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* Arkansas Razorbacks, Athletic Director 2024-present
* [[Dallas Cowboys]] ({{NFL Year|1989}}–present) <br /> Owner / president / general manager
[[Dallas Cowboys]] ({{NFL Year|1989}}–2024) <br /> Owner / president / general manager
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Revision as of 14:00, 19 November 2024

This article is about the owner of the Dallas Cowboys. For other people named Jerry Jones, see Jerry Jones (disambiguation).

Jerry Jones
refer to caption
Jones in 2017
Arkansas Razorbacks
Position:Athletic Director
Personal information
Born: (1942-10-13) October 13, 1942 (age 82)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Height:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
Weight:195 lb (88 kg)
Career information
High school:North Little Rock (AR)
College:Arkansas
Career history
As an executive:
  • Arkansas Razorbacks, Athletic Director 2024-present
Dallas Cowboys (1989–2024)
Owner / president / general manager
Executive profile at Pro Football Reference
Career highlights and awards
As owner
As player
Pro Football Hall of Fame

Jerral Wayne Jones Sr. (born October 13, 1942)[1][2] is an American businessman who is the owner, president, and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He bought the team from Bum Bright in 1989.

Jones was born in Los Angeles, California, and moved to North Little Rock, Arkansas as a child. His parents owned an independent grocery store. Jones was a running back at North Little Rock High School, graduating in 1960. Afterward, his family moved to Springfield, Missouri, where his father led a successful insurance company. Jones attended the University of Arkansas, co-captaining the 1964 national championship football team.[3] Following graduation, he became an executive vice president at his family's insurance company.[4] After selling it, the Joneses established Buena Vista Animal Paradise.[5]

In 1989, Jones purchased the Dallas Cowboys for $140 million, and swiftly replaced Tom Landry with Jimmy Johnson as the head coach. Under Jones, the team achieved success, winning Super Bowl XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX. Jones stands out as an NFL owner with a successful football player background. Despite initial criticism for firing beloved personnel, Jones' leadership elevated the franchise's value to an estimated $10 billion. He played a pivotal role in securing lucrative TV deals, contributing to the NFL's financial prosperity. Criticized for his high visibility and controversial decisions as both owner and general manager, Jones remains a polarizing figure among fans. Notably, he mended relations with Johnson in 2023, inducting him into the Cowboys Ring of Honor. Jones also influenced team relocations and faced fines from the NFL for public comments on officiating and labor issues. Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2017, Jones has been a recipient of various honors. He has an estimated net worth of $8.5 billion, mainly from his Cowboys ownership.

Early life

Jones was born in Los Angeles, California, to John "Pat" and Arminta Jones. The family moved back to North Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1945.[6] His parents owned two branches of Pat's Super Market in the Rose City neighborhood of North Little Rock.[7] Jones was a running back at North Little Rock High School, graduating in 1960.

After his graduation, Jones' parents moved to Springfield, Missouri, where Pat was president and chairman of Modern Security Life Insurance Co. The company, which an advertisement billed as a "one in a million" company, saw its assets increase from $440,299.76 in its first statement in 1961 to $6,230,607 in 1965 ($4,643,041.96 to $62,365,606.91 in 2024). After graduating from the University of Arkansas, Jerral W. Jones was listed as an executive vice president.[8] With the success of the company, the Joneses assembled the 5,500-acre (2,200 ha) Buena Vista Ranch east of Springfield in Rogersville, Missouri, in the Ozark Mountains. In 1971, after selling the insurance company, the couple carved out 400 acres (160 ha) of their ranch to start Buena Vista Animal Paradise, where tourists could visit exotic animals (now Wild Animal Safari in Strafford, Missouri, just south of Interstate 44).[9]

College football career

Jones attended the University of Arkansas, where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity.[10] He was co-captain of Arkansas' 1964 national championship football team. He was an offensive lineman for College Football Hall of Fame coach Frank Broyles and a teammate of college football and NFL coach Jimmy Johnson, whom Jones hired as his first head coach after purchasing the Cowboys.[11]

