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The '''Pesisir language''' (Pesisir: ''Bahaso Pasisi,'' [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|Bahasa Pesisir}}, {{Lit|coastal language}}), is a dialect of the [[Minangkabau language]] spoken by the Pesisir people, descendants of the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] who migrated to Tapanuli in the [[14th century]] and intermingled with other ethnic groups, including the [[Batak|Bataknese]] and [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatmawaty |first=Rindu |date=24 Sep 2024 |title=Asal Usul Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga |url=https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/996004/asal-usul-bahasa-pesisir-sibolga |website=[[Radio Republik Indonesia]] |language=id}}</ref> The Pesisir people reside in [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]], [[Sibolga]], the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]], and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]], along the western coastline of [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The history of this language began with the arrival of Minangkabau migrants from [[Pariaman]] in [[West Sumatra]], who came to trade along the northern west coast of Sumatra. These migrants then made contact with other ethnic groups, resulting in a linguistic acculturation with both languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | |
The '''Pesisir language''' (Pesisir: ''Bahaso Pasisi,'' [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|Bahasa Pesisir}}, {{Lit|coastal language}}), is a dialect of the [[Minangkabau language]] spoken by the Pesisir people, descendants of the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] who migrated to Tapanuli in the [[14th century]] and intermingled with other ethnic groups, including the [[Batak|Bataknese]] and [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatmawaty |first=Rindu |date=24 Sep 2024 |title=Asal Usul Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga |url=https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/996004/asal-usul-bahasa-pesisir-sibolga |website=[[Radio Republik Indonesia]] |language=id}}</ref> The Pesisir people reside in [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]], [[Sibolga]], the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]], and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]], along the western coastline of [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The history of this language began with the arrival of Minangkabau migrants from [[Pariaman]] in [[West Sumatra]], who came to trade along the northern west coast of Sumatra. These migrants then made contact with other ethnic groups, resulting in a linguistic acculturation with both languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Aisyah |first1=Siti |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |date=2022-09-01 |title=Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Pesisir Pasar, Kampung, dan Sorkam (Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif) |url=http://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara/article/view/1494 |journal=Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=2367 |doi=10.37905/aksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022 |issn=2721-7310}}</ref> As a result, the Pesisir language shares similarities with the Pariaman dialect of Minangkabau and has also been influenced by the [[Batak languages|Batak language]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Simatupang |first=Irfan |date=2022-10-30 |title=Eksistensi Masyarakat Pesisir di Sibolga: Studi Etnografi Tentang Keberadaan Etnis Pesisir di Sibolga |url=https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/index.php/AAJ/article/view/6866 |journal=Aceh Anthropological Journal |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.29103/aaj.v6i2.6866 |issn=2746-0436}}</ref> |
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The Pesisir language of Sibolga serves as a [[lingua franca]] for the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli. The Pesisir language is used as a means of communication. In daily interactions, the Pesisir language plays an important role. This role can be seen in many aspects of their lives, such as activities in the market, greetings, working on the beach and at sea, visiting, joking, and playing. The use of the language in these aspects is not limited to certain groups but encompasses all members of society, from children to the elderly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syafitri |first=Febriyanti |date=2021-02-13 |title=Interferensi Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Darur Rachmad Sibolga Sibolga Kajian Fonologi |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/23 |journal=Jurnal Basasasindo |language=id |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |issn=2775-4693}}</ref> |
The Pesisir language of Sibolga serves as a [[lingua franca]] for the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli. The Pesisir language is used as a means of communication. In daily interactions, the Pesisir language plays an important role. This role can be seen in many aspects of their lives, such as activities in the market, greetings, working on the beach and at sea, visiting, joking, and playing. The use of the language in these aspects is not limited to certain groups but encompasses all members of society, from children to the elderly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syafitri |first=Febriyanti |date=2021-02-13 |title=Interferensi Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Darur Rachmad Sibolga Sibolga Kajian Fonologi |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/23 |journal=Jurnal Basasasindo |language=id |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |issn=2775-4693}}</ref> |
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The Pesisir language is a [[Malayic languages|Malayic language]]. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from [[Brunei]], Indonesia, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], to the southernmost part of the [[Philippines]]. Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Taiwan]], [[Southeast Asia]], and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]. There are many [[Cognate|cognates]] found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=K. Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136755095 |language=en}}</ref> |
