1951 Lebanese general election: Difference between revisions

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General elections were held in Lebanon on 15 April 1951, with a second round in some constituencies on 22 April.^[1] Independent candidates won the majority of seats. Voter turnout was 54.7%.^[2] The governing party, Constitutional Bloc, did not have a clear organization, so it is difficult to determine the number of its members who participated in this election.^[3] Nonetheless, the government backed three "Constutional" lists in Mount Lebanon and had 14 of their 22 candidates elected.^[4] Former Constitutionalist minister Camille Chamoun became an opposition candidate in an alliance with Kamal Jumblatt.

Results


Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Constitutional Bloc			–	N/A
	Kataeb Party			3	+3
	Progressive Socialist Party			3	New
	Armenian Revolutionary Federation			2	0
	National Bloc			2	+2
	Armenian Democratic Liberal Party			0	0
	Independents			–	+21
Total				10	+22

Total votes		194,849	–
Registered voters/turnout		355,902	54.75
Source: Suleiman.

Elected Members

List of elected members^[5]
Constituency	Elected member	Name in Arabic	List^[4]	Demographic
Beirut	Sami Solh	سامي الصلح	Solh	Sunni
	Abdallah El-Yafi	عبدالله اليافي
	Saeb Salam	صائب سلام
	Amin Beyhum	أمين بيهم
	Rashid Baydoun [Wikidata]	رشيد بيضون		Shiite
	Ramez Sarkis [Wikidata]	رامز سركيس		Protestant
	Henri Pharaoun	هنري فرعون		Greek Catholic
	Charles Helou	شارل حلو		Maronite
	Musa de Freij	موسى دي فريج		Minorities
	Movses Ter-Kaloustyan [Wikidata]^[A]	موسيس دركالوستيان		Armenian Orthodox
	Melkon Hayrapetyan [Wikidata]^[A]	ملكون هيرايديان		Armenian Orthodox
	Habib Abu Shahla	حبيب أبو شهلا		Greek Orthodox
	Joseph Chader^[B]	جوزيف شادر		Armenian Catholic
North Lebanon I Tripoli	Rashid Karami	رشيد كرامي	Karami	Sunni
	Hashem Al-Husseini	هاشم الحسيني
	Qabuli Zouk	قبولي الذوق
	Saadi Al Munla	سعدي المنلا
	Nasuh Al-Fadil	نصوح الفاضل
	Fouad Al-Bart	فؤاد البرط		Greek Orthodox
North Lebanon II Zgharta - Batroun - Koura	Antoine Estefan	انطوان اسطفان	Karam-Estefan	Maronite
	Camille Akl^[C]	كميل عقل
	Youssef Karam	يوسف كرم
	Hamid Frangieh	حميد فرنجية	Frangieh
	Qabalan Issa Al-Khoury [Wikidata]	قبلان عيسى الخوري	Frangieh
	Philippe Najib Boulos	فيليب بولس	Karam-Estefan	Greek Orthodox
North Lebanon III Akkar	Suleiman Al-Ali	سليمان العلي	Ali	Sunni
	Bashir Al-Othman	بشير العثمان		Sunni
	Yaqoub Al-Sarraf	يعقوب الصرّاف		Greek Orthodox
	Albert Al-Hajj^[D]	ألبير الحاج		Maronite
South Lebanon	Riad Al Solh^[E]	رياض الصلح	Asaad	Sunni
	Ahmed Asaad	أحمد الأسعد		Shiite
	Muhammad Safieddine [Wikidata]	محمّد صفي الدين
	Ali Badreddine	علي بدرالدين
	Muhammad Al-Fadl	محمّد الفضل
	Ali Bazzi	علي بزي
	Hussein Abdallah	حسين العبدالله
	Suleiman Arab	سليمان عرب
	Muhammad Ali Ghatimi	محمّد علي غطيمي
	Maroun Kanaan [Wikidata]	مارون كنعان		Maronite
	Rashad Azar	رشاد عازار		Maronite
	Nikola Salem	نقولا سالم		Greek Catholic
	Suhail Shehab	سهيل شهاب		Sunni
	Elias Traboulsi	الياس طرابلسي		Greek Orthodox
Beqaa	Sabri Hamadeh^[F]	صبري حمادة	Hamadeh-Haidar	Shiite
	Ibrahim Haidar	إبراهيم حيدر
	Fadlallah Hamadeh [Wikidata]	فضل الله حمادة
	Nazem Qadri	ناظم القادري		Sunni
	Rifaat Qazoun	رفعت قزعون		Sunni
	Jean Skaff^[B]	جان سكاف		Greek Catholic
	Habib Al-Mutran	حبيب المطران		Greek Catholic
	Youssef Hrawi	يوسف الهراوي		Maronite
	Shafiq Hanna Al-Daher	شفيق حنا الضاهر		Maronite
	Salim Al-Daoud	سليم الداود		Druze
	Iskander Sursock	اسكندر سرسق		Greek Orthodox
Mount Lebanon I Baabda - Matn	Emile Lahoud [Wikidata]	اميل لحود	Constitutional	Maronite
	Elias Al-Khoury	الياس الخوري
	Michel Doumit	ميشال ضومط
	Bashir Al-Awar	بشير الأعور		Druze
	Fouad Al-Khoury	فؤاد الخوري		Greek Orthodox
	Dikran Tosbat	ديكران توسباط	Opposition	Armenian Orthodox
	Elia Abu Joudeh	ايليا أبو جودة		Maronite
	Abdallah Al-Hajj^[G]	عبدالله الحاج		Shiite
	Pierre Eddé [Wikidata]^[H]	بيار إده	National Bloc	Maronite
Mount Lebanon II Chouf - Aley	Emile Bustani	اميل البستاني	Chamoun-Jumblatt	Maronite
	Camille Chamoun	كميل شمعون		Maronite
	Kamal Jumblatt^[I]	كمال جنبلاط		Druze
	Anwar Al-Khatib^[G]	أنور الخطيب		Sunni
	Ghassan Tueni^[J]	غسّان التويني		Greek Orthdox
	Majid Arslan	مجيد أرسلان	Constitutional	Druze
	Salim Al-Khoury	سليم الخوري		Maronite
	Bahij Takieddine [Wikidata]	بهيج تقي الدين		Druze
	Philippe Takla	فيليب تقلا		Greek Catholic
Mount Lebanon III Keserwan	Salim Al-Khazen	سليم الخازن	Constitutional	Maronite
	George Zouein	جورج زوين
	Raphael Lahoud	روفائيل لحود
	George Karam	جورج كرم
	Ahmed Al-Husseini	أحمد الحسيني		Shiite

