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Sankrityayan wrote extensively, his collection of works spanning more than 100 books on various subjects like Indology, Communism, Buddhism, and philology as well as various short stories, novels and plays. He was awarded the 1958 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his 2 volume ''"Madhya Asia ka Itihaas"'' (History of Central Asia).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyaya |first=Bhagavat Sharan |date=April–September 1959 |title=Madhya Asia ka Itihas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329331 |journal=[[Indian Literature]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=81 |jstor=23329331 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the country's third-highest civilian award, in 1963.<ref name="Padma Shri Awards">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Padma Awards|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|access-date=21 July 2015|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref> He died the same year, aged 70.
Sankrityayan wrote extensively, his collection of works spanning more than 100 books on various subjects like Indology, Communism, Buddhism, and philology as well as various short stories, novels and plays. He was awarded the 1958 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his 2 volume ''"Madhya Asia ka Itihaas"'' (History of Central Asia).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyaya |first=Bhagavat Sharan |date=April–September 1959 |title=Madhya Asia ka Itihas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329331 |journal=[[Indian Literature]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=81 |jstor=23329331 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the country's third-highest civilian award, in 1963.<ref name="Padma Shri Awards">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Padma Awards|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|access-date=21 July 2015|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref> He died the same year, aged 70.


==Childhood==
==Biography==
===Childhood===
Rahul Sankrityayan was born as Kedarnath Pandey, the eldest child in a [[Brahmin]] family in the village of Pandaha in [[Azamgarh district]] on the 9th of April, 1893.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Girish |last2=Pandey |first2=Braj Kumar |title=Sociology and Economics of Casteism in India: A Study of Bihar |date=1996 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-7307-036-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e41uAAAAMAAJ&q=Rahul |language=en}}</ref> on 9 April 1893 in [[Pandaha]] village.<ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Meri Jeevan Yatra]]|volume=1|pages=1–4; 465–488}} </ref> His ancestral village was Kanaila Chakrapanpur, [[Azamgarh district]], in Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Machwe1998">{{cite book|author=Prabhakar Machwe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPPlgMiM388C&pg=PA12|title=Rahul Sankrityayan (Hindi Writer)|date=1 January 1998|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-7201-845-0|pages=12–}}</ref> His mother tongue was [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].{{sfn|Chudal|2016|p=44}} For the previous seven generations his family had been landowners who earned their livings as farmers. His early education was arranged by his maternal grandfather, Ramsharan Pathak who had him educated in the [[Urdu]] language as at the time, Urdu was seen as the language of the court and an essential language for one to know if they intended to work in any adminitrative job in [[British India]]. In 1899, he also briefly attended at Hindu school in Badauda where he learnt the [[Devanagari]] script. Around 1902, Sankrityayan began to study [[Sanskrit]] with his uncle, Mahadev Pandit, who was a well-known scholar of the language.
Rahul Sankrityayan was born as Kedarnath Pandey, the eldest child in a [[Brahmin]] family in the village of Pandaha in [[Azamgarh district]] on the 9th of April, 1893.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Girish |last2=Pandey |first2=Braj Kumar |title=Sociology and Economics of Casteism in India: A Study of Bihar |date=1996 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-7307-036-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e41uAAAAMAAJ&q=Rahul |language=en}}</ref> on 9 April 1893 in [[Pandaha]] village.<ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Meri Jeevan Yatra]]|volume=1|pages=1–4; 465–488}} </ref> His ancestral village was Kanaila Chakrapanpur, [[Azamgarh district]], in Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Machwe1998">{{cite book|author=Prabhakar Machwe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPPlgMiM388C&pg=PA12|title=Rahul Sankrityayan (Hindi Writer)|date=1 January 1998|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-7201-845-0|pages=12–}}</ref> His mother tongue was [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].{{sfn|Chudal|2016|p=44}} For the previous seven generations his family had been landowners who earned their livings as farmers. His early education was arranged by his maternal grandfather, Ramsharan Pathak who had him educated in the [[Urdu]] language as at the time, Urdu was seen as the language of the court and an essential language for one to know if they intended to work in any adminitrative job in [[British India]]. In 1899, he also briefly attended at Hindu school in Badauda where he learnt the [[Devanagari]] script. Around 1902, Sankrityayan began to study [[Sanskrit]] with his uncle, Mahadev Pandit, who was a well-known scholar of the language.