Other notable teammates were Glen Ray Hines, a consensus All-American offensive tackle; Ken Hatfield, who went on to coach several major programs including Arkansas; Jim Lindsey; future Outland Trophy winner Loyd Phillips; and College Football Hall of Fame linebacker Ronnie Caveness.[12] Several future head coaches were assistant coaches for Broyles on the Razorbacks' staff during Jones' college career in Fayetteville, including three more members of the College Football Hall of Fame: Hayden Fry (Southern Methodist University, North Texas State University, and the University of Iowa); Johnny Majors (Iowa State University, University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Tennessee), and Barry Switzer (University of Oklahoma, and later head coach of the Cowboys under Jones).[12]

Jones is one of a very small number of NFL owners who had a significant level of success as a football player.[13]

Business ventures

According to an interview with Jones on HBO, after graduating from college in 1965, he borrowed a million dollars from Jimmy Hoffa's Teamsters union to open up a string of Shakey's Pizza Parlor restaurants in Missouri.[14] When that venture failed, Jones was given a job at his father's insurance company, Modern Security Life of Springfield, Missouri. He received his master's degree in business in 1970. After several other unsuccessful business ventures (including an attempt, again using Teamsters money, to purchase the American Football League's San Diego Chargers in 1966),[15] he began an oil and gas exploration business in Arkansas, Jones Oil and Land Lease, which became successful.[16] His privately held company currently does natural resource prospecting.[17]

In 2008, Jones formed a partnership with Yankee Global Enterprises to create Legends Hospitality, a food, beverage, merchandise, retail, and stadium operations corporation serving entertainment venues.[18]

Jones gifts George H. W. Bush a Cowboys helmet, 1989.

Dallas Cowboys

On February 25, 1989, Jones purchased the Cowboys from H. R. "Bum" Bright for $140 million (equivalent to $300 million in 2023).[19] Soon after the purchase, he fired longtime coach Tom Landry, to that point the only coach in the team's history,[20] in favor of his old teammate at Arkansas, Jimmy Johnson. At the time Johnson was head coach of the University of Miami Hurricanes, which he had led to a national championship in 1987.[11] A few months later, Jones fired longtime general manager Tex Schramm and assumed complete control over football matters.[21]

After a slow start under Jones and Johnson (the first season under Jones, a 1–15 finish,[22] remains second only to the team's inaugural season in terms of futility),[23] they quickly built a team often considered one of the best NFL franchises of the 1990s. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXVII in the 1992 season,[24] as well as Super Bowl XXVIII the following year.[25] Johnson then departed and was replaced by Barry Switzer, who won Super Bowl XXX in the 1995 season.[26]

At the time of the sale, the financially troubled Bright claimed to be losing $1 million per month on the franchise.[27] During Jones' tenure, the Cowboys have appreciated in value to an estimated $5.5 billion, turning its owner into a billionaire in the process.[28] Much of the league's financial success since 1989 has been credited to Jones himself. In particular, he was decisive in securing Fox as the NFC's primary broadcaster at a time when the traditional "Big Three" networks were trying to convince the league into accepting a rollback in television rights fees.[29]

Increased television revenues have played a decisive role in securing the NFL's place as the world's richest sports league, with revenues of well over $10 billion per season.[30]

The 2020 NFL season was Jones's 32nd as Cowboys owner, longer than the combined tenures of his predecessors.[31]

Criticism

Gulfstream G-V N1DC Dallas Cowboys owner's personal plane at Van Nuys Airport

In an online poll from October 8, 2003, Jones was named the least-favorite sports personality by Sports Illustrated, in three states (Virginia, Delaware, and Texas).[32]

