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[[File:Jaisalmer Flag.svg|thumb|right|The Royal Flag of Bhati Rajputs of [[Jaisalmer State]]]]
[[File:Jaisalmer Flag.svg|thumb|right|The Royal Flag of Bhati Rajputs of [[Jaisalmer State]]]]
[[File:Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Rawal Jaisal|Maharawal Jaisal Singh]], The notable Bhati Rajput Ruler]]
[[File:Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Rawal Jaisal|Maharawal Jaisal Singh]], The notable Bhati Rajput Ruler]]
[[File:Jaisalmer forteresse.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Jaisalmer Fort]] of the Bhati Rajputs]] '''Bhati''' ({{Langx|hi|भाटी|translit=Bhātī}}) is a clan of [[Rajput]]s that claims descent from a 3rd-century monarch named [[Rao Bhati]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |year=1900 |location=London |page=112 |language=en}}</ref> The Bhati clan historically ruled over several cities in present-day India and Pakistan with their final capital and kingdom being [[Jaisalmer]], India.<ref name=TK/><ref name="BhatnagarDube254">{{cite book |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |first1=Rashmi Dube |last1=Bhatnagar |first2=Reena |last2=Dube |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6327-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0s8TXoffsC&pg=PA254 |page=254}}</ref>
[[File:Jaisalmer forteresse.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Jaisalmer Fort]] of the Bhati Rajputs]] '''Bhati''' ({{Langx|hi|भाटी|translit=Bhātī}}) is a clan of [[Rajput]]s that claims descent from a 3rd-century monarch named [[Rao Bhati]]. The Bhati clan historically ruled over several cities in present-day India and Pakistan with their final capital and kingdom being [[Jaisalmer]], India.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Derawar Fort]], is named after Rawal Deoraj Bhati, a 9th century Bhati ruler, who had his capital at Lodhruva]]
[[File:Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Derawar Fort]], is named after Rawal Deoraj Bhati, a 9th century Bhati ruler, who had his capital at Lodhruva]]
The Bhatis of [[Jaisalmer]] belonged to the [[Yadava]] clan of Rajputs.<ref name=KA>{{Cite book|first=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|last=Mohammad Habib|title=A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA VOL.5|publisher=PEOPLE’S PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW DELHI|year=1970|pages=838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ&q=A+COMPREHENSIVE++HISTORY+OF+INDIA+VOL.5|quote=Like the Bhatis of Jaisalmer, the chiefs of Karauli also belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs.}}</ref> They reportedly originated in [[Mathura]] through a common ancestor named [[Rao Bhati]], a descendant of [[Pradyumna|Pradyumn]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=325 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the seventeenth-century [[Nainsi ri Khyat]], the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to [[Bhatner]] in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including [[Punjab]]. Rao Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of what is now modern-day [[Lahore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh Yadav |first=J.N. |url=http://archive.org/details/yadavas-through-the-ages-2 |title=Yadavas Through The Ages |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=1992 |volume=II |location=Delhi |pages=68–71}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is also credited with establishing the modern town of [[Bathinda]] in the [[Lakhi jungle]] area in the 3rd century.<ref name=":12"></ref> The Bhati ruler of [[Tanot Mata Temple|Tanot]], Rao Tannu-ji, utilized his long reign (until 814 AD) to consolidate the Bhatis' expanding strength in western [[Rajasthan]] and the eastern [[Cholistan]] desert area. He is credited with defeating and destroying the domains of the [[Warya|Varya]] Rajputs and [[Langah Sultanate|Langas]] of Multan. A unified attack against the Tanot Bhatis by the [[Pathans]] led by Hussain Shah, together with tribes such as the Langas, [[Khichi]]s, Khokars (Ghakkars), [[Johiya]]s, and others, was successfully driven back under Tannu-ji's leadership.<ref name=x></ref>
The Bhatis of [[Jaisalmer]] belonged to the [[Yadava]] clan of Rajputs.{{Sfn|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=838}}{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|pp=18, 55–60, 70}} They reportedly originated in [[Mathura]] through a common ancestor named [[Rao Bhati]], a descendant of [[Pradyumna|Pradyumn]].{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} According to the seventeenth-century [[Nainsi ri Khyat|''Nainsi ri Khyat'']], the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to [[Bhatner]] in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including [[Punjab]]. Rao Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of what is now modern-day [[Lahore]].{{Sfn|Yadav|1992|pp=68–71}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006}} He is also credited with establishing the modern town of [[Bathinda]] in the [[Lakhi jungle]] area in the 3rd century.<ref name=":12"></ref> The Bhati ruler of [[Tanot Mata Temple|Tanot]], Rao Tannu-ji, utilized his long reign (until 814 AD) to consolidate the Bhatis' expanding strength in western [[Rajasthan]] and the eastern [[Cholistan]] desert area. He is credited with defeating and destroying the domains of the [[Warya|Varya]] Rajputs and [[Langah Sultanate|Langas]] of Multan. A unified attack against the Tanot Bhatis by the [[Pathans]] led by Hussain Shah, together with tribes such as the Langas, [[Khichi]]s, Khokars (Ghakkars), [[Johiya]]s, and others, was successfully driven back under Tannu-ji's leadership.<ref name=x></ref>