In 1909, after completing middle-school, his grandfather intended for him to start receiving an English-medium education however Sankrityayan resisted this as he wished to be able to continue studying Sanskrit. He also termed English an "alien language.{{sfn|Chudal|2016|p=50}}
In 1909, after completing middle-school, his grandfather intended for him to start receiving an English-medium education however Sankrityayan resisted this as he wished to be able to continue studying Sanskrit. He also termed English an "alien language.{{sfn|Chudal|2016|p=50}}

⚫
===Travels===
⚫
Sankrityayan's travel history began in 1910, when he set out for the Western [[Himalayas]] for pilgrimages. He travelled to [[Haridwar]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]] with the intention of studying [[Vedanta]].{{sfn|Chudal|2016|p=72}} His grandfather learned about his travels and tried to retrieve him but met with little success. Afterwards Sankrityayan went to [[Varanasi]] and started his studies there in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Sankrityayan's Tibet Story |url=https://thewire.in/books/extract-rahul-sankrityayan-tibet-story |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=The Wire}}</ref> He also travelled to several other countries including [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Rahul Sankrityayan, the traveller who invented Hindi travelogue and knew more than 30 languages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/rahul-sankrityayan-father-of-hindi-travelogue-1267787-2018-06-23 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[China]], and the former [[Soviet Union]]. He spent several years in the Parsa Gadh village in the [[Saran district]] in [[Bihar]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} The village's entry gate is named "Rahul Gate".{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} While traveling, he mostly used surface transport, and he went to certain countries clandestinely; he entered Tibet as a [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]]. He made several trips to Tibet and brought valuable paintings and [[Pāli|Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[manuscript]]s back to India. {{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Most of these were a part of the libraries of [[Vikramshila]] and [[Nalanda]] Universities. These objects had been taken to Tibet by fleeing [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] during the twelfth and subsequent centuries when the invading Muslim armies had destroyed universities in India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Some accounts state that Rahul Sankrityayan employed twenty-two mules to bring these materials from Tibet to India. [[Patna Museum]] has a special section of these materials in his honor, where a number of these and other items have been displayed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


==Philosophy==
==Philosophy==
{{unreferenced section|date= June 2024}}
{{unreferenced section|date= June 2024}}
After taking [[Diksha]] in Sri Lanka he became [[Rāhula|Rahul]] (son of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]) also used his [[gotra]] ([[Sankriti|Sankritya]]) with his name and was finally called “Rahul Sankrityayan”. Later he became a Socialist and rejected the concepts of reincarnation and the afterlife. The two volumes of ''Darshan-Digdarshan'', a collected history of the world's philosophy give an indication of his philosophy where the second volume is much dedicated to [[Dharmakirti]]'s [[Pramanavarttika|Pramana Vartika]]. This he discovered in a Tibetan translation from Tibet.
After taking [[Diksha]] in Sri Lanka he became [[Rāhula|Rahul]] (son of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]) also used his [[gotra]] ([[Sankriti|Sankritya]]) with his name and was finally called “Rahul Sankrityayan”. Later he became a Socialist and rejected the concepts of reincarnation and the afterlife. The two volumes of ''Darshan-Digdarshan'', a collected history of the world's philosophy give an indication of his philosophy where the second volume is much dedicated to [[Dharmakirti]]'s [[Pramanavarttika|Pramana Vartika]]. This he discovered in a Tibetan translation from Tibet.