Notes:

^ ^a ^b Member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
^ ^a ^b Member of the Kataeb Party.
^ Member of the Party of the National Bloc.
^ Member of the Kataeb Party. However, he was expelled soon after being elected.^[6]
^ Riad Solh's name was also on the opposition list, headed by Adel Osseiran and Bishop Boulos Al-Khoury, both lost the election.
^ Member of the Constitutional Bloc.
^ ^a ^b Member of the Progressive Socialist Party.
^ Elected in a runoff against Pierre Gemayel, leader of the Kataeb Party and a candidate on the Opposition list. Kamal Jumblatt allegedly persuaded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party to support Eddé.
^ Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party.
^ Former member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party which he was still affiliated with until around 1958.

Results by Constituencies

All candidates that could be identified as being close to the Constitutional Bloc or President Bechara El-Khoury, whether they were actually members by 1951, are marked as "Pro-Consitutional Bloc" below. There were confirmed Constitutionalists at the time of the election, such as Sabri Hamadeh and Majid Arslan, though the latter of which resigned from the bloc soon after the election.

Beirut

A list headed by the former Prime Minister during the mandate era, Sami Solh, won in its entirety. Although the list had a pro-government nature, after being appointed Prime Minister on 11 February 1952, Sami turned against the President, citing the Constitutional Bloc to be "men with authority hold power without being accountable and they interfere in all the affairs of the State".^[7]

Voters: 57652
Total Votes: 21988
Turnout: 38.14%


Sunni
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Sami Solh	سامي الصلح	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	14752	67.09%
Abdallah El-Yafi	عبدالله اليافي	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	14629	66.53%
Saeb Salam	صائب سلام	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	12808	58.25%
Amin Beyhum	أمين بيهم	Solh		Unclear	12175	55.37%
Muhammad Al-Jarawi	محمّد الجاروي	Popular		Unclear	7171	32.61%
Muhyiddin Al-Nsouli [Wikidata]	محيي الدين النصولي	Popular		Unclear	6584	29.94%
Hussein Sejaan	حسين سجعان	Popular		Unclear	4073	18.52%
Takieddin el-Solh	تقي الدين الصلح	Popular		National Call Party	3348	15.36%
Mustafa Al-Wais	مصطفى الويس	-		Unclear	5502	25.02%
Wafiq Tabbara	وفيق طبارة	-		Unclear	1653	7.52%


