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{{Short description|Second Count of Apulia and Calabria}} |
{{Short description|Second Count of Apulia and Calabria}} |
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[[File:Statue cathédrale Coutances Drogon de Hauteville.JPG|thumb|upright|A statue of Drogo was erected on the cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Coutances]] in 1875, to replace an original destroyed in the [[French Revolution|Revolution]].]] |
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'''Drogo of Hauteville'''<ref>In French he is ''Dreux'' or ''Drogon de Hauteville'' and in Italian ''Drogone d'Altavilla''.</ref> ({{circa|1010}} – 10 August 1051) was the second [[Count of Apulia and Calabria]] (1046–51) in southern Italy. Initially he was only the leader of those [[Normans]] in the service of Prince [[Guaimar IV of Salerno]], but after 1047 he was a territorial prince owing fealty directly to the [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]]. |
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{{Infobox noble |
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==Biography== |
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| name = Drogo of Hauteville |
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[[File:Italy 1000 AD.svg|thumb|Southern Italy before the Norman conquest]] |
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| title = [[Count of Apulia|Count of Apulia and Calabria]] |
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===Early life=== |
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| image = {{CSS image crop|Image = Statue cathédrale Coutances Drogon de Hauteville.JPG|bSize = 607|cWidth = 235|cHeight = 247|oTop = 155|oLeft = 200|Location = center}} |
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Drogo was born in the [[Duchy of Normandy]] to [[Tancred of Hauteville]] and his first wife, Muriella.<ref name=Theotokis>Theotokis 2021</ref> Around 1035, he arrived with his elder brother [[William Iron Arm|William]] in southern Italy. With his brother, he took part in the campaign of the [[Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine catepan]] [[George Maniaches]] in Sicily (1038) and then in the campaign of Guaimar IV against the Byzantines in Apulia (1041).<ref name=Manselli>Manselli 1960.</ref> In 1042, Drogo was one of the twelve Norman leaders who met at [[Melfi]] to elect his brother William their first count under Guaimar's suzerainty. In the ensuing twelve-part division of the conquered territory in northern Apulia, Drogo received [[Venosa]]. In 1044–45, Drogo fought on behalf of his brother in Apulia. In 1045, he seized [[Bovino]] from the Byzantines.<ref name=Manselli/> |
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| caption = Statue of Drogo outside [[Coutances Cathedral]] |
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| reign = 1046 - 1051 |
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| predecessor = [[William Iron Arm]] |
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| successor = [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]] |
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| noble family = [[House of Hauteville|Hauteville]] |
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| father = [[Tancred of Hauteville|Tancred]] |
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| mother = Muriella |
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'''Drogo of Hauteville''' (died 10 August 1051) was the second Norman [[Count of Apulia and Calabria|Count of Apulia]]. |
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| ⚫ | After William's death in 1046, Drogo and [[Peter I of Trani|Peter of Trani]] were vied to succeed him. Having the support of Guaimar, Drogo was elected as leader by his fellow Normans on 3 February 1047. |
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==Life== |
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| ⚫ | |||
Drogo was a son of [[Tancred of Hauteville]] by his first wife Muriella. [[Goffredo Malaterra]] records him as being the second son, after [[William Iron Arm]], while [[Romuald Guarna]] records him as being the third, coming after [[Serlo I of Hauteville|Serlo]] and [[Geoffrey of Hauteville|Geoffrey]]. Regardless, it is unlikely anyway that Drogo was older than Serlo, as Serlo stayed in Normandy to inherit their father’s possessions, while Drogo journeyed to Southern Italy.<ref name=":3"> {{Cite web |title=ALTAVILLA, Drogone d' - Enciclopedia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/drogone-d-altavilla_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SICILY |url=https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#GuillaumeIdied1166 |website=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |
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| ⚫ | On 3 February 1047, while the [[Emperor Henry III]] was visiting southern Italy, he received Drogo's [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] and invested him with all the territory which he already controlled. After this Drogo began using the title "Duke and Master of all Italy and Count of all the Normans of Apulia and Calabria".<ref>Manselli 1960: ''dux et magister totius Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae''.</ref> Although legally, as a direct vassal of the emperor, he was on the same plane as Guaimar, according to the opinion of the historian [[Ferdinand Chalandon]], he remained a feudal dependent of the prince of Salerno. When Drogo's younger half-brother, [[Robert Guiscard]], arrived in Italy before 1050, he was ordered to leave the service of Guaimar's rival, Prince [[Pandulf IV of Capua]], presumably on account of Drogo's obligations to the former.<ref name=Manselli/> Other newly arrived Normans also gave him trouble: [[Richard I of Capua|Richard Drengot]] attacked him and was captured. Only the intervention of Guaimar could secure Richard's release late in 1047 or early in 1048. |
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[[File:Tomba degli Altavilla.jpg|thumb|Tomb of the Hautevilles, [[Abbey of the Santissima Trinità (Venosa)|Abbey of the Santissima Trinità]], [[Venosa]]]] |
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| ⚫ | In 1051, Drogo met with [[Pope Leo IX]], when the latter visited southern Italy at the emperor's command to re-establish the "freedom of the church" (''libertas ecclesiae'').<ref name=Manselli/> Leo forced a promise from Drogo that he would stop the Normans from pillaging. In August, as he was returning from this meeting with the pope, Drogo was assassinated at Monteilaro,<ref>Also given as Montoglio, Monte Allegro or Monte Ilario, perhaps to be identified with [[Orsara di Puglia]].</ref> near [[Bovino]], the victim of a Byzantine conspiracy organised by the Catepan [[Argyrus (Catepan of Italy)|Argyrus]], who was planning the reconquest of Apulia. Drogo was buried in the [[Abbey of the Santissima Trinità (Venosa)|church of the Santissima Trinità]] in Venosa.<ref name=Manselli/> |
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Since Tancred had many sons, and his possessions weren’t enough to satisfy all of them, William and many of his brothers were soon forced to seek fortune elsewhere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |url=https://books.google.it/books/about/The_Normans_in_the_South_1016_1130.html?id=poRoAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Normans in the South, 1016-1130 |date=1967 |publisher=Longmans |isbn=978-0-571-25964-9 |language=en}}</ref> |
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<!--In 1047, he entered Apulia again and defeated the [[Catapanate of Italy|catepan]] [[Eustathios Palatinos]] near [[Taranto]]. His brother [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], who had arrived a short while earlier, forced [[Bari]] to conclude a treaty with the Normans. In 1047, Drogo captured [[Benevento]] with the permission of the Holy Roman Emperor. |
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===First years in Southern Italy=== |
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In 1048, Drogo commanded an expedition into [[Calabria]] via the valley of [[Crati]], near [[Cosenza]]. He distributed the conquered territories in Calabria and granted Robert Guiscard a castle at [[Scribla]] to guard the entrances. In 1050, he had to aid Guaimar in putting down the rebellion of one Guillaume Barbote.--> |
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{{See also|William Iron Arm}} |
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Around 1035/7, Drogo journeyed to [[Southern Italy]] with his brothers [[William Iron Arm]] and [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], to strengthen the ranks of [[Rainulf Drengot]], [[List of counts of Aversa|Count of Aversa]], the first Norman mercenary lord who had been granted a fief. Together with Rainulf, the Hauteville brothers took part in a military operation led by [[Guaimar IV of Salerno]] against [[Pandulf IV of Capua|Pandulf IV, Prince of Capua]].<ref name=":0"> {{Cite web |title=ALTAVILLA, Guglielmo d', detto Braccio di Ferro - Enciclopedia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/altavilla-guglielmo-d-detto-braccio-di-ferro_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |
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With time, Drogo and his brothers put themselves under the direct service of Guaimar IV. Under Guaimar’s authority, Norman and [[Lombards|Lombard]] forces served the [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine]] army in an attempt to conquer [[Sicily]] from the [[Saracen|Saracens]]. After two years, however, they left the expedition because of a loot dispute. In 1040 they joined a Lombard rebellion in Apulia, this time against the Byzantines.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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During said rebellion, Drogo’s brother William Iron Arm had managed to keep the Normans under his control, and was the key to many victories. Thus, in September 1042, William was nominated [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Count of all the Normans in Apulia]], with the Norman capital in [[Melfi]]. His title and territories were recognized by Guaimar IV; In turn, William declared himself Guimar’s vassal, as Guaimar assumed the title of [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Duke of Apulia and Calabria]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In this occasion, Drogo was given [[Venosa]]. He took advantage of his new possession, and also occupied [[Bovino]] in 1045.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | After William's death in 1046, Drogo and [[Peter I of Trani|Peter of Trani]] were vied to succeed him. Having the support of Guaimar, Drogo was elected as leader by his fellow Normans on 3 February 1047. Later that year, Drogo married Altrude of Salerno, a Lombard princess. He reached an agreement with the [[Abbey of Montecassino]], which intervened on his behalf to convince Guaimar to release the Norman [[count of Aversa]], [[Ranulf Trincanocte|Rainulf II]], whom he had imprisoned. |
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| ⚫ | On 3 February 1047, while the [[Emperor Henry III]] was visiting southern Italy, he received Drogo's [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] and invested him with all the territory which he already controlled. After this Drogo began using the title "Duke and Master of all Italy and Count of all the Normans of Apulia and Calabria".<ref>Manselli 1960: ''dux et magister totius Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae''.</ref> Although legally, as a direct vassal of the emperor, he was on the same plane as Guaimar, according to the opinion of the historian [[Ferdinand Chalandon]], he remained a feudal dependent of the prince of Salerno. When Drogo's younger half-brother, [[Robert Guiscard]], arrived in Italy before 1050, he was ordered to leave the service of Guaimar's rival, Prince [[Pandulf IV of Capua]], presumably on account of Drogo's obligations to the former.<ref name="Manselli">Manselli 1960.</ref> Other newly arrived Normans also gave him trouble: [[Richard I of Capua|Richard Drengot]] attacked him and was captured. Only the intervention of Guaimar could secure Richard's release late in 1047 or early in 1048. |
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| ⚫ | In 1051, Drogo met with [[Pope Leo IX]], when the latter visited southern Italy at the emperor's command to re-establish the "freedom of the church" (''libertas ecclesiae'').<ref name=Manselli/> Leo forced a promise from Drogo that he would stop the Normans from pillaging. In August, as he was returning from this meeting with the pope, Drogo was assassinated at Monteilaro,<ref>Also given as Montoglio, Monte Allegro or Monte Ilario, perhaps to be identified with [[Orsara di Puglia]].</ref> near [[Bovino]], the victim of a Byzantine conspiracy organised by the Catepan [[Argyrus (Catepan of Italy)|Argyrus]], who was planning the reconquest of Apulia. Drogo was buried in the [[Abbey of the Santissima Trinità (Venosa)|church of the Santissima Trinità]] in Venosa.<ref name=Manselli/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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Revision as of 17:18, 26 October 2024
Drogo of Hauteville | |
|---|---|
| Count of Apulia and Calabria | |
Statue of Drogo outside Coutances Cathedral | |
| Reign | 1046 - 1051 |
| Predecessor | William Iron Arm |
| Successor | Humphrey |
| Noble family | Hauteville |
| Father | Tancred |
| Mother | Muriella |
Drogo of Hauteville (died 10 August 1051) was the second Norman Count of Apulia.
