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| caption = John Jeremiah Johnson
| caption = John Jeremiah Johnson
| birth_name = John Jeremiah Garrison Johnston
| birth_name = John Jeremiah Garrison Johnston
| birth_date = {{birth date|1824|7|4}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1824|7|1}}
| birth_place = Hickory Tavern area, near [[Pattenburg, New Jersey]], US
| birth_place = Hickory Tavern area, near [[Pattenburg, New Jersey]], US
| death_date = {{death date and age|1900|1|21|1824|4|1}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1900|1|21|1824|4|1}}
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==Biography==
==Biography==
Johnson is said to have been born with the last name Garrison, in the area of the Hickory Tavern near [[Pattenburg, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kuhl|first1=John|title=300 Fun Facts about Hunterdon County|url=http://www.hunterdon300th.org/pdfs/FunFacts.pdf|website=www.hunterdon300th.org|access-date=March 24, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134955/http://www.hunterdon300th.org/pdfs/FunFacts.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Koppehaver|first1=Bob|title=Jugtown to Jutland: Trails, Tracks, and Taverns|url=http://www.njskylands.com/tour-jugtown-mountain|website=Skylands Visitor|publisher=Guest Services, Inc.|access-date=March 24, 2015|archive-date=February 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228074747/http://www.njskylands.com/tour-jugtown-mountain|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Mexican–American War]] he served aboard a fighting ship. After striking an officer, he deserted, changed his name to John Johnston so as to disguise his identity from the Navy,{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} and traveled west to try his hand at gold digging in [[Alder Gulch]], [[Montana Territory]]. He also became a "woodhawk", supplying [[Firewood|cord wood]] to steamboats.
Johnson is said to have been born with the last name Garrison, in the area of the Hickory Tavern near [[Pattenburg, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kuhl|first1=John|title=300 Fun Facts about Hunterdon County|url=http://www.hunterdon300th.org/pdfs/FunFacts.pdf|website=www.hunterdon300th.org|access-date=March 24, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134955/http://www.hunterdon300th.org/pdfs/FunFacts.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Koppehaver|first1=Bob|title=Jugtown to Jutland: Trails, Tracks, and Taverns|url=http://www.njskylands.com/tour-jugtown-mountain|website=Skylands Visitor|publisher=Guest Services, Inc.|access-date=March 24, 2015|archive-date=February 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228074747/http://www.njskylands.com/tour-jugtown-mountain|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Mexican–American War]] he served aboard a fighting ship. After striking an officer, he deserted, changed his name to John Johnston,{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} and traveled west to try his hand at gold digging in [[Alder Gulch]], [[Montana Territory]]. He also became a "woodhawk", supplying [[Firewood|cord wood]] to steamboats.


Rumors and legends about Johnson are common. Perhaps chief among them is that in 1847, his wife, a member of the [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes|Flathead American Indian tribe]], was killed by a young [[Crow people|Crow]] man and his fellow hunters, which prompted Johnson to embark on a vendetta against the tribe. According to historian Andrew Mehane Southerland,{{cn|date=January 2024}} "He supposedly killed and [[scalping|scalped]] more than 300 Crow Indians and then [[Human cannibalism|devoured]] their livers" to avenge the death of his wife, and "as his reputation and collection of scalps grew, Johnson became an object of fear."<ref>"Liver-Eating Johnson", in ''The Mythical West: An Encyclopedia of Legend, Lore, and Popular Culture'', Richard W. Slatta, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2001) p. 211</ref>
Rumors and legends about Johnson are common. Perhaps chief among them is that in 1847, his wife, a member of the [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes|Flathead American Indian tribe]], was killed by a young [[Crow people|Crow]] man and his fellow hunters, which prompted Johnson to embark on a vendetta against the tribe. According to historian Andrew Mehane Southerland,{{cn|date=January 2024}} "He supposedly killed and [[scalping|scalped]] more than 300 Crow Indians and then [[Human cannibalism|devoured]] their livers" to avenge the death of his wife, and "as his reputation and collection of scalps grew, Johnson became an object of fear."<ref>"Liver-Eating Johnson", in ''The Mythical West: An Encyclopedia of Legend, Lore, and Popular Culture'', Richard W. Slatta, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2001) p. 211</ref>


