Cryptolithodes sitchensis: Difference between revisions
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'''''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''''', known as the '''umbrella crab''',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Snow |first=C. Dale |date=April 1978 |title=Interesting Crabs of Oregon |magazine=Oregon Wildlife |publisher=Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission |volume=33 |issue=4 |page=6}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[ |
'''''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''''', known as the '''umbrella crab''' and the '''turtle crab''',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Snow |first=C. Dale |date=April 1978 |title=Interesting Crabs of Oregon |magazine=Oregon Wildlife |publisher=Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission |volume=33 |issue=4 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="Kozloff" /> is a [[species]] of [[king crab]] native to coastal regions of the northeastern [[Pacific Ocean]], ranging from [[Sitka, Alaska]] to [[Point Loma, California]].<ref name="jensen">{{cite book|last=Jensen|first=Gregory C.|title=Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps|publisher=Sea Challengers|year=1995|isbn=0-930118-20-0|lccn=94039292}}</ref> Its [[carapace]] extends over its legs such that when it pulls in its legs, it resembles a small stone. It lives in rocky areas from the [[Intertidal zone#Zonation|low intertidal]] to depths of {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="jensen"/> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[File:Red specimen C. sitchensis.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Red specimen]] |
[[File:Red specimen C. sitchensis.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Red specimen]] |
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[[File:Umbrella Crab-venter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|Ventral view]] |
[[File:Umbrella Crab-venter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|Ventral view]] |
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''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'' |
''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''{{'}}s carapace extends over all of its eight walking legs and two [[Cheliped|chelipeds]], giving them their common names of turtle crab and umbrella crab. The carapace can be {{convert|5|-|10|cm|abbr=on}} at the adult stage and has scalloped edges. This carapace ranges from neutral sandy colors to bright oranges, reds, and purples.<ref name="Kozloff">{{cite book |last=Kozloff |first=Eugene N. |author-link=Eugene N. Kozloff |url=https://archive.org/details/seashorelifeofno0000kozl_r1m7 |title=Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Illustrated Guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-295-96084-1 |location=[[Seattle|Seattle, WA]] |lccn=83001130 |url-access=registration |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|192, 255}} The [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] extends forwards from the carapace, gradually widening before ending abruptly. From above, only the eyes and second antennae are visible. The ventral side is commonly white in color, and the abdomen is protected by multiple hard plates that lack raised margins.<ref name="Kozloff"/>{{rp|407}} The chelipeds are smooth. The fifth pair of walking legs are located at the posterior and are difficult to distinguish.<ref name="Lamb">{{cite book|last1=Lamb|first1=Andy|url=https://archive.org/details/marinelifeofpaci0000lamb/page/313|title=Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes|last2=Hanby|first2=Bernard P.|publisher=[[Harbour Publishing]]|others=Photography by Bernard P. Hanby|year=2005|isbn=1-55017-361-8|pages=313|url-access=registration}}</ref> |
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==Range== |
==Range== |
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==Threats== |
==Threats== |
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Natural predators of ''C. sitchensis'' include larger marine invertebrates, such as [[ |
Natural predators of ''C. sitchensis'' include larger marine invertebrates, such as [[octopus]]es, [[seabird]]s, and marine mammals, such as [[otter]]s. |
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A major threat to ''C. sitchensis'' in [[Southern California]] is [[deforestation]] and its effects on the giant [[Kelp forest|kelp forests]] around the [[Channel Islands National Park]]. The forests of ''[[Macrocystis pyrifera]]'' form a protective [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]], fostering the ideal temperature for various species that are temperature-sensitive, such as ''C. sitchensis'', and the growth of [[Seaweed|macroalgae]] and coralline algae needed for their survival.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=Michael H.|date=2004|title=Effects of Local Deforestation on the Diversity and Structure of Southern California Giant Kelp Forest Food Webs|journal=[[Ecosystems (journal)|Ecosystems]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=341–357|doi=10.1007/s10021-003-0245-6|jstor=3658821|s2cid=36589268}}</ref> |
A major threat to ''C. sitchensis'' in [[Southern California]] is [[deforestation]] and its effects on the giant [[Kelp forest|kelp forests]] around the [[Channel Islands National Park]]. The forests of ''[[Macrocystis pyrifera]]'' form a protective [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]], fostering the ideal temperature for various species that are temperature-sensitive, such as ''C. sitchensis'', and the growth of [[Seaweed|macroalgae]] and coralline algae needed for their survival.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=Michael H.|date=2004|title=Effects of Local Deforestation on the Diversity and Structure of Southern California Giant Kelp Forest Food Webs|journal=[[Ecosystems (journal)|Ecosystems]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=341–357|doi=10.1007/s10021-003-0245-6|jstor=3658821|s2cid=36589268}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 15:01, 1 December 2024