Jones is often vilified by fans who remain bitter at his unceremonious firings of longtime Cowboys personnel who were fan favorites, head coach Tom Landry and general manager Tex Schramm, even though the Cowboys had done poorly the last few seasons before Jones became owner. Jones stated he did not give consideration to retaining Landry for even a season, as he said he would not have purchased the team unless he could hire Johnson as coach. Jones did not discuss the matter with Landry before announcing the decision. This was denounced by football fans and media as lacking class and respect, as pride and tradition were part of the Cowboys, where great performance and loyal service were expected to be rewarded. Since the dismissal, Jones indicated that he regrets the process of Landry's firing and his role in it. It later emerged that Jones' predecessor, Bright, had been dissatisfied with Landry for years and offered to relieve Jones of the inevitable criticism by dismissing the longtime coach himself prior to selling the team.[29] Bright had wanted to fire Landry as early as 1987, only to have Schramm tell him that there wasn't a suitable replacement available.[33]

Some of the fan criticism is due to Jones's high visibility and involvement as the "face of the team",[34] a contrast to both Bright and the Cowboys' original owner, Clint Murchison Jr. Jones's prominent role has led to fans expressing displeasure with Jones and the lack of success of the franchise, with particular criticism of Jones serving as his own general manager.[35] There was particular criticism of Jones over his conflict with head coach Jimmy Johnson, as Jones "wanted Cowboys fans to know he had helped build those Super Bowl-winning teams", while "Johnson insisted that he made all of the personnel moves" because he had the final say in football matters and refused to relinquish this power. Consequently, Jones ousted Johnson after the 1993 season despite two consecutive Super Bowl wins, and refused to induct Johnson into the Cowboys Ring of Honor for 30 years. On November 19, 2023, Jones announced that Johnson would be inducted into the Cowboys Ring of Honor on December 30 of that year.[36] Jones also initially promised Bill Parcells, the Cowboys' head coach from 2003 through 2006, complete control over football matters; however, their relationship broke down after Jones signed controversial wide receiver Terrell Owens. Parcells' successor, Wade Phillips, complained to friends about being "undermined and second-guessed, repeatedly" by Jones.[37]

Jones and Mike Brown of the Cincinnati Bengals are the only two active NFL owners who have the title or powers of general manager. Jones stated that working as his own general manager helps streamline decision-making and communication lines with the coaching staff.[38] Over Jones' tenure, Cowboys fans have organized a number of grassroots efforts to displace Jones from his position.[39]

Jones is the subject of the 2008 book Playing to Win by David Magee. In the book, Jones admitted he handled the firing of Landry poorly and accepted some blame for the disintegration of his relationship with Landry's successor, Jimmy Johnson.[citation needed]

Jones became involved in the St. Louis Rams move back to Los Angeles with Rams owner Stan Kroenke in 2016. He was instrumental in brokering a deal between Kroenke, San Diego Chargers owner Dean Spanos, and Oakland Raiders owner Mark Davis to ensure that Kroenke's SoFi Stadium plan passed, which it did via a 30–2 owners' vote in favor. Jones' support and role in the negotiations were criticized by some fans and sports media in St. Louis.[40] Jones was also a key proponent of the Oakland Raiders' move to Las Vegas to play at Allegiant Stadium.[41]

NFL fines

Jones was fined $25,000 by the NFL for publicly criticizing referee Ed Hochuli after Hochuli made a call in a game between the San Diego Chargers and the Denver Broncos on September 14, 2008. Jones made comments both to the press and on his radio show, saying Hochuli was one of the most criticized officials in the NFL. This was Jones' first fine by the NFL.[42]

In 2009, Jones was fined $100,000 for violating a gag order on labor issues, commenting that revenue sharing was "on its way out".[43] Commissioner Roger Goodell had issued a gag order for all owners and team executives from discussing any aspect of the pending labor issues. Jones "crossed the line", drawing a "six-figure" fine, sources said, as the commissioner distributed a memo to all 32 owners, along with a reminder that the gag order remains in effect. Goodell did not disclose the specific amount of Jones's fine in the memo.[44]

Jones was the inspiration for the character Baxter Cain (Robert Vaughn), owner of the Dallas Felons, in the 1998 film BASEketball. He had a brief cameo appearance as himself in the 1998 made-for-television reunion movie Dallas: War of the Ewings.