By the 12th Century, [[Rohri]] and [[Sukkur]] in the present-day Sindh, Pakistan had been incorporated in dominion of the Bhati Rajputs.<ref name=TK1>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|page=72}}</ref> Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, [[Pugal]], Bikrampur, Barsalpur, [[Derawar Fort|Deravar]], [[Marot|Maroth]], [[Kahror Pacca Tehsil|Kehror]], Aasnikot, Tanot, [[Lodhruva]] and Mamanvahan were some of the fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler [[Vijayrao Lanjo]] ruled a vast empire, He was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from [[Ghazni]] to [[Gujarat]], leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes.<ref name=TK>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=18, 55–60, 70|quote=the various Hindu Rajput Bhati sub-clans, like Saran, Moodna, Seora as well as Muslim groups like Bhatti, Bhutto...and the trading community of Bhatiya, all link their origins to the Bhatis}}</ref> According to epigraphic evidence, Vijayarao Lanjo took the large title of ''Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshwara'' (the paramount sovereign, great king of kings, the supreme reality).<ref name=x></ref> He was succeeded by his son, Bhojde in 1143.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Erskine |first=K. D. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35749 |title=A Gazetteer Of The Jaisalmer State And Some Statistical Tables. |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |year=1909 |location=Ajmer |pages=11–12}}</ref> However, Bhojde's uncle [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] [[Jaisal Singh]] colluded with the [[Ghaznavid]] chiefs, and Bhojde was killed in the resulting combat. Following Bhojde's death, Jaisal became the head of Bhatis.<ref name=TK2></ref> The [[Phulkian dynasty]] claimed direct descent from Rawal Jaisal Singh, the Bhati Rajput founder of the [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=232–242 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
By the 12th Century, [[Rohri]] and [[Sukkur]] in the present-day Sindh, Pakistan had been incorporated in dominion of the Bhati Rajputs.<ref name=TK1>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|page=72}}</ref> Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, [[Pugal]], Bikrampur, Barsalpur, [[Derawar Fort|Deravar]], [[Marot|Maroth]], [[Kahror Pacca Tehsil|Kehror]], Aasnikot, Tanot, [[Lodhruva]] and Mamanvahan were some of the fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler [[Vijayrao Lanjo]] ruled a vast empire, He was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from [[Ghazni]] to [[Gujarat]], leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes.<ref name=TK>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=18, 55–60, 70|quote=the various Hindu Rajput Bhati sub-clans, like Saran, Moodna, Seora as well as Muslim groups like Bhatti, Bhutto...and the trading community of Bhatiya, all link their origins to the Bhatis}}</ref> According to epigraphic evidence, Vijayarao Lanjo took the large title of ''Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshwara'' (the paramount sovereign, great king of kings, the supreme reality).<ref name=x></ref> He was succeeded by his son, Bhojde in 1143.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Erskine |first=K. D. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35749 |title=A Gazetteer Of The Jaisalmer State And Some Statistical Tables. |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |year=1909 |location=Ajmer |pages=11–12}}</ref> However, Bhojde's uncle [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] [[Jaisal Singh]] colluded with the [[Ghaznavid]] chiefs, and Bhojde was killed in the resulting combat. Following Bhojde's death, Jaisal became the head of Bhatis.<ref name=TK2></ref> The [[Phulkian dynasty]] claimed direct descent from Rawal Jaisal Singh, the Bhati Rajput founder of the [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=232–242 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bhatnagar|Dube|2005|p=254}}


