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Coordinates: 37°22′N 57°16′E / 37.367°N 57.267°E / 37.367; 57.267
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* [[History of Iran]]
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Revision as of 15:06, 29 November 2024

Not to be confused with Razavi Khorasan province, South Khorasan province, Greater Khorasan, or Khorasan province.
For other places with a similar name, see Khorasan.


North Khorasan Province
Persian: استان خراسان شمالی
Province
Location of North Khorasan province within Iran
Location of North Khorasan province within Iran
Coordinates: 37°22′N 57°16′E / 37.367°N 57.267°E / 37.367; 57.267[1]
CountryIran
RegionRegion 5
CapitalBojnord
Counties10
Government
 • Governor-generalBahman Nouri
Area
 • Total
28,434 km2 (10,978 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total
863,092
 • Density30/km2 (79/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+03:30 (IRST)
Main languagesPersian
Kurdish
Turkmen
Khorasani Turkic
HDI (2017)0.745[3]
high · 29th

North Khorasan province (Persian: استان خراسان شمالی)[a] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of Bojnord.[4]

North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[5]

History

Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of Persians, Arabs, Turks, Kurds and Turkmens have brought change to the region time and time again. [6] Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran into eight segments, of which the largest[citation needed] was the territory of Greater Khorasan. Esfarayen, among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for settlement by Aryan tribes entering Iran.

The Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. In Parthian times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of Nishapur.[citation needed]

During the Sassanid dynasty, the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.

In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the Abbasid clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the Samanid dynasty in 900. Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities; Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.

Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 Tuğrul Beg, the first of the Seljuq empire rulers, conquered Nishapur.

Mahmud Qaznavi retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally, the Qaznavi Turks defeated Sultan Sanjar. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by the Khwarazmids. In 1220 was annexed by the Mongols of Genghis Khan. When in 1226 the great conqueror finally died, Khorasan was inherited by his son Tolui and then by Tolui's son Hulegu, the first emperor of the Mongolic Ilkhanate of Persia.[citation needed]

In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the Sarbedaran movement in Sabzevar, and in 1368, Khorasan came into the hands of Tamerlane.

In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghans.

In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and Barakzais. The Persians sieged the city in 1837, but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion, and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat.[7] Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.[8]

Demographics

Language and ethnicity

North Khorasan province is one of the most diverse territories in Iran today, largely reflecting the ethnic make-up of Iran. Most people in North Khorasan are Shia Muslims, who are often Khorasani Kurds, Persians, Khorasani Turks and so on, although there is also a small minority of Sunnis who generally are Turkmen.[9][10] There used to be a sizeable population of Lurs inhabiting this province, however, most returned to their native area in western Iran as there are no signs of them in the province today.[11]

Previously, there was a sizable community of Arabs who settled in the area during the Arab invasion of Iran. However, by 1875 they had intermarried so extensively with Persians and Turks that they were indistinguishable, having largely abandoned the Arab language and culture in favour of the local one.[12]

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 791,930 in 198,626 households.[13] The following census in 2011 counted 867,727 people in 240,885 households.[14] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 863,092 in 254,747 households.[2]

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of North Khorasan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

North Khorasan Province
Counties 2006[13] 2011[14] 2016[2]
Bam and Safiabad[b] — — —
Bojnord 322,309 365,896 324,083
Esfarayen 119,152 127,012 120,513
Faruj 48,743 52,364 49,271
Garmeh[c] — 24,599 25,475
Jajarm 57,349 36,898 36,673
Maneh[d] — — —
Raz and Jargalan[e] — — 59,210
Samalqan[f] 91,884 103,944 101,727
Shirvan 152,493 157,014 146,140
Total 791,930 867,727 863,092

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 484,346 people (over 56% of the population of North Khorasan province) live in the following cities:[2]

City Population
Ashkhaneh 25,104
Ava 3,993
Bojnord 228,931
Chenaranshahr 3,380
Daraq 4,926
Eivar 3,994
Esfarayen 59,490
Faruj 12,061
Garmeh 10,933
Hesar-e Garmkhan 1,499
Jajarm 19,580
Lujali 1,481
Pish Qaleh 2,001
Qazi 2,428
Qushkhaneh 996
Raz 5,029
Safiabad 3,427
Sankhvast 2,077
Shirvan 82,689
Shoqan 2,313
Titkanlu 3,835
Ziarat 4,179

Attractions

Jalalal-din castle in Jajarm

This province contains many historical and natural attractions, such as mineral water springs, small lakes, recreational areas, caves, and protected regions, and various hiking areas. Most of the historical relics are from the Qajar era, as earthquakes continue to ravage older relics.[citation needed]

The Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran lists 1,179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.

Some of the popular attractions of North Khorasan are:

Colleges and universities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also romanized as Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Šomāli
  2. ^ Separated from Esfarayen County after the 2016 census[15]
  3. ^ Separated from Jajarm County after the 2006 census[16]
  4. ^ Separated from Maneh and Samalqan County after the 2016 census[17]
  5. ^ Separated from Bojnord County after the 2011 census[18]
  6. ^ Formerly Maneh and Samalqan County[17]

References

  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (25 October 2024). "North Khorasan Province" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): North Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2015) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
  5. ^ "همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)". Hamshahri Online (in Persian). 22 June 2014 [1 Tir 1393, Jalaali]. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Kurds in Khorasan". Cultural and civil society of Khorasani Kurds. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  7. ^ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles, eds. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183, 394–395. ISBN 978-0521200950.
  8. ^ Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics. Perennial. pp. 77. ISBN 006-050508-7.
  9. ^ Surveying and measurement plan of indicators of public culture of the country: North Khorasan Province, publication 2012 (National Bibliography Number: 2879739) Retrieved 10 December 2017
  10. ^ Shia and Sunni people of North Khorasan Province showed their empathy and sympathy to the world Retrieved 10 December 2017
  11. ^ The ethnic groups in Northern Khorasan, "[1]", accessed in March 2014.
  12. ^ "C. M. MacGregor, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, London, 1879, p. 141 [2]", accessed in March 2014.
  13. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): North Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  14. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): North Khorasan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  15. ^ Hosseinnejad, Mohammad Reza (12 February 2023) [Approved 27 July 1400]. "Explaining the details of changes in national divisions in North Khorasan". mehrnews.com (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024 – via Mehr News Agency.
  16. ^ Davodi, Parviz (c. 2021) [Approved 28 July 1387]. Divisional changes and reforms in North Khorasan province. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Proposal 1/4/42/91526. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2023 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  17. ^ a b Mokhbar, Mohammad (7 August 2023). Approval letter regarding country divisions in North Khorasan and Golestan provinces. rrk.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  18. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (c. 2021) [Approved 29 September 2013]. Distributional changes in North Khorasan province. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Proposal 185757/42/4/1. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2023 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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