Jones and Deion Sanders appeared together in several television commercials during Sanders' time with the Cowboys.

Jones also appeared as himself in a 1996 episode of the TV show Coach and in a 2007 television commercial for Diet Pepsi MAX, which also featured then Cowboys head coach Wade Phillips and quarterback Tony Romo.

He appeared as himself in the seventh season of the HBO series Entourage in 2010, in an episode of the TNT incarnation of Dallas titled "Truth and Consequences", which aired on July 4, 2012, in a series of commercials for the 2012 season of ESPN's Monday Night Football, and in the season 4 premiere of The League. In 2013, Jones narrated a documentary film on former teammate and business partner Jim Lindsey.[45]

Jones also appeared in a 2013 Pepsi commercial, walking into an elevator filled with three men wearing New York Giants apparel, who look at him with discontent.[46]

He was parodied on the first episode, "Go Fund Yourself", of the eighteenth season of South Park, along with several other NFL team owners. In one scene, Jones is depicted as having huge, bulging chameleon-like eyes, as a young woman's head pops up from his lap.[47] He reappears in the season 21 episode "Moss Piglets."

Awards and honors

NFL

NCAA

Media

Halls of Fame

Other

Personal life

Jones married Eugenia Chambers in 1963, whom he met while both were college undergraduates. They have three children. Stephen is the Cowboys' chief operating officer, executive vice president, and director of player personnel. Charlotte is the Cowboys' executive vice president and chief brand officer.[54] Jerry Jones Jr. is the Cowboys' chief sales and marketing officer/vice president. Jones splits his time between a home in Highland Park, Texas and a home in Destin, Florida.[55][56]

Jones revealed in July 2015 at a press conference before Cowboys training camp that he had undergone hip replacement surgery, joking that he wouldn't start the season on the PUP list.[57]

As of December 2019, Jones' net worth is reported by Forbes to be $8.5 billion, the majority of which can be accounted for as being his ownership stake in the Cowboys who are currently valued by the same publication to be the world's most valuable sports team at $5 billion.[citation needed]

In March 2022, Jones was served with legal action by a 25-year-old woman who claimed that he is her biological father. The woman is the daughter of a former airline employee that Jones met in Little Rock, Arkansas.[58] Jones has paid nearly $3 million to the woman and her mother, which included the woman's full tuition at Southern Methodist University and a $70,000 Range Rover on her 16th birthday. Requests for money and other expenses exceeded the amount that Jones agreed to pay in the trust agreement between the parties by nearly $1 million over the years, including $33,000 for a "Sweet 16" birthday party, which was featured on the reality TV show Big Rich Texas.[59] On February 29, 2024, a court decision required Jones to undergo a paternity test concerning the woman's claim.[60]

In November 2022, a 1957 photo surfaced depicting a 14-year-old Jerry Jones witnessing an argument where White students attempted to prevent six African-American students from entering North Little Rock High School in Arkansas. North Little Rock was beginning to integrate in 1957.[61] Despite the school's head football coach ordering the team (which Jones was a part of) to stay away from such scenes, Jones said he was there as a curious bystander. Jones also stated: "I don't know that I or anybody anticipated or had a background of knowing what was involved. It was more a curious thing."[62] Jones has expressed regret in not doing more to help the Black students feel more accepted at Little Rock.[63]