⚫
==Travels==
{{unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}
⚫
Rahul Sankrityayan's travel history began in 1910, when he set out for the Himalayas. He traveled with monks at first, but later journeyed alone. Sankrityayan's travels took him to different parts of India including [[Ladakh]], [[Kinnaur]], and [[Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Sankrityayan's Tibet Story |url=https://thewire.in/books/extract-rahul-sankrityayan-tibet-story |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=The Wire}}</ref> He also travelled to several other countries including [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Rahul Sankrityayan, the traveller who invented Hindi travelogue and knew more than 30 languages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/rahul-sankrityayan-father-of-hindi-travelogue-1267787-2018-06-23 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[China]], and the former [[Soviet Union]]. He spent several years in the Parsa Gadh village in the [[Saran district]] in [[Bihar]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} The village's entry gate is named "Rahul Gate".{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} While traveling, he mostly used surface transport, and he went to certain countries clandestinely; he entered Tibet as a [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]]. He made several trips to Tibet and brought valuable paintings and [[Pāli|Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[manuscript]]s back to India. {{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Most of these were a part of the libraries of [[Vikramshila]] and [[Nalanda]] Universities. These objects had been taken to Tibet by fleeing [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] during the twelfth and subsequent centuries when the invading Muslim armies had destroyed universities in India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Some accounts state that Rahul Sankrityayan employed twenty-two mules to bring these materials from Tibet to India. [[Patna Museum]] has a special section of these materials in his honor, where a number of these and other items have been displayed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


==Books==
==Books==

Revision as of 14:54, 26 October 2024

Rahul Sankrityayan
Rahul Sankrityayan
Bust of Sankrityayan in Darjeeling
BornKedarnath Pandey
(1893-04-09)9 April 1893
Pandaha, North-Western Provinces, British India
Died14 April 1963(1963-04-14) (aged 70)
Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
Occupation
  • Writer
  • essayist
  • scholar
NationalityIndian
SubjectBuddhism, Communism, History, Indology, philology, philosophy, Tibetology
Notable worksVolga Se Ganga, Madhya Asia ka Itihas, Meri Jeevan Yatra, Ghumakkad Shastra
Notable awards1958: Sahitya Akademi Award
1963: Padma Bhushan
SpouseSantoshi, Ellena Narvertovna Kozerovskaya, Kamala Sankrityayan

Rahul Sankrityayan (born Kedarnath Pandey; 9 April 1893 – 14 April 1963) was an Indian author, essayist, playwright, historian, scholar of Buddhism who wrote in Hindi and Bhojpuri. Known as "father of Hindi travel literature", Sankrityayan played a pivotal role in giving Hindi travelogue a literary form. He was one of the most widely travelled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home in locations like Russia, Tibet, China, Central Asia, etc.[1]

Knowing around 30 languages including English, Hindi, Bhojpuri, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Pali, Russian, Arabic, etc., Sankrityayan almost always wrote in Hindi.[2] The honorific mahapandit ("Great scholar" in Hindi) has been applied before his name since his lifetime.

Sankrityayan wrote extensively, his collection of works spanning more than 100 books on various subjects like Indology, Communism, Buddhism, and philology as well as various short stories, novels and plays. He was awarded the 1958 Sahitya Akademi Award for his 2 volume "Madhya Asia ka Itihaas" (History of Central Asia).[2][3] The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the country's third-highest civilian award, in 1963.[4] He died the same year, aged 70.

Biography

Childhood

Rahul Sankrityayan was born as Kedarnath Pandey, the eldest child in a Brahmin family in the village of Pandaha in Azamgarh district on the 9th of April, 1893.[5] on 9 April 1893 in Pandaha village.[6] His ancestral village was Kanaila Chakrapanpur, Azamgarh district, in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.[7] His mother tongue was Bhojpuri.[8] For the previous seven generations his family had been landowners who earned their livings as farmers. His early education was arranged by his maternal grandfather, Ramsharan Pathak who had him educated in the Urdu language as at the time, Urdu was seen as the language of the court and an essential language for one to know if they intended to work in any adminitrative job in British India. In 1899, he also briefly attended at Hindu school in Badauda where he learnt the Devanagari script. Around 1902, Sankrityayan began to study Sanskrit with his uncle, Mahadev Pandit, who was a well-known scholar of the language.

In 1909, after completing middle-school, his grandfather intended for him to start receiving an English-medium education however Sankrityayan resisted this as he wished to be able to continue studying Sanskrit. He also termed English an "alien language.[9]