Accounts say that he would cut out and eat the [[liver]] of each Crow killed.<ref name=Crow>{{cite book |last=Thorp |first=Raymond W. |date=1958 |title=Crow Killer |location=New York|publisher=Signet |page=29 |isbn=978-0253020833 }}</ref> This led to his being known as "Liver-Eating Johnson". One tale ascribed to Johnson<ref>{{Cite book|last=McLoughlin|first=Denis|title=The Encyclopedia of the Old West|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1977}}</ref> (while other sources ascribe it to [[Boone Helm]]<ref name="Langford1912">{{cite book|last=Langford|first=Nathaniel Pitt|author-link=Nathaniel P. Langford|title=Vigilante days and ways: the pioneers of the Rockies; the makers and making of Montana and Idaho|url=https://archive.org/details/vigilantedaysan00unkngoog|quote=boone helm.|year=1912|publisher=[[A. C. McClurg|A. C. McClurg & Co.]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/vigilantedaysan00unkngoog/page/n84 74]}}</ref>) is that while on a foray of over {{convert|500|mi|spell=in}} in the winter to sell whiskey to his Flathead kin, he was ambushed by a group of [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] warriors. The Blackfoot planned to sell him to the Crow, his mortal enemies. He was stripped to the waist, tied with tight leather thongs and put in a [[Tipi|teepee]] with one guard. Johnson managed to break through the straps. He then knocked out the guard with a kick, took his knife and scalped him. He escaped into the woods and fled to the cabin of Del Goo, his trapping partner, a journey of about {{convert|200|mi|spell=in}}.
Accounts say that he would cut out and eat the [[liver]] of each Crow killed.<ref name=Crow>{{cite book |last=Thorp |first=Raymond W. |date=1958 |title=Crow Killer |location=New York|publisher=Signet |page=29 |isbn=978-0253020833 }}</ref> This led to his being known as "Liver-Eating Johnson". One tale ascribed to Johnson<ref>{{Cite book|last=McLoughlin|first=Denis|title=The Encyclopedia of the Old West|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1977}}</ref> (while other sources ascribe it to [[Boone Helm]]<ref name="Langford1912">{{cite book|last=Langford|first=Nathaniel Pitt|author-link=Nathaniel P. Langford|title=Vigilante days and ways: the pioneers of the Rockies; the makers and making of Montana and Idaho|url=https://archive.org/details/vigilantedaysan00unkngoog|quote=boone helm.|year=1912|publisher=[[A. C. McClurg|A. C. McClurg & Co.]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/vigilantedaysan00unkngoog/page/n84 74]}}</ref>) is that while on a foray of over {{convert|500|mi|spell=in}} in the winter to sell whiskey to his Flathead kin, he was ambushed by a group of [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] warriors. The Blackfoot planned to sell him to the Crow, his mortal enemies. He was stripped to the waist, tied with leather thongs and put in a [[Tipi|teepee]] with one guard. Johnson managed to break through the straps. He then knocked out the guard with a kick, took his knife and scalped him. He escaped into the woods and fled to the cabin of Del Gue, his trapping partner, a journey of about {{convert|200|mi|spell=in}}.


Eventually, after he had slain all of the tribe’s warriors, Johnson made peace with the Crow,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorp|first1=Raymond|title=Crow Killer|last2=Bunker|first2=Robert|date=1983|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253203120|location=Bloomington|pages=90–91}}</ref> who became "his brothers", and his personal vendetta against them finally ended after 25 years and scores of slain Crow men, women and children. However, the West was still very violent and territorial, particularly during the [[American Indian Wars|Plains Indian Wars]] of the mid-19th century. Many more Indians of different tribes, especially but not limited to the [[Sioux]] and the Blackfoot, would come to face the wrath of "Dapiek Absaroka" Crow killer and his fellow mountain men.
Eventually, Johnson made peace with the Crow,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorp|first1=Raymond|title=Crow Killer|last2=Bunker|first2=Robert|date=1983|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253203120|location=Bloomington|pages=90–91}}</ref> who became "his brothers", and his personal vendetta against them finally ended after 25 years and scores of slain Crow warriors. However, the West was still very violent and territorial, particularly during the [[American Indian Wars|Plains Indian Wars]] of the mid-19th century. Many more Indians of different tribes, especially but not limited to the [[Sioux]] and the Blackfoot, would know the wrath of "Dapiek Absaroka" Crow killer and his fellow mountain men.