Shiite
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Rashid Baydoun	رشيد بيضون	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	14779	67.21%
Zahir Osseiran	زهير عسيران	Popular		National Call Party	6538	29.73%


Protestant
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Ramez Sarkis	رامز سركيس	Solh		Unclear	14775	67.20%
Anis Hanikati	أنيس هنيكاتي	Popular		Unclear	5380	24.47%


Greek Catholic
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Henri Pharaoun	هنري فرعون	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	13284	60.41%
Nasri Maalouf	نصري المعلوف	Popular		Chamoun affiliates	7411	33.70%


Maronite
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Charles Helou	شارل حلو	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	13180	59.94%
Jean Jalakh	جان جلخ	Popular		Unclear	3789	17.23%
Raif Abi Al-Lamaa	رئيف أبو اللمع	-		Independent	3930	17.87%

Minorities
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Musa de Freij	موسى دي فريج	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	12747	57.97%
Benoît Abu Sawan	بنوا أبو صوان	Popular		Unclear	6634	30.40%
Elie Khayat	ايلي خياط	-		Unclear	2257	10.26%

Armenian Orthodox
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Movses Ter-Kaloustyan	موسيس دركالوستيان	Solh		Tashnag	12004	54.59%
Melkon Hayrapetyan	ملكون هيرايديان	Solh		Tashnag	11946	54.33%
Edward Barsoum	أدوار برصوم	Popular		Unclear	5888	26.78%
Hrach Sharakyan	هراتش شراكيان	Popular		Unclear	6583	29.94%
Artin Madoyan	ارتين مادويان	-		Lebanese Communist Party	2765	12.58%
Grigor Khachatryan	كريكور خاتشاريان	-		Unclear	1099	5.00%


Greek Orthodox
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Habib Abu Shahla	حبيب أبو شهلا	Solh		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	11016	50.10%
Naseem Majdalani [Wikidata]	نصري المعلوف	Popular		Progressive Socialist Party	10333	46.99%


Armenian Catholic
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Joseph Chader	جوزيف شادر	Solh		Kataeb Party	9660	43.93%
Nubar Tor Sargsyan	نوبار طور سركسيان	Popular		Unclear	6987	31.78%
Tigran Shadarifyan	ديكران شادرفيان	-		Unclear	231	1.05%

North Lebanon I

Here, Rashid Karami made his debut in the parliamentary life of Lebanon. From then on, he would win every parliamentary election and sit in the parliament until his death in 1976. His list won in its entirety.

Voters: 23676
Total Votes: 13820
Turnout: 58.37%

Sunni
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Rashid Karami	رشيد كرامي	Karami		Karami affiliates	7684	55.60%
Hashem Al-Husseini	هاشم الحسيني	Karami		Karami affiliates	7590	54.92%
Qabuli Zouk	قبولي الذوق	Karami		National Call Party	6873	49.73%
Saadi Al Munla	سعدي المنلا	Karami		Unclear	6714	48.58%
Nasuh Al-Fadil	نصوح الفاضل	Karami		Unclear	6404	46.34%
Mayez Muqqadam	مايز المقدم	Muqqadam		Unclear	4238	30.67%
Ashraf Kabbara	اشرف كبارة	Muqqadam		Unclear	3687	26.68%
Shamseddine Raad	شمس الدين رعد	Muqqadam		Unclear	3550	25.69%
Muhammad Mustafa Alameddine	محمّد مصطفى علم الدين	Muqqadam		Unclear	3321	24.03%
Mustafa Zouk	مصطفى الذوق	Muqqadam		Unclear	3229	23.36%
Tariq Al-Yafi	طارق اليافي	-		Unclear	3135	22.68%
Samir Al-Rafei	سمير الرافعي	-		Unclear	2884	20.87%
Radwan Chahal	رضوان الشهال	-		Unclear	2666	19.29%
Akram Sultan	اكرم سلطان	-		Unclear	2065	14.94%
Hussein Al-Samad	حسين الصمد	-		Unclear	2159	15.62%
Salem Kabbara	سالم كبارة	-		Unclear	1407	10.18%
Abdallah Al-Bissar	عبدالله البيسار	-		Unclear	569	4.12%

Greek Orthodox
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Fouad Al-Bart	هاشم الحسيني	Karami		Karami affiliates	7734	55.96%
Gibran Nahas	جبران نحاس	Muqqadam		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	4053	29.33%