Life
Drogo was a son of Tancred of Hauteville by his first wife Muriella. Goffredo Malaterra records him as being the second son, after William Iron Arm, while Romuald Guarna records him as being the third, coming after Serlo and Geoffrey. Regardless, it is unlikely anyway that Drogo was older than Serlo, as Serlo stayed in Normandy to inherit their father’s possessions, while Drogo journeyed to Southern Italy.[1][2][3]
Since Tancred had many sons, and his possessions weren’t enough to satisfy all of them, William and many of his brothers were soon forced to seek fortune elsewhere.[4]
First years in Southern Italy
Around 1035/7, Drogo journeyed to Southern Italy with his brothers William Iron Arm and Humphrey, to strengthen the ranks of Rainulf Drengot, Count of Aversa, the first Norman mercenary lord who had been granted a fief. Together with Rainulf, the Hauteville brothers took part in a military operation led by Guaimar IV of Salerno against Pandulf IV, Prince of Capua.[3][4]
With time, Drogo and his brothers put themselves under the direct service of Guaimar IV. Under Guaimar’s authority, Norman and Lombard forces served the Byzantine army in an attempt to conquer Sicily from the Saracens. After two years, however, they left the expedition because of a loot dispute. In 1040 they joined a Lombard rebellion in Apulia, this time against the Byzantines.[3][4]
During said rebellion, Drogo’s brother William Iron Arm had managed to keep the Normans under his control, and was the key to many victories. Thus, in September 1042, William was nominated Count of all the Normans in Apulia, with the Norman capital in Melfi. His title and territories were recognized by Guaimar IV; In turn, William declared himself Guimar’s vassal, as Guaimar assumed the title of Duke of Apulia and Calabria.[2][3][4] In this occasion, Drogo was given Venosa. He took advantage of his new possession, and also occupied Bovino in 1045.[1][4]
Count of Apulia and Calabria
After William's death in 1046, Drogo and Peter of Trani were vied to succeed him. Having the support of Guaimar, Drogo was elected as leader by his fellow Normans on 3 February 1047. Later that year, Drogo married Altrude of Salerno, a Lombard princess. He reached an agreement with the Abbey of Montecassino, which intervened on his behalf to convince Guaimar to release the Norman count of Aversa, Rainulf II, whom he had imprisoned.
On 3 February 1047, while the Emperor Henry III was visiting southern Italy, he received Drogo's homage and invested him with all the territory which he already controlled. After this Drogo began using the title "Duke and Master of all Italy and Count of all the Normans of Apulia and Calabria".[5] Although legally, as a direct vassal of the emperor, he was on the same plane as Guaimar, according to the opinion of the historian Ferdinand Chalandon, he remained a feudal dependent of the prince of Salerno. When Drogo's younger half-brother, Robert Guiscard, arrived in Italy before 1050, he was ordered to leave the service of Guaimar's rival, Prince Pandulf IV of Capua, presumably on account of Drogo's obligations to the former.[6] Other newly arrived Normans also gave him trouble: Richard Drengot attacked him and was captured. Only the intervention of Guaimar could secure Richard's release late in 1047 or early in 1048.
In 1051, Drogo met with Pope Leo IX, when the latter visited southern Italy at the emperor's command to re-establish the "freedom of the church" (libertas ecclesiae).[6] Leo forced a promise from Drogo that he would stop the Normans from pillaging. In August, as he was returning from this meeting with the pope, Drogo was assassinated at Monteilaro,[7] near Bovino, the victim of a Byzantine conspiracy organised by the Catepan Argyrus, who was planning the reconquest of Apulia. Drogo was buried in the church of the Santissima Trinità in Venosa.[6]
Drogo was succeeded by his younger brother Humphrey after a brief interregnum. A certain Richard, who joined the First Crusade, has been identified as Drogo's son.
Notes
- ^ a b "ALTAVILLA, Drogone d' - Enciclopedia". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
- ^ a b "SICILY". Foundation for Medieval Genealogy.
- ^ a b c d "ALTAVILLA, Guglielmo d', detto Braccio di Ferro - Enciclopedia". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ a b c d e Norwich, John Julius (1967). The Normans in the South, 1016-1130. Longmans. ISBN 978-0-571-25964-9.
- ^ Manselli 1960: dux et magister totius Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae.
- ^ a b c Manselli 1960.
- ^ Also given as Montoglio, Monte Allegro or Monte Ilario, perhaps to be identified with Orsara di Puglia.
Sources
- Raoul Manselli. "Altavilla, Drogone d'". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 2, Alberto Ghisalberti (ed.) Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 1960.
- H. M. Gwatkin and J. P. Whitney, edd. The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926.
- John Julius Norwich. The Normans in the South, 1016–1130. London: Longmans, 1967.
- Ferdinand Chalandon. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris: 1907.
- Christopher Gravett and David Nicolle. The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2006.
- George Beech. A Norman-Italian Adventurer in the East: Richard of Salerno. 1993.
- Theotokis, Georgios (15 March 2021). Bohemond of Taranto: Crusader and Conqueror. Pen and Sword Military. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-5267-4429-6. Retrieved 10 September 2024.