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==Early life==
==Early life==
Stubby was described in contemporaneous news items as a [[Boston Terrier]] or "bull terrier" mutt.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1921-07-09/ed-1/seq-18/#date1=1836&index=0&rows=20&words=Boston+STUBBY&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=stubby+boston&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1ID=15%201 |title=Evening Public Ledger. (Philadelphia [Pa.&#93;) 1914–1942, July 9, 1921, NIGHT EXTRA, Image 18 |website=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |agency=[[Library of Congress]] <!--|newspaper=[[Evening Public Ledger]]--> |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |date=1921-07-09 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055031/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1921-07-09/ed-1/seq-18/#date1=1836&index=0&rows=20&words=Boston+STUBBY&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=stubby+boston&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1ID=15%201 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Describing him as a dog of "uncertain breed," Ann Bausum wrote that: "The brindle-patterned pup probably owed at least some of his parentage to the evolving family of Boston Terriers, a breed so new that even its name was in flux: Boston Round Heads, American...<ref name="AKC">{{cite web |title=Boston Terrier Dog Breed Information |url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/boston-terrier/ |website=akc.org |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> and Boston Bull Terriers."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kane|first=Gillian|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/05/dogs-of-war-sergeant-stubby-the-u-s-armys-original-and-still-most-highly-decorated-canine-soldier.html|title=Sergeant Stubby: America's original dog of war fought bravely on the Western Front—then helped the nation forget the Great War's terrible human toll|date=May 8, 2014|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref><ref name=Bausumbreed>{{cite book|last1=Bausum |first1=Ann |first2=David E., Foreword |last2=Sharpe |title=Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation|date=2014|location=Washington, D.C. |type=Print |publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|isbn=978-1426213106|page=23}}</ref> Stubby was found wandering the grounds of the [[Yale University]] campus in [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], in July 1917, while members of the 102nd Infantry were training. He hung around as the men drilled and one soldier in particular, Corporal James Robert Conroy (1892–1987), developed a fondness for him.<ref name="Kane"/> When it came time for the outfit to ship out, Conroy hid Stubby on board the troop ship. As they were getting off the ship in France, he hid Stubby under his overcoat without detection.<ref name="Bausum">{{cite book|title=Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation|last1=Bausum|first1=Ann|last2=Sharpe|first2=David E., Foreword|date=2014|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|isbn=978-1426213106|location=Washington, D.C.|page=112|type=Print}}</ref> Upon discovery by Conroy's commanding officer, Stubby saluted him as he had been trained to in camp, and the commanding officer allowed the dog to stay on board.<ref name="smithson1"/>
Stuborn was described in contemporaneous news items as a [[Boston Terrier]] or "bull terrier" mutt.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1921-07-09/ed-1/seq-18/#date1=1836&index=0&rows=20&words=Boston+STUBBY&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=stubby+boston&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1ID=15%201 |title=Evening Public Ledger. (Philadelphia [Pa.&#93;) 1914–1942, July 9, 1921, NIGHT EXTRA, Image 18 |website=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |agency=[[Library of Congress]] <!--