North Lebanon II

Voters: 33698
Total Votes: 18975
Turnout: 56.31%

Maronite
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Antoine Estefan	انطوان اسطفان	Karam-Estefan		Unclear	8739	46.06%
Camille Akl	كميل عقل	Karam-Estefan		National Bloc	8150	42.95%
Youssef Karam	يوسف كرم	Karam-Estefan		Unclear	7928	41.78%
Fouad Douaihy	فؤاد الدويهي	Karam-Estefan		Unclear	6903	36.38%
Nadra Issa Al-Khoury	ندرة عيسى الخوري	Karam-Estefan		Unclear	6855	36.13%
Hamid Frangieh	حميد فرنجية	Frangieh		Frangieh affiliates	7922	41.75%
Qabalan Issa Al-Khoury	قبلان عيسى الخوري	Frangieh		Unclear	7625	40.18%
Rene Moawad	رينيه معوض	Frangieh		Frangieh affiliates	6886	36.29%
Youssef Daw	يوسف ضو	Frangieh		Unclear	6676	35.18%
Boutros Tarabieh	بطرس طربيه	Frangieh		Unclear	6245	32.91%
Jean Harb	جان حرب	-		Unclear	4483	23.63%
Jawad Boulos	جواد بولس	-		Unclear	4301	22.67%
Asaad Al-Khoury	أسعد الخوري	-		Unclear	3665	19.31%
Saed Touq	سعيد طوق	-		Unclear	3399	17.91%
Jamil Kayrouz	جميل كيروز	-		Unclear	529	2.79%
Elias Al-Hayek	الياس الحويك	-		Unclear	352	1.86%

Greek Orthodox
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Philippe Boulos	فيليب بولس	Karam-Estefan		Unclear	7775	40.98%
Nicolas Ghosn	نقولا غصن	Frangieh		Frangieh affiliates	7670	40.42%
Michel Mufrej	ميشال مفرج	-		Unclear	3836	20.22%

North Lebanon III

The competition was carried out between Suleiman Al-Ali and Muhammad Aboud Abdul Razaq, political bosses of Akkar who were both in the pro-government coalition in 1947. Ali's list won in its entirety. The animosity between the duo would result in Abdul Razaq's assassination in 1953.

Voters: 19001
Total Votes: 11350
Turnout: 59.73%

Sunni
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Suleiman Al-Ali	سليمان العلي	Ali		Unclear	7367	64.91%
Bashir Al-Othman	بشير العثمان	Ali		Unclear	5737	50.55%
Muhammad Aboud Abdul Razaq	محمّد عبود عبدالرزاق	Abdul Razaq		Unclear	4086	36.00%
Mahmoud Marei Al-Khaled	محمود مرعي الخالد	Abdul Razaq		Unclear	4029	35.50%
Shawqi Dandash	شوقي دندش	-		Unclear	1486	13.09%

Greek Orthodox
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Yaqoub Al-Sarraf	يعقوب الصرّاف	Ali		Unclear	7313	64.43%
Wadie Atiyeh	وديع عطية	Abdul Razaq		Unclear	4035	35.55%

Maronite
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Albert Al-Hajj	ألبير الحاج	Ali		Kataeb Party	7183	63.29%
Michel Al-Daher	ميشال الضاهر	Abdul Razaq		Unclear	4170	36.74%

South Lebanon

The politics of South Governorate before the civil war is embodied in the rivalry of two Shiite families: Asaad and Osseiran. Same as the previous election, the heads of the families, Ahmed Asaad and Adel Osseiran, each led a list, both of which had Riad Al Solh as a candidate.

Voters: 58038
Total Votes: 35814
Turnout: 61.71%

Shiite
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Ahmed Asaad	أحمد الأسعد	Asaad		Unclear	24039	67.12%
Muhammad Safieddine	محمّد صفي الدين	Asaad		Unclear	23073	64.42%
Ali Badreddine	علي بدر الدين	Asaad		Unclear	22856	63.82%
Muhammad Al-Fadl	محمّد الفضل	Asaad		Unclear	22675	63.31%
Ali Bazzi	علي بزي	Asaad		National Call Party	22075	61.64%
Hussein Abdallah	حسين العبدالله	Asaad		Unclear	22107	61.73%
Suleiman Arab	سليمان عرب	Asaad		Unclear	21415	59.80%
Muhammad Ali Ghatimi	محمّد علي غطيمي	Asaad		Unclear	20929	58.44%
Adel Osseiran	عادل عسيران	Osseiran		Unclear	14484	40.44%
Ezzat Al-Zain	عزت الزين	Osseiran		Unclear	14521	40.55%
Kazem al-Khalil	كاظم الخليل	Osseiran		Unclear	13624	38.04%
Sadreddine Sharafeddine	صدرالدين شرف الدين	Osseiran		Unclear	13158	36.74%
Saed Osseiran	سعيد عسيران	Osseiran		Unclear	13014	36.34%
Abdul Latif Baydoun	عبداللطيف بيضون	Osseiran		Unclear	12634	35.28%
Ali Abdallah	علي العبدالله	Osseiran		Unclear	12062	33.68%
Muhammad Khalifa	محمّد خليفة	Osseiran		Unclear	11746	32.80%
Hussein Al-Zain	حسين الزين	-		Unclear	47	0.13%

