of revenge for Kertanagara's humiliation of the Mongol messenger. However, Kertanegara was already dead. Raden Wijaya initially made an alliance with the Mongols with the aim of attacking Kediri, which had become the strongest country in Java. Jayakatwang was defeated and destroyed in 1293, at which point Raden Wijaya turned and attacked the Mongol force. The Mongols, already weakened by tropical diseases, the climate, and imperial overreach, were forced to flee Java.[11] Raden Vijaya then established the Majapahit kingdom, taking the title Kritarajasa Jayavardhana.[12]: 201, 232–233 

Political and administrative policies

Raden Wijaya was known as a firm and capable ruler. Aria Wiraraja who had been so useful during the period of the establishment of the kingdom, was given Madura, which was granted a special status. He was also given an autonomous region around Lumajang and the Blambangan Peninsula, and his son, Nambi, was appointed prime minister. Raden Wijaya also formed a special army guard for the king which consists of 7 people named Ra Kuti, Ra Semi, Ra Tanca, Ra Wedeng, Ra Yuyu, Ra Banyak, and Ra Pangsa.

Heir

From his wife Indreswari, Raden Wijaya had a son, Dyah Jayanegara. From his wife Gayatri Rajapatni, he had two daughters, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi. Other wives seemed to be childless, including his first wife, Tribhuwana.

After his death, Raden Wijaya was succeeded by his son, Jayanegara.

Personal life

According to George Coedes, prior to the fall of Singhasari, Wijaya was married to Gayatri Rajapatni, the daughter of Kertanegara, King of Singhasari. However, during the formation of the new kingdom Majapahit, he married the four daughters of Kertanegara.

The siblings were Parameswari Tribhuwana the oldest, Prajnaparamitha, Narendra Duhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. The reasons of Raden Wijaya's practice of siblings polygamy was to ensure his claim of legitimacy, also to prevent the contest for Kertanegara's Singhasari legacy. Raden Wijaya also took Indreswari (also known as Dara Petak), supposedly a princess of Malayu Dharmasraya Kingdom brought by Kebo Anabrang to Majapahit court from Sumatra through Kertanegara's Pamalayu expedition. Pararaton mentioned that Kala Gemet was born by Dara Petak, the Dharmasraya princess, while Nagarakretagama mentioned that he was born by Indreswari, leading to assumption that Indreswari was another name of Dara Petak. King Kertarajasa Jayawardhana has five wives, however in his posthumous portrayal as the god Harihara in Simping temple, his image was flanked by two female figures, suggested that he has two pramesvari (queen consort), one is Gayatri, the other is Tribhuwana or probably Dara Petak.

Spouses and Children

Supreme Queen

  1. Rajapatni Sri Rajendra Dyah Dewī Gayatri
    the youngest daughter of King Kertanegara of Singhasari

Queen

  1. Sri Parameswari Dyah Dewī Tribhuwaneswari
    the eldest daughter of King Kertanegara of Singhasari

Consorts

  1. Sri Mahadewī Dyah Dewī Narendraduhita
    daughter of King Kertanegara of Singhasari
  2. Sri Jayendra Dyah Dewī Prajña Paramita
    daughter of King Kertanegara of Singhasari
  3. Sri Indreswari
    born as Dara Petak, daughter of King Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauliawarmadewa of Dharmasraya

Children

  1. Tribhuwana, 3rd Queen of Majapahit
    born as Dyah Tya, daughter of Gayatri
  2. Jayanagara, 2nd King of Majapahit
    son of Dara Petak
  3. Rajadewi Maharajasa, 2nd Princess of Daha
    born as Dyah Wiyat, daughter of Gayatri

Death

According to the Nagarakretagama, King Wijaya died in 1309. He was buried in the Simping Temple (id) as "Harihara",[13] the combination of Vishnu and Shiva.

He was succeeded by his son Jayanegara.

See also

References

  1. ^ Slamet Muljana, 2005, Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan Timbulnya Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara, Yogyakarta: LKiS, ISBN 9798451163.
  2. ^ Web Editorial Team, Direktori Majapahit. "Masa Kejayaan (1293-1389)". Direktori Majapahit (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  3. ^ Adryamarthanino, Verelladevanka., Endrawati, Tri. (18 October 2022). "Cara Raden Wijaya Menghadapi Kedatangan Pasukan Mongol di Singasari". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c Sang, Siwi (21 September 2013). "Dua Naga Singasari". Kompasiana (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  5. ^ Web Editorial Team, Intisari Online (24 April 2023). "Sosok Rakyan Jayadarma: Tanpa Kematian Tragisnya, Konsep Majapahit Bisa Jadi Tak akan Pernah Muncul". Intisari Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  6. ^ Fuaddah, Muflika Nur (11 March 2022). "Tega Mengiris Kuping Utusan Kubilai Khan dari Mongol, Raja dari Kerajaan Terkuat di Jawa Waktu Itu 'Wariskan' Kelicikan pada Bakal Pendiri Majapahit". Intisari Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  7. ^ Mudjirahardjo, Panca. "Arya Wiraraja I, Raja I Sumenep". Brawijaya University Official Website (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  8. ^ Putri, Risa Herdahita (10 July 2018). "Ranggalawe Melawan Majapahit". Historia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  9. ^ Putri, Risa Herdahita (6 July 2018). "Pemberontakan Terhadap Majapahit". Historia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  10. ^ Ardiansyah, Rahmad (2 December 2020). "Peristiwa Pemberontakan di Kerajaan Majapahit". Idsejarah (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Beginning of the Mongol Collapse," Columbia University, Asian Topics Online
  12. ^ Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  13. ^ Mustopo, M. Habib (2005). Sejarah: Untuk kelas 2 SMA [History: For High School Class 2] (in Indonesian). Yudhisthira. ISBN 9789796767076.
Preceded by
—
 Monarch of Majapahit Empire
1294–1309 		Succeeded by
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