| Cryptolithodes sitchensis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Anomura |
| Family: | Lithodidae |
| Genus: | Cryptolithodes |
| Species: | C. sitchensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Cryptolithodes sitchensis | |
Cryptolithodes sitchensis, known as the umbrella crab and the turtle crab,[2][3] is a species of king crab native to coastal regions of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from Sitka, Alaska to Point Loma, California.[4] Its carapace extends over its legs such that when it pulls in its legs, it resembles a small stone. It lives in rocky areas from the low intertidal to depths of 17 m (56 ft).[4]
Description
Cryptolithodes sitchensis's carapace extends over all of its eight walking legs and two chelipeds, giving them their common names of turtle crab and umbrella crab. The carapace can be 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) at the adult stage and has scalloped edges. This carapace ranges from neutral sandy colors to bright oranges, reds, and purples.[3]: 192, 255 The rostrum extends forwards from the carapace, gradually widening before ending abruptly. From above, only the eyes and second antennae are visible. The ventral side is commonly white in color, and the abdomen is protected by multiple hard plates that lack raised margins.[3]: 407 The chelipeds are smooth. The fifth pair of walking legs are located at the posterior and are difficult to distinguish.[5]
Range
Cryptolithodes sitchensis can be found from southern Alaska to southern California, where they are common.[5][6] They live within 18 m (59 ft) of the intertidal zone along the exposed coasts of the Pacific Ocean.[5] Intertidal species of Lithodidae prefer habitats of cooler temperatures ranging from 0–25 °C (32–77 °F) and temperatures of 16 °C (61 °F) during larval development. This causes a restriction on their distribution as water temperatures change due to global warming.[7]
Identification
The distinguishing characteristic between C. sitchensis and C. typicus is that the rostrum of C. sitchensis is wider distally than proximally, while the opposite is found in C. typicus. Also, C. typicus has raised margins of the abdominal segments, while C. sitchensis does not.[3]: 407
Life history
The larvae of C. sitchensis have six tergites at the megalopal stage. Upon reaching the adult stage, the first and second abdominal segments have fused and the sixth tergite and telson are whole. C. sitchensis males and females have symmetrical abdomens, yet females have a greater number of accessory plates on the left side of the third tergite.[8]
Natural history
Cryptolithodes sitchensis may be hard to spot due to its rough, rock-like exterior, but it is easily caught due to its slow movements. Found most commonly in the intertidal zone, this species feeds on coralline algae. The reason for the diverse colorations of its carapace may be camouflage with its surroundings.[9]
Threats
Natural predators of C. sitchensis include larger marine invertebrates, such as octopuses, seabirds, and marine mammals, such as otters.
A major threat to C. sitchensis in Southern California is deforestation and its effects on the giant kelp forests around the Channel Islands National Park. The forests of Macrocystis pyrifera form a protective canopy, fostering the ideal temperature for various species that are temperature-sensitive, such as C. sitchensis, and the growth of macroalgae and coralline algae needed for their survival.[10]
References
- ^ von Brandt, Johann Friedrich (1853). "Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Cryptolithodes (Cryptolithodes sitchensis)" [About a new species of the genus Cryptolithodes (Cryptolithodes sitchensis)]. Bulletin de la Classe physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (in German). 11: 254–256. ISSN 1029-998X.
- ^ Snow, C. Dale (April 1978). "Interesting Crabs of Oregon". Oregon Wildlife. Vol. 33, no. 4. Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission. p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Kozloff, Eugene N. (1993). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Illustrated Guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96084-1. LCCN 83001130 – via the Internet Archive.
- ^ a b Jensen, Gregory C. (1995). Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps. Sea Challengers. ISBN 0-930118-20-0. LCCN 94039292.
- ^ a b c Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes. Photography by Bernard P. Hanby. Harbour Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.
- ^ Ricketts, Edward F.; Calvin, Jack (1962). Between Pacific Tides. Revisions by Joel W. Hedgpeth (Third ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 92.
- ^ Hall, Sally; Thatje, Sven (October 15, 2009). "Global bottlenecks in the distribution of marine Crustacea: temperature constraints in the family Lithodidae" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 36 (11): 2125–2135. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02153.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2018 – via the University of Southampton.
- ^ McLaughlin, Patsy A.; Lemaitre, Rafael (2000). "Aspects of evolution in the anomuran superfamily Paguroidea: one larval prospective" (PDF). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development. 38 (3): 159–169. doi:10.1080/07924259.2000.9652453. S2CID 55956527. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2012.
- ^ Cowles, Dave (2005). "Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt, 1853". Walla Walla University. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ Graham, Michael H. (2004). "Effects of Local Deforestation on the Diversity and Structure of Southern California Giant Kelp Forest Food Webs". Ecosystems. 7 (4): 341–357. doi:10.1007/s10021-003-0245-6. JSTOR 3658821. S2CID 36589268.
External links
Media related to Cryptolithodes sitchensis at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Cryptolithodes sitchensis at Wikispecies- CalPhotos
- Video of C. sitchensis