The Pesisir language is a [[Malayic languages|Malayic language]]. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from [[Brunei]], Indonesia, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], to the southernmost part of the [[Philippines]]. Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Taiwan]], [[Southeast Asia]], and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]. There are many [[Cognate|cognates]] found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=K. Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136755095 |language=en}}</ref> |
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The Pesisir language closely resembles the [[Minangkabau language]], particularly the Pariaman dialect.<ref name=":0" /> Lexically, it shares about 70% to 80% of its vocabulary with standard Minangkabau, while only about 20% with [[Batak Toba language|Batak Toba]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | |
The Pesisir language closely resembles the [[Minangkabau language]], particularly the Pariaman dialect.<ref name=":0" /> Lexically, it shares about 70% to 80% of its vocabulary with standard Minangkabau, while only about 20% with [[Batak Toba language|Batak Toba]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Tarihoran |first1=Rezky Khoirina |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |date=2022-07-20 |title=Lexicostatistics of Toba Language, Sibolga Language, and Minangkabau Language |url=https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/5815/pdf |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=18318–18328 |issn=2615-3076}}</ref> Research suggests that Pesisir and Minangkabau were once the same language but began to diverge around the [[14th century|14th century.]]<ref name=":1" /> Over time, the Pesisir language has developed its own distinct features, influenced by interactions with other local languages such as Batak and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]. While most of the vocabularies in the Pesisir language are derived from standard Minangkabau, the intonation, rhythm, and stress of the language are more closely aligned with the Batak languages.{{Sfn|Nasution|2021|p=iii}} Nevertheless, due to these linguistic similarities, most studies still classify the Pesisir language as a dialect of Minangkabau, though some also consider it a dialect of Batak or [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hutagalung |first1=Rut Hotmaida |last2=Siboro |first2=Hensani Br |last3=Hutagaol |first3=Merina |date=2023-06-22 |title=Valensi Verba Bahasa Batak Pesisir Dialek Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah |url=https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/1919 |journal=Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13848–13855 |issn=2807-4238}}</ref> |
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== Geographical distribution and usage == |
== Geographical distribution and usage == |
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== Dialects == |
== Dialects == |
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There are no official statistics on the number of dialects in the Pesisir language. However, studies suggest the existence of four distinct dialects: Barus, Sibolga, Singkuang and Sorkam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal | |
There are no official statistics on the number of dialects in the Pesisir language. However, studies suggest the existence of four distinct dialects: Barus, Sibolga, Singkuang and Sorkam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sihotang |first1=Suci Audina |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |last3=Dardanila |first3=Dardanila |date=2022-02-19 |title=The Kinship of Pesisir Barus, Pesisir Singkuang and Batak Toba Languages |url=https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/4215 |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5148–5164 |doi=10.33258/birci.v5i1.4215 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-16 |issn=2615-3076}}</ref> The differences between these dialects primarily lie in their [[phonology]], while their grammar and lexicon remain largely identical.<ref name=":0" /> For example, the word ''head'' is pronounced as ''kapalo'' in the Barus and Sibolga dialects, whereas in the Singkuang dialect, it is pronounced as ''kepalo''. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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| Pesisir | |
|---|---|
| Bahaso Pasisi | |
| Native to | Indonesia (North Sumatra) |
| Region | Sibolga, Central Tapanuli and the coastal areas of South Tapanuli and Mandailing Natal |
| Ethnicity | Pesisir |
Native speakers | 84,444 (2010)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
 Areas where Pesisir is spoken by the majority of the population
Areas where Pesisir is spoken by a significant minority of the population | |
The Pesisir language (Pesisir: Bahaso Pasisi, Indonesian: Bahasa Pesisir, lit. 'coastal language'), is a dialect of the Minangkabau language spoken by the Pesisir people, descendants of the Minangkabau who migrated to Tapanuli in the 14th century and intermingled with other ethnic groups, including the Bataknese and Acehnese.[2] The Pesisir people reside in Central Tapanuli, Sibolga, the coastal areas of South Tapanuli, and Mandailing Natal, along the western coastline of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The history of this language began with the arrival of Minangkabau migrants from Pariaman in West Sumatra, who came to trade along the northern west coast of Sumatra. These migrants then made contact with other ethnic groups, resulting in a linguistic acculturation with both languages.[3] As a result, the Pesisir language shares similarities with the Pariaman dialect of Minangkabau and has also been influenced by the Batak language.[4]
The Pesisir language of Sibolga serves as a lingua franca for the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli. The Pesisir language is used as a means of communication. In daily interactions, the Pesisir language plays an important role. This role can be seen in many aspects of their lives, such as activities in the market, greetings, working on the beach and at sea, visiting, joking, and playing. The use of the language in these aspects is not limited to certain groups but encompasses all members of society, from children to the elderly.[5]