[[File:Johnson cabin Red Lodge MT1.jpg|thumb|The cabin inhabited by Johnson in the 1880s in Montana, moved into Red Lodge, Montana and on display at the tourism office]]
[[File:Johnson cabin Red Lodge MT1.jpg|thumb|The cabin inhabited by Johnson in the 1880s in Montana, moved into Red Lodge, Montana and on display at the tourism office]]
[[File:Johnson grave IMG 0308.JPG|thumb|[[Bronze]] statue of Liver-Eating Johnson erected over his grave at [[Old Trail Town]] in [[Cody, Wyoming]].]]
[[File:Johnson grave IMG 0308.JPG|thumb|[[Bronze]] statue of Liver-Eating Johnson erected over his grave at [[Old Trail Town]] in [[Cody, Wyoming]].]]
Johnson joined Company H, [[2nd Colorado Cavalry]], of the [[Union Army]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] in 1864 as a private and was honorably discharged the following year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thorp |first1=Raymond |last2=Bunker |first2=Robert |title=Crow Killer |date=1983 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0253203120 |pages=90–91}}</ref> During the 1880s, he was appointed deputy sheriff in [[Coulson, Montana]], and a town [[marshal]] in [[Red Lodge, Montana]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Liver Eating' Johnson |work=The Butte Weekly Miner |publisher=Miner Publishing Company |date=November 24, 1898 |page=4}}</ref> In his time, he was a sailor, scout, soldier, gold seeker, hunter, trapper, woodhawk, whiskey peddler, guide, deputy, constable, and log cabin builder, taking advantage of any source of income-producing labor he could find. His final residence was in a veterans’ home in [[Santa Monica, California]], where he died on January 21, 1900. His body was buried in a [[Los Angeles]] veterans' cemetery. However, in 1974, after a six-month campaign by 25 seventh-grade students and their teacher, who did not believe he should be laid to rest among urban sprawl, Johnson's remains were relocated to [[Cody, Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeremiah Johnson's Body To Be Moved|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yWZQAAAAIBAJ&pg=3810,3838208&dq=jeremiah+johnson&hl=en|access-date=October 20, 2013|newspaper=[[Evening Independent]]|date=May 28, 1974|agency=[[Associated Press]]|page=12-A}}</ref> His epitaph reads "No More Crow Scalps".
Johnson joined Company H, [[2nd Colorado Cavalry]], of the [[Union Army]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] in 1864 as a private and was honorably discharged the following year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thorp |first1=Raymond |last2=Bunker |first2=Robert |title=Crow Killer |date=1983 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0253203120 |pages=90–91}}</ref> During the 1880s, he was appointed deputy sheriff in [[Coulson, Montana]], and a town [[marshal]] in [[Red Lodge, Montana]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Liver Eating' Johnson |work=The Butte Weekly Miner |publisher=Miner Publishing Company |date=November 24, 1898 |page=4}}</ref> In his time, he was a sailor, scout, soldier, gold seeker, hunter, trapper, woodhawk, whiskey peddler, guide, deputy, constable, and log cabin builder, taking advantage of any source of income-producing labor he could find. His final residence was in a veterans’ home in [[Santa Monica, California]], where he died on January 21, 1900. His body was buried in a [[Los Angeles]] veterans' cemetery. However, in 1974, after a six-month campaign by 25 seventh-grade students and their teacher, who did not believe he should be laid to rest among urban sprawl, Johnson's remains were relocated to [[Cody, Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeremiah Johnson's Body To Be Moved|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yWZQAAAAIBAJ&pg=3810,3838208&dq=jeremiah+johnson&hl=en|access-date=October 20, 2013|newspaper=[[Evening Independent]]|date=May 28, 1974|agency=[[Associated Press]]|page=12-A}}</ref> His epitaph reads "No More Trails".