Travels

Sankrityayan's travel history began in 1910, when he set out for the Western Himalayas for pilgrimages. He travelled to Haridwar, Rishikesh, Badrinath and Kedarnath with the intention of studying Vedanta.[10] His grandfather learned about his travels and tried to retrieve him but met with little success. Afterwards Sankrityayan went to Varanasi and started his studies there in 1911.[11] He also travelled to several other countries including Nepal, Tibet, Sri Lanka,[12] Iran, China, and the former Soviet Union. He spent several years in the Parsa Gadh village in the Saran district in Bihar.[citation needed] The village's entry gate is named "Rahul Gate".[citation needed] While traveling, he mostly used surface transport, and he went to certain countries clandestinely; he entered Tibet as a Buddhist monk. He made several trips to Tibet and brought valuable paintings and Pali and Sanskrit manuscripts back to India. [citation needed] Most of these were a part of the libraries of Vikramshila and Nalanda Universities. These objects had been taken to Tibet by fleeing Buddhist monks during the twelfth and subsequent centuries when the invading Muslim armies had destroyed universities in India.[citation needed] Some accounts state that Rahul Sankrityayan employed twenty-two mules to bring these materials from Tibet to India. Patna Museum has a special section of these materials in his honor, where a number of these and other items have been displayed.[citation needed]

Philosophy

After taking Diksha in Sri Lanka he became Rahul (son of Buddha) also used his gotra (Sankritya) with his name and was finally called “Rahul Sankrityayan”. Later he became a Socialist and rejected the concepts of reincarnation and the afterlife. The two volumes of Darshan-Digdarshan, a collected history of the world's philosophy give an indication of his philosophy where the second volume is much dedicated to Dharmakirti's Pramana Vartika. This he discovered in a Tibetan translation from Tibet.

Books

Sankrityayan understood several languages, including Bhojpuri, Hindi, Sanskrit, Pali, Magahi, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Tamil, Kannada, Tibetan, Sinhalese, French and Russian.[1] He was also an Indologist, a Marxist theoretician, and a creative writer.[1] He started writing during his twenties and his works, totaling well over 100, covered a variety of subjects, including sociology, history, philosophy, Buddhism, Tibetology, lexicography, grammar, textual editing, folklore, science, drama, and politics.[1] Many of these were unpublished.[1] He translated Majjhima Nikaya from Prakrit into Hindi.[1]

Rahul's Tombstone at Darjeeling.[citation needed] This tombstone is established at a place called "Murda Haati" which is a cremation ground downtown in the lower altitudes of Darjeeling around 25 minutes drive from the ChowRasta. The same place also has the tombstone of Sister Nivedita.

[citation needed]

One of his Hindi books is Volga Se Ganga (A journey from the Volga to the Ganges) – a work of historical fiction concerning the migration of Aryans from the steppes of the Eurasia to regions around the Volga river; then their movements across the Hindukush and the Himalayas and the sub-Himalayan regions; and their spread to the Indo-Gangetic plains of the subcontinent of India. The book begins in 6000 BC and ends in 1942, the year when Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian nationalist leader called for the Quit India movement. It was published in 1942. A translation into English of this work by Victor Kiernan was published in 1947 as From Volga to Ganga.[13]

His travelogue literature includes:

  • Tibbat Me Sava Varsha (1933)
  • Meri Europe Yatra (1935)
  • Athato Ghumakkad Jigyasa
  • Volga Se Ganga
  • Asia ke Durgam Bhukhando Mein
  • Yatra Ke Panne
  • Kinnar Desh Mein

More than ten of his books have been translated and published in Bengali.

Personal life and family

Sankrityayan on a 1993 stamp of India

Rahul was married when very young and never came to know anything of his child-wife, Santoshi.[citation needed] Probably he saw her only once in his 40s as per his autobiography: Meri Jivan Yatra. During his stay in Soviet Russia a second time, accepting an invitation for teaching Buddhism at Leningrad University, he came in contact with a Mongolian scholar Lola (Ellena Narvertovna Kozerovskaya).[citation needed] She could speak French, English, and Russian and write Sanskrit. She helped him in working on Tibetan- Sanskrit dictionary. Their attachment ended in marriage and the birth of son Igor Rahulovich.[citation needed] Mother and son did not accompany Rahul to India after the completion of his assignment.[citation needed]

Late in life, he married Kamala Sankrityayan, who was an Indian writer, editor and scholar in Hindi and Nepali. They had a daughter Jaya Sankrityayan Parhawk,[14] one son, Jeta. Jeta is a professor of Economics at North Bengal University.[15]