Classification
The Pesisir language is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[6]
The Pesisir language closely resembles the Minangkabau language, particularly the Pariaman dialect.[3] Lexically, it shares about 70% to 80% of its vocabulary with standard Minangkabau, while only about 20% with Batak Toba.[7] Research suggests that Pesisir and Minangkabau were once the same language but began to diverge around the 14th century.[7] Over time, the Pesisir language has developed its own distinct features, influenced by interactions with other local languages such as Batak and Acehnese. While most of the vocabularies in the Pesisir language are derived from standard Minangkabau, the intonation, rhythm, and stress of the language are more closely aligned with the Batak languages.[8] Nevertheless, due to these linguistic similarities, most studies still classify the Pesisir language as a dialect of Minangkabau, though some also consider it a dialect of Batak or Malay.[9]
Geographical distribution and usage
The Pesisir language is predominantly spoken along the western coast of North Sumatra, particularly in Central Tapanuli, Sibolga, and the coastal areas of South Tapanuli and Mandailing Natal. Its geographical range overlaps with that of the Toba Batak and Mandailing languages, which are also widely spoken in these regions. In Sibolga, the Pesisir language is more commonly used by the residents of South Sibolga and Sibolga Sambas. In these areas, the majority of the population consists of fishermen who use the Pesisir language in their daily lives. Meanwhile, in North Sibolga, Batak is more predominantly spoken. In Sibolga Kota District, both languages are generally used, although Indonesian is more commonly spoken. However, in general, the people of Sibolga are usually able to speak both the Pesisir language and Batak, in addition to Indonesian.[4] Meanwhile, in Barus, Central Tapanuli, it is common for locals to code-switch between the Pesisir language, Toba Batak, and Indonesian in the marketplace, adjusting to the language spoken by their customers.[10]
In Sibolga and the surrounding regions, the Pesisir language holds a vital role in everyday social interactions, evident across numerous aspects of community life. This widespread use reflects the language's importance in maintaining social cohesion and cultural identity within the Pesisir community.[11] However, Indonesian is generally used as the medium of instruction in education. In some areas, however, students in the early grades (usually up to grade three) are also taught using the local language. In Sibolga, there are no schools that use the Pesisir language as the medium of instruction, either in written or spoken form. Books and other learning materials are not yet available in the Pesisir language. This is closely related to the number of teachers and students who are proficient in the Pesisir language.[11]
Dialects
There are no official statistics on the number of dialects in the Pesisir language. However, studies suggest the existence of four distinct dialects: Barus, Sibolga, Singkuang and Sorkam.[3][12] The differences between these dialects primarily lie in their phonology, while their grammar and lexicon remain largely identical.[3] For example, the word head is pronounced as kapalo in the Barus and Sibolga dialects, whereas in the Singkuang dialect, it is pronounced as kepalo.
References
- ^ Marbun, Arfiyah (2018). Perbandingan Bahasa Daerah Sibolga dengan Bahasa Indonesia di dalam Tataran Fonologi (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Medan: Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. p. 1.
- ^ Fatmawaty, Rindu (24 Sep 2024). "Asal Usul Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga". Radio Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian).
- ^ a b c d Aisyah, Siti; Widayati, Dwi (2022-09-01). "Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Pesisir Pasar, Kampung, dan Sorkam (Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif)". Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal. 8 (3): 2367. doi:10.37905/aksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022. ISSN 2721-7310.
- ^ a b Simatupang, Irfan (2022-10-30). "Eksistensi Masyarakat Pesisir di Sibolga: Studi Etnografi Tentang Keberadaan Etnis Pesisir di Sibolga". Aceh Anthropological Journal. 6 (2): 96. doi:10.29103/aaj.v6i2.6866. ISSN 2746-0436.
- ^ Syafitri, Febriyanti (2021-02-13). "Interferensi Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Darur Rachmad Sibolga Sibolga Kajian Fonologi". Jurnal Basasasindo (in Indonesian). 1 (1): 1–9. ISSN 2775-4693.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ a b Tarihoran, Rezky Khoirina; Widayati, Dwi (2022-07-20). "Lexicostatistics of Toba Language, Sibolga Language, and Minangkabau Language". Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal). 5 (3): 18318–18328. ISSN 2615-3076.
- ^ Nasution 2021, p. iii.
- ^ Hutagalung, Rut Hotmaida; Siboro, Hensani Br; Hutagaol, Merina (2023-06-22). "Valensi Verba Bahasa Batak Pesisir Dialek Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah". Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research. 3 (2): 13848–13855. ISSN 2807-4238.
- ^ Simanjuntak, Revonita (2022). "Penggunaan Campur Kode pada Proses Jual Beli di Pasar Barus Kecamatan Barus Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah". Jurnal Basasindo (in Indonesian). 4 (1). ISSN 2775-4693.
- ^ a b Simorangkir et. al. 1986, p. 5.
- ^ Sihotang, Suci Audina; Widayati, Dwi; Dardanila, Dardanila (2022-02-19). "The Kinship of Pesisir Barus, Pesisir Singkuang and Batak Toba Languages". Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal). 5 (1): 5148–5164. doi:10.33258/birci.v5i1.4215 (inactive 2024-11-16). ISSN 2615-3076.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Bibliography
- Simorangkir, Setiana; Lubis, Amir Husin; Sihombing, Heddina; Silitonga, Sortha (1986). Struktur Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga [Structure of the Pesisir Language in Sibolga] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
- Nasution, Abdusima (2021). Pesisir Barus dalam perspektif sejarah dan budaya sejak klasik hingga kontemporer [The Pesisir Barus in Historical and Cultural Perspectives from Classical to Contemporary Eras] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Zahir Publishing.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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