References

  1. ^ "Jerry Jones's Career Capsule". ProFootballHOF.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  2. ^ "JERRAL WAYNE JONES, SR". HoratioAlger.com. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  3. ^ "Jerral Wayne "Jerry" Jones | Arkansas Business Hall of Fame | Walton College | University of Arkansas". walton.uark.edu. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  4. ^ "Jerry Jones – Missouri Sports Hall of Fame". Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  5. ^ Farmer, Sam (September 19, 2021). "For Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, Southern California has always been a second home". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  6. ^ Dent, Jim. King of the Cowboys: The Life and Times of Jerry Jones, p. 214 (Adams Media Corporation, 1995): "Pat Jones moved his family back from Los Angeles to North Little Rock in 1945."
  7. ^ "Only known remaining image of the store in which Jerry Jones grew up - Best of Arkansas Sports". January 4, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  8. ^ "Springfield Leader 1966-02-20 p20". Newspapers.com. February 20, 1966. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  9. ^ "Arminta Jones Obituary - Springfield, MO | News-Leader". Legacy.com. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  10. ^ "Prominent Alumni - Kappa Sigma Fraternity". kappasigma.org. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  11. ^ a b "New Cowboys Owner Fires Landry, Hires Jimmy Johnson
    Arkansas Millionaire Buys Club, Taps Miami Coach – His Ex-Roommate"    . Deseret News. Associated Press. February 26, 1989. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  12. ^ a b "Arkansas Celebrates 1964 National Title Team". Arkansas News Bureau. October 11, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  13. ^ Former Razorback Jerry Jones meets with Arkansas players. Sports.espn.go.com (December 28, 2007); retrieved December 21, 2010.
  14. ^ "An ever growing snowball". July 27, 2017.
  15. ^ "Jerry Jones asked Hoffa's Teamsters for a loan to buy the Chargers in 1966". September 22, 2015.
  16. ^ "Jerry Jones Sports Biography, Photos & Rise to Success" Archived January 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. AskMen (October 13, 1942). Retrieved on December 21, 2010.
  17. ^ Dezember, Ryan (June 22, 2022). "Dallas Cowboys Owner Jerry Jones Scores on Billion-Dollar Natural-Gas Gambit". WSJ. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  18. ^ "Dallas Cowboys, New York Yankees form joint concessions venture" (Archived June 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine). The Dallas Morning News.
  19. ^ Gaines, Cork (November 11, 2017). "When Jerry Jones bought the Dallas Cowboys they were losing $1 million per month and now it is the most valuable team in the world". Business Insider. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  20. ^ Pincus, David (February 26, 2010). "2/25/1989 - New owner fires Tom Landry". SB Nation. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  21. ^ "Executive Profile – Jerry Jones". Dallas Cowboys. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010.
  22. ^ "1989 Dallas Cowboys Statistics and Players". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  23. ^ "1960 Dallas Cowboys Statistics and Players". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  24. ^ "Super Bowl XXVII - Dallas Cowboys vs. Buffalo Bills - January 31st, 1993". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  25. ^ "Super Bowl XXVIII - Dallas Cowboys vs. Buffalo Bills - January 30th, 1994". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  26. ^ "Super Bowl XXX - Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Dallas Cowboys - January 28th, 1996". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  27. ^ Horn, Barry (February 26, 2018). "29 years ago yesterday, Jerry Jones bought the Cowboys. Here's an illustrated timeline of his tenure in Dallas". Dallas News. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  28. ^ "Jerry Jones". Forbes. Forbes Magazine, LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  29. ^ a b Gary Myers (December 10, 2016). "Cowboys' Jerry Jones opens up to News about trying to end Super Bowl drought, Tony Romo, Dak Prescott and possible HoF election". New York Daily News.
  30. ^ Kutz, Steven (July 2, 2016). "NFL took in $13 billion in revenue last season — see how it stacks up against other pro sports leagues". Market Watch. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  31. ^ "Dallas Cowboys Owners and Executives". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  32. ^ Sports Illustrated features state of Virginia in series of 50 state-specific weekly section. Archived August 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Sportsillustrated.cnn.com, October 9, 2003; retrieved December 21, 2010.