''[[Jeremiah Johnson (film)|Jeremiah Johnson]]'' is a 1972 film by [[Sydney Pollack]] starring [[Robert Redford]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=20733|title=Crow Killer: the Saga of Liver-Eating Johnson|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=25 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925154317/http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=20733|url-status=live}}</ref> depicting his life.
''[[Jeremiah Johnson (film)|Jeremiah Johnson]]'' is a 1972 film by [[Sydney Pollack]] starring [[Robert Redford]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=20733|title=Crow Killer: the Saga of Liver-Eating Johnson|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=25 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925154317/http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=20733|url-status=live}}</ref> depicting his life.

Latest revision as of 09:40, 16 November 2024

John Liver-Eating Johnson
John Johnson
John Jeremiah Johnson
Born
John Jeremiah Garrison Johnston

(1824-07-01)July 1, 1824
Hickory Tavern area, near Pattenburg, New Jersey, US
DiedJanuary 21, 1900(1900-01-21) (aged 75)
Santa Monica, California, US
Other namesGarrison
OccupationMountain Man

John "Liver-Eating" Johnson, born John Jeremiah Garrison Johnston (July 1, 1824 – January 21, 1900), was a mountain man of the American Old West.

Biography

[edit]

Johnson is said to have been born with the last name Garrison, in the area of the Hickory Tavern near Pattenburg, New Jersey.[1][2] During the Mexican–American War he served aboard a fighting ship. After striking an officer, he deserted, changed his name to John Johnston,[citation needed] and traveled west to try his hand at gold digging in Alder Gulch, Montana Territory. He also became a "woodhawk", supplying cord wood to steamboats.

Rumors and legends about Johnson are common. Perhaps chief among them is that in 1847, his wife, a member of the Flathead American Indian tribe, was killed by a young Crow man and his fellow hunters, which prompted Johnson to embark on a vendetta against the tribe. According to historian Andrew Mehane Southerland,[citation needed] "He supposedly killed and scalped more than 300 Crow Indians and then devoured their livers" to avenge the death of his wife, and "as his reputation and collection of scalps grew, Johnson became an object of fear."[3]

Accounts say that he would cut out and eat the liver of each Crow killed.[4] This led to his being known as "Liver-Eating Johnson". One tale ascribed to Johnson[5] (while other sources ascribe it to Boone Helm[6]) is that while on a foray of over five hundred miles (800 km) in the winter to sell whiskey to his Flathead kin, he was ambushed by a group of Blackfoot warriors. The Blackfoot planned to sell him to the Crow, his mortal enemies. He was stripped to the waist, tied with leather thongs and put in a teepee with one guard. Johnson managed to break through the straps. He then knocked out the guard with a kick, took his knife and scalped him. He escaped into the woods and fled to the cabin of Del Gue, his trapping partner, a journey of about two hundred miles (320 km).

Eventually, Johnson made peace with the Crow,[7] who became "his brothers", and his personal vendetta against them finally ended after 25 years and scores of slain Crow warriors. However, the West was still very violent and territorial, particularly during the Plains Indian Wars of the mid-19th century. Many more Indians of different tribes, especially but not limited to the Sioux and the Blackfoot, would know the wrath of "Dapiek Absaroka" Crow killer and his fellow mountain men.

The cabin inhabited by Johnson in the 1880s in Montana, moved into Red Lodge, Montana and on display at the tourism office
Bronze statue of Liver-Eating Johnson erected over his grave at Old Trail Town in Cody, Wyoming.