[[Timur]] invaded India in 1398, when he held a vast empire in the Middle East and Central Asia. He suffered tough resistance in India only from the Bhati ruler, Rai Dul Chand of Bhatner. Rajputs and Muslims fought together against Timur under him but the [[Bhatner fort]] was ultimately sacked with the city burnt and laid waste.<ref name="RD">{{cite book |title=The History of India |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-1615301225 |editor=Pletcher |editor-first=Kenneth |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA131 131]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=V.D.|last=Mahajan|title=History of Medieval India|publisher=S.Chand|year=2007|pages=826|isbn=9788121903646|url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/History_of_Medieval_India/nMWSQuf4oSIC?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref>The [[Rathores]], the [[Balochs]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Dehli Sultans]], and eventually the [[Mughals]] had all clashed with the Bhati kings.<ref name=TK2>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|page=73}}</ref> Rao Kelana, a powerful Bhati Rajput ruler of Pugal in the 15th century had expanded his territories up to [[Bhatinda]] and [[Abohar]], and was responsible for the death of Rathore ruler [[Chunda of Mandore|Chunda of Marwar]]. Rao Kelana invaded [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and defeated the Balochs. As part of the peace settlement that followed, Zubeida, the daughter of the Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan (founder of [[Dera Ismail Khan]]), was married to the Bhati ruler.<ref name=x>{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=551 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Varah |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Timur]] invaded India in 1398, when he held a vast empire in the Middle East and Central Asia. He suffered tough resistance in India only from the Bhati ruler, Rai Dul Chand of Bhatner. Rajputs and Muslims fought together against Timur under him but the [[Bhatner fort]] was ultimately sacked with the city burnt and laid waste.<ref name="RD">{{cite book |title=The History of India |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-1615301225 |editor=Pletcher |editor-first=Kenneth |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA131 131]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=V.D.|last=Mahajan|title=History of Medieval India|publisher=S.Chand|year=2007|pages=826|isbn=9788121903646|url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/History_of_Medieval_India/nMWSQuf4oSIC?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref>The [[Rathores]], the [[Balochs]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Dehli Sultans]], and eventually the [[Mughals]] had all clashed with the Bhati kings.<ref name=TK2>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|page=73}}</ref> Rao Kelana, a powerful Bhati Rajput ruler of Pugal in the 15th century had expanded his territories up to [[Bhatinda]] and [[Abohar]], and was responsible for the death of Rathore ruler [[Chunda of Mandore|Chunda of Marwar]]. Rao Kelana invaded [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and defeated the Balochs. As part of the peace settlement that followed, Zubeida, the daughter of the Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan (founder of [[Dera Ismail Khan]]), was married to the Bhati ruler.<ref name="x">{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=551 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Varah |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>