Death

Rahul accepted a teaching job at a Sri Lankan university, where he fell seriously ill with diabetes, high blood pressure and a mild stroke.[citation needed] He died in Darjeeling in 1963.[citation needed]

Rahul Nivas in September 2015

Eponymous awards

Awards About Awarded By
Rahul Sankrityayan National Award Contribution to Hindi travel Literature (also called Travel Litterateur's Honour) Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Government of India
Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Paryatan Puraskar For books written originally in Hindi on tourism and research. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India

Works

In Hindi

Novels

  • Baaeesween Sadi – 1923
  • Jeeney ke Liye – 1940
  • Simha Senapathi – 1944
  • Jai Yaudheya – 1944
  • Bhago Nahin, Duniya ko Badlo – 1944
  • Madhur Swapna – 1949
  • Rajasthani Ranivas – 1953
  • Vismrit Yatri – 1954
  • Divodas – 1960
  • Vismriti Ke Garbh Me

Short Stories

  • Satmi ke Bachche – 1935
  • Volga Se Ganga – 1944
  • Bahurangi Madhupuri – 1953
  • Kanaila ki Katha – 1955–56

Autobiography

Biography

  • Sardar Prithvi Singh – 1955
  • Naye Bharat ke Naye Neta (2 volumes) – 1942
  • Bachpan ki Smritiyan – 1953
  • Ateet se Vartaman (Vol I) – 1953
  • Stalin – 1954
  • Lenin – 1954
  • Karl Marx – 1954
  • Mao-Tse-Tung – 1954
  • Ghumakkar Swami – 1956
  • Mere Asahayog ke Sathi – 1956
  • Jinka Main Kritajna – 1956
  • Vir Chandrasingh Garhwali – 1956
  • Mahamanav Budha – 1956
  • Akbar – 1956
  • Simhala Ghumakkar Jaivardhan – 1960
  • Kaptan Lal – 1961
  • Simhal ke Vir Purush – 1961

Some of his other books are:-

  • Mansik Gulami
  • Rhigvedic Arya
  • Ghumakkar Shastra
  • Kinnar desh mein
  • Darshan Digdarshan
  • Dakkhini Hindi ka Vyaakaran
  • Puratatv Nibandhawali
  • Manava Samaj
  • Madhya Asia ka Itihas
  • Samyavad hi Kyon

In Bhojpuri

Plays

  • Tibbati Bal-Siksha – 1933
  • Pathavali (Vol. 1,2 & 3) – 1933
  • Tibbati Vyakaran (Tibetan Grammar) – 1933
  • Tibbat May Budh Dharm-1948
  • Lhasa ki or
  • Himalaya Parichay Bhag 1
  • Himalaya Parichay Bhag 2

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sharma, R. S. (2009). Rethinking India's Past. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569787-2.
  2. ^ a b Kumar, Kuldeep (21 April 2017). "A forgotten genius". The Hindu.
  3. ^ Upadhyaya, Bhagavat Sharan (April–September 1959). "Madhya Asia ka Itihas". Indian Literature. 2 (2): 81. JSTOR 23329331 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  5. ^ Mishra, Girish; Pandey, Braj Kumar (1996). Sociology and Economics of Casteism in India: A Study of Bihar. University of Michigan. p. 162. ISBN 978-81-7307-036-5.
  6. ^ Meri Jeevan Yatra. Vol. 1. pp. 1–4, 465–488.
  7. ^ Prabhakar Machwe (1 January 1998). Rahul Sankrityayan (Hindi Writer). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-81-7201-845-0.
  8. ^ Chudal 2016, p. 44.
  9. ^ Chudal 2016, p. 50.
  10. ^ Chudal 2016, p. 72.
  11. ^ "Rahul Sankrityayan's Tibet Story". The Wire. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  12. ^ "Remembering Rahul Sankrityayan, the traveller who invented Hindi travelogue and knew more than 30 languages". India Today. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  13. ^ Rahul Sankrityayana From Volga to Ganga, Rahula Publication, Mussorie, 1947.
  14. ^ Sankrityayan’s daughter protests shifting of Patna Museum Collection, Times of India, Sept 13, 2017
  15. ^ Roles of Rahul Sankrityayan in Nepalese Cultural Tourism is an analysis of Nepalese, BP Badal, Nepal Journal of Development Studies, 2019]

Further reading

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