Johnson joined Company H, 2nd Colorado Cavalry, of the Union Army in St. Louis in 1864 as a private and was honorably discharged the following year.[8] During the 1880s, he was appointed deputy sheriff in Coulson, Montana, and a town marshal in Red Lodge, Montana.[9] In his time, he was a sailor, scout, soldier, gold seeker, hunter, trapper, woodhawk, whiskey peddler, guide, deputy, constable, and log cabin builder, taking advantage of any source of income-producing labor he could find. His final residence was in a veterans’ home in Santa Monica, California, where he died on January 21, 1900. His body was buried in a Los Angeles veterans' cemetery. However, in 1974, after a six-month campaign by 25 seventh-grade students and their teacher, who did not believe he should be laid to rest among urban sprawl, Johnson's remains were relocated to Cody, Wyoming.[10] His epitaph reads "No More Trails".

Jeremiah Johnson is a 1972 film by Sydney Pollack starring Robert Redford[11] depicting his life.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kuhl, John. "300 Fun Facts about Hunterdon County" (PDF). www.hunterdon300th.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  2. ^ Koppehaver, Bob. "Jugtown to Jutland: Trails, Tracks, and Taverns". Skylands Visitor. Guest Services, Inc. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  3. ^ "Liver-Eating Johnson", in The Mythical West: An Encyclopedia of Legend, Lore, and Popular Culture, Richard W. Slatta, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2001) p. 211
  4. ^ Thorp, Raymond W. (1958). Crow Killer. New York: Signet. p. 29. ISBN 978-0253020833.
  5. ^ McLoughlin, Denis (1977). The Encyclopedia of the Old West. Taylor & Francis.
  6. ^ Langford, Nathaniel Pitt (1912). Vigilante days and ways: the pioneers of the Rockies; the makers and making of Montana and Idaho. A. C. McClurg & Co. p. 74. boone helm.
  7. ^ Thorp, Raymond; Bunker, Robert (1983). Crow Killer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0253203120.
  8. ^ Thorp, Raymond; Bunker, Robert (1983). Crow Killer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0253203120.
  9. ^ "'Liver Eating' Johnson". The Butte Weekly Miner. Miner Publishing Company. November 24, 1898. p. 4.
  10. ^ "Jeremiah Johnson's Body To Be Moved". Evening Independent. Associated Press. May 28, 1974. p. 12-A. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  11. ^ "Crow Killer: the Saga of Liver-Eating Johnson". Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2014.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Jon Axline, "In League with the Devil: Boone Helm and 'Liver-Eatin' Johnston'," in, Still Speaking Ill of the Dead: More Jerks in Montana History, edited by Jon Axline and Jodie Foley. Guilford, Connecticut and Helena, Montana: Two Dot,Globe Pequot Press, 2005.
  • Nathan E. Bender, "Perceptions of a Mountain Man: John "Jeremiah Liver-Eating" Johnston at Old Trail Town, Cody, Wyoming." The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal v.1 (2007): 93–106. Published by Museum of the Mountain Man, Pinedale, Wyoming.
  • Nathan E. Bender, "The Abandoned Scout’s Revenge: Origins of the Crow Killer Saga of Liver-Eating Johnson," Annals of Wyoming v. 78 n. 4 (Autumn 2006): 2–17. Published by the Wyoming State Historical Society.
  • Nathan E. Bender, "A Hawken Rifle and Bowie Knife of John ‘Liver-Eating’ Johnson," Arms & Armour: Journal of the Royal Armouries, v. 3 n. 2 (October 2006): 159–170.
  • William T. Hamilton, Journal of a Mountaineer edited by Douglas W. Ellison, Western Edge Book Distributing: Medora, ND, 2010
  • Jim Annin, They Gazed on the Beartooths, v. 2 (1964): 225–227
  • McLelland, Dennis J., "The Avenging Fury of the Plains: John Liver Eating Johnston," Infinity Publishing ISBN 978-0741445278, 2008
  • Felton & Fowler's Famous Americans You Never Knew Existed, By Bruce Felton and Mark Fowler, Stein and Day, 1979 ISBN 978-0812825114
  • The Never-Ending Lives of Liver-Eating Johnson by D. J. Herda (2019). TWODOT Books ISBN 978-1493038251
[edit]
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