[[Alexander Cunningham|Sir Alexander Cunningham]] identified ruins on the site of the [[Rawalpindi Cantonment]] in Punjab as the ancient city of Gajipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatis in the ages prior to the Christian era.<ref name="Gazetteer 1895">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rawalpindi district |date=1895 |publisher="Civil and Military Gazette" Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA255 |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819200235/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ancient history of the Bhatis alludes to a tradition in which they claim not only to have erected the fort and city of Gazni in Afghanistan, but also to have settled [[Sialkot]] (Salbahnpur), named after their ancestor Salbahan, who conquered the entire Punjab. The Bhatis also claim to be the ancestors of the [[Chughtai]] Mughals through an ancestor named Chakito who became the king of Balich and [[Bokhara]]. The historian Tanuja Kothiyal notes that a part of such claims may well be justified.<ref name=TK></ref>
[[Alexander Cunningham|Sir Alexander Cunningham]] identified ruins on the site of the [[Rawalpindi Cantonment]] in Punjab as the ancient city of Gajipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatis in the ages prior to the Christian era.<ref name="Gazetteer 1895">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rawalpindi district |date=1895 |publisher="Civil and Military Gazette" Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA255 |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819200235/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ancient history of the Bhatis alludes to a tradition in which they claim not only to have erected the fort and city of Gazni in Afghanistan, but also to have settled [[Sialkot]] (Salbahnpur), named after their ancestor Salbahan, who conquered the entire Punjab. The Bhatis also claim to be the ancestors of the [[Chughtai]] Mughals through an ancestor named Chakito who became the king of Balich and [[Bokhara]]. The historian Tanuja Kothiyal notes that a part of such claims may well be justified.<ref name=TK></ref>
Line 28: Line 28:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |year=1900 |location=London |page=112 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mohammad Habib |first=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ&q=A+COMPREHENSIVE++HISTORY+OF+INDIA+VOL.5 |title=A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA VOL.5 |publisher=PEOPLE’S PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW DELHI |year=1970 |pages=838 |quote=Like the Bhatis of Jaisalmer, the chiefs of Karauli also belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rashmi Dube |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0s8TXoffsC&pg=PA254 |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |last2=Dube |first2=Reena |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6327-7 |page=254}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=325 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=J.N. Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/yadavas-through-the-ages-2 |title=Yadavas Through The Ages |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=1992 |volume=II |location=Delhi |pages=68–71}}
{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 19:05, 25 November 2024

This article is about the tribe. For other uses, see Bhati (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Bhatti.

The Royal Flag of Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer State
Maharawal Jaisal Singh, The notable Bhati Rajput Ruler
Jaisalmer Fort of the Bhati Rajputs

Bhati (Hindi: भाटी, romanized: Bhātī) is a clan of Rajputs that claims descent from a 3rd-century monarch named Rao Bhati. The Bhati clan historically ruled over several cities in present-day India and Pakistan with their final capital and kingdom being Jaisalmer, India.

History

Derawar Fort, is named after Rawal Deoraj Bhati, a 9th century Bhati ruler, who had his capital at Lodhruva

The Bhatis of Jaisalmer belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs.[1][2] They reportedly originated in Mathura through a common ancestor named Rao Bhati, a descendant of Pradyumn.[3][4] According to the seventeenth-century Nainsi ri Khyat, the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to Bhatner in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including Punjab. Rao Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of what is now modern-day Lahore.[5][6] He is also credited with establishing the modern town of Bathinda in the Lakhi jungle area in the 3rd century.[7] The Bhati ruler of Tanot, Rao Tannu-ji, utilized his long reign (until 814 AD) to consolidate the Bhatis' expanding strength in western Rajasthan and the eastern Cholistan desert area. He is credited with defeating and destroying the domains of the Varya Rajputs and Langas of Multan. A unified attack against the Tanot Bhatis by the Pathans led by Hussain Shah, together with tribes such as the Langas, Khichis, Khokars (Ghakkars), Johiyas, and others, was successfully driven back under Tannu-ji's leadership.[8]

By the 12th Century, Rohri and Sukkur in the present-day Sindh, Pakistan had been incorporated in dominion of the Bhati Rajputs.[9] Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, Pugal, Bikrampur, Barsalpur, Deravar, Maroth, Kehror, Aasnikot, Tanot, Lodhruva and Mamanvahan were some of the fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler Vijayrao Lanjo ruled a vast empire, He was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from Ghazni to Gujarat, leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes.[10] According to epigraphic evidence, Vijayarao Lanjo took the large title of Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshwara (the paramount sovereign, great king of kings, the supreme reality).[8] He was succeeded by his son, Bhojde in 1143.[11] However, Bhojde's uncle Rawal Jaisal Singh colluded with the Ghaznavid chiefs, and Bhojde was killed in the resulting combat. Following Bhojde's death, Jaisal became the head of Bhatis.[12] The Phulkian dynasty claimed direct descent from Rawal Jaisal Singh, the Bhati Rajput founder of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.[13][14]