  33. ^ "Ex-Cowboys Owner Bright Almost Fired Landry in '87". Los Angeles Times. February 26, 1990. Accessed January 2, 2021.
  34. ^ "Jerry Jones built a Hall of Fame legacy for knowing how to 'stir it up a little bit'". SB Nation. Vox Media. August 4, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  35. ^ "Why Jerry Jones' argument for keeping GM role no longer holds water". Dallas Morning News. March 17, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  36. ^ Whitt, Richie (November 19, 2023). "BREAKING - Jerry Jones Reveals Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor Induction For Jimmy Johnson". Sports Illustrated.
  37. ^ Van Natta, Don Jr. (August 28, 2014). "Jerry Football". ESPN.com.
  38. ^ Lane, Mark. "Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones explains why he is also the team president and GM". all22.com. Cox Media Group. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  39. ^ Fire Jerry Jones! Archived January 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, firejerryjones.com; retrieved December 21, 2010.
  40. ^ Sports Day DFW (January 13, 2016). "Report: Still an NFL power broker, Cowboys' Jerry Jones helps Rams earn Los Angeles move". Sports Day DFW, January 13, 2016.
  41. ^ Kawakami, Tim (March 27, 2017). "How Cowboys owner Jerry Jones got this Vegas Raiders deal done". Mercury News. Retrieved September 19, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  42. ^ San Diego Union Tribune, September 29, 2008, D14
  43. ^ Leahy, Sean (September 13, 2009). "NFL fines Cowboys' Jerry Jones $100,000 for CBA remarks". USA Today.
  44. ^ Mortensen, Chris (September 13, 2009). "Sources: Jones fined at least $100K". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  45. ^ JimLindseyStory.com. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  46. ^ "Pepsi and the NFL get fans pumped for football all season long". PepsiCo.com. September 5, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  47. ^ "'South Park' also ripped Jerry Jones, Roger Goodell in classic Redskins takedown". Comcast SportsNet. September 25, 2014. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  48. ^ "Cowboys GM Jerry Jones named NFL Executive of the Year by PFWA".
  49. ^ Foundation, National Football. "Jerry Jones to Receive Distinguished Texan Award > National Football Foundation > NewsDetail". www.footballfoundation.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  50. ^ "Pro Football Hall of Fame's Class of 2017 - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site". www.profootballhof.com.
  51. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  52. ^ "Jerry Jones Honored With Horatio Alger Award". November 18, 2013.
  53. ^ "Log In or Sign Up to View". www.facebook.com.
  54. ^ "Charlotte Jones Anderson official Dallas Cowboys bio". Archived from the original on June 3, 2013.
  55. ^ Vasquez, Savannah. "Celebs spotted on the Emerald Coast". The Northwest Florida Daily News. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  56. ^ "Buyer of $12 million Highland Park mansion gets Jerry Jones as a neighbor". Dallas News. March 10, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  57. ^ "Cowboys owner Jerry Jones gets promise he won't be placed on PUP list after hip replacement". dallasnews.com. July 29, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  58. ^ "Woman sues Jerry Jones, alleges Dallas Cowboys owner paid her mother to conceal that he was her biological father". ESPN.com. March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  59. ^ Van Natta, Don Jr. (March 31, 2022). "Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones paid millions to woman who filed paternity lawsuit, lawyer says". ESPN.
  60. ^ Brock, Todd (February 29, 2024). "Cowboys owner Jerry Jones ordered to take paternity test in ongoing 2022 case". www.cowboyswire.usatoday.com. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  61. ^ Archer, Todd (November 25, 2022). "Jerry Jones fields questions about 1957 photo published in report". ESPN. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  62. ^ "Cowboys owner Jerry Jones identified in troubling 1957 segregation photo". www.marca.com. November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  63. ^ Whitt, Richie (November 25, 2022). "'I Had No Idea': Cowboys Owner Jerry Jones Reflects On 1957 Little Rock Protest Photo". Dallas Cowboys On SI. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
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