Sunni
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Riad Al Solh	رياض الصلح	Asaad/Osseiran		Pro-Constitutional Bloc	25813	72.08%
Suhail Chehab	سهيل شهاب	Asaad		Unclear	22226	62.06%
Nazih Al-Bizri	نزيه البزري	Osseiran		Unclear	14260	39.82%

Maronite
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Maroun Kanaan	مارون كنعان	Asaad		Unclear	24553	68.56%
Rashad Azar	رشاد عازار	Asaad		Unclear	22650	63.24%
Antoine Francis	انطوان فرنسيس	Osseiran		Unclear	13006	36.32%
George Gideon	جورج جدعون	Osseiran		Unclear	11266	31.46%

Greek Catholic
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Nikola Salem	نقولا سالم	Asaad		Unclear	22390	62.52%
Hanna Al-Haddad	حنا الحداد	Osseiran		Unclear	11266	31.46%
Shukrallah Al-Haddad	شكرالله الحداد	-		Unclear	1423	3.97%

Greek Orthodox
Candidates		List	Party Affiliation		Votes	% of Total Votes	Elected?
Elias Traboulsi	الياس طرابلسي	Asaad		Unclear	20314	56.72%
Bishop Boulos Al-Khoury	المطران بولس الخوري	Osseiran		Unclear	15359	42.89%

References

^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p183 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
^ Nohlen et al., p184
^ Suleiman, Michael W. (1967). Political Parties in Lebanon: The Challenge of a Fragmented Political Culture. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 265.
^ ^a ^b Majid, Al-Raed Majid. تاريخ الإنتخابات النيابية من الآستانة إلى الدوحة (13) [History of parliamentary elections from Astana to Doha (13)]. Al Liwaa (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
^ "الدور التشريعي السابع" (in Arabic). الجامعة اللبنانية مركز الابحاث والدراسات في المعلوماتية القانونية. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
^ دهام, هتاف. "هل ينجح سامي الجميّل بين تسونامي «التيار» ودلال «القوات» في 14 آذار؟". Al Binaa (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 September 2024.
^ Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2007). A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780745324388.

[Tashnag_Member-6] Member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

[Kataeb_Member-7] Member of the Kataeb Party.

[Kutlah_Member-8] Member of the Party of the National Bloc.

[10] Member of the Kataeb Party. However, he was expelled soon after being elected.^[6]

[11] Riad Solh's name was also on the opposition list, headed by Adel Osseiran and Bishop Boulos Al-Khoury, both lost the election.

[Dustur_Member-12] Member of the Constitutional Bloc.

[PSP_Member-13] Member of the Progressive Socialist Party.

[14] Elected in a runoff against Pierre Gemayel, leader of the Kataeb Party and a candidate on the Opposition list. Kamal Jumblatt allegedly persuaded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party to support Eddé.

[15] Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party.

[16] Former member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party which he was still affiliated with until around 1958.

[1] Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p183 ISBN 0-19-924958-X

[2] Nohlen et al., p184

[3] Suleiman, Michael W. (1967). Political Parties in Lebanon: The Challenge of a Fragmented Political Culture. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 265.

[:0-4] Majid, Al-Raed Majid. تاريخ الإنتخابات النيابية من الآستانة إلى الدوحة (13) [History of parliamentary elections from Astana to Doha (13)]. Al Liwaa (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.

[5] "الدور التشريعي السابع" (in Arabic). الجامعة اللبنانية مركز الابحاث والدراسات في المعلوماتية القانونية. Retrieved 4 September 2024.

[9] دهام, هتاف. "هل ينجح سامي الجميّل بين تسونامي «التيار» ودلال «القوات» في 14 آذار؟". Al Binaa (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 September 2024.

[17] Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2007). A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780745324388.

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v t e Elections in Lebanon
General elections	1922 1925 1927 1929 1934 1937 1943 1947 1951 1953 1957 1960 1964 1968 1972 1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2018 2022
Municipal elections	1963 1998 2004 2010 2016 Beirut