Timur invaded India in 1398, when he held a vast empire in the Middle East and Central Asia. He suffered tough resistance in India only from the Bhati ruler, Rai Dul Chand of Bhatner. Rajputs and Muslims fought together against Timur under him but the Bhatner fort was ultimately sacked with the city burnt and laid waste.[15][16]The Rathores, the Balochs, the Dehli Sultans, and eventually the Mughals had all clashed with the Bhati kings.[12] Rao Kelana, a powerful Bhati Rajput ruler of Pugal in the 15th century had expanded his territories up to Bhatinda and Abohar, and was responsible for the death of Rathore ruler Chunda of Marwar. Rao Kelana invaded Dera Ghazi Khan and defeated the Balochs. As part of the peace settlement that followed, Zubeida, the daughter of the Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan (founder of Dera Ismail Khan), was married to the Bhati ruler.[8]

Sir Alexander Cunningham identified ruins on the site of the Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab as the ancient city of Gajipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatis in the ages prior to the Christian era.[17] The ancient history of the Bhatis alludes to a tradition in which they claim not only to have erected the fort and city of Gazni in Afghanistan, but also to have settled Sialkot (Salbahnpur), named after their ancestor Salbahan, who conquered the entire Punjab. The Bhatis also claim to be the ancestors of the Chughtai Mughals through an ancestor named Chakito who became the king of Balich and Bokhara. The historian Tanuja Kothiyal notes that a part of such claims may well be justified.[10]

Culture and ethos

The greeting used by Bhati Rajputs is Jai Shri Kishan ("victory to Lord Krishna") as opposed to the general Rajput greeting Jai Mata Jiri ("victory of the Mother Goddess").[18]

Dulla Bhatti was a Punjabi landlord who led a revolt against Akbar.[19] He remains Punjab's folk hero and is made the centrepiece of all Lohri songs.[20]

References

  1. ^ Habib & Nizami 1970, p. 838.
  2. ^ Kothiyal 2016, pp. 18, 55–60, 70. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFKothiyal2016 (help)
  3. ^ Lethbridge 1900, p. 112.
  4. ^ Bond & Wright 2006, p. 325. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBondWright2006 (help)
  5. ^ Yadav 1992, pp. 68–71.
  6. ^ Bond & Wright 2006. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBondWright2006 (help)
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. p. 551. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  9. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgre University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9781107080317.
  10. ^ a b Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgre University Press. pp. 18, 55–60, 70. ISBN 9781107080317. the various Hindu Rajput Bhati sub-clans, like Saran, Moodna, Seora as well as Muslim groups like Bhatti, Bhutto...and the trading community of Bhatiya, all link their origins to the Bhatis
  11. ^ Erskine, K. D. (1909). A Gazetteer Of The Jaisalmer State And Some Statistical Tables. Ajmer: Scottish Mission Industries. pp. 11–12.
  12. ^ a b Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgre University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781107080317.
  13. ^ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 232–242. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  14. ^ Bhatnagar & Dube 2005, p. 254.
  15. ^ Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. (2010). The History of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. ISBN 978-1615301225.
  16. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S.Chand. p. 826. ISBN 9788121903646.
  17. ^ Gazetteer of the Rawalpindi district. "Civil and Military Gazette" Press. 1895. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  18. ^ Fisher, R. J. (1997). If Rain Doesn't Come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan. Manohar. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7304-184-6.
  19. ^ "Remembering Dulla Bhatti, the landlord who stood up to the mighty Akbar". Dawn.com. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  20. ^ "Dulla Bhatti: Robinhood of Punjab, centerpiece of all Lohri songs, was hanged by Akbar publicly to set an example - Read full Story". Zee News. Retrieved 18 October 2024.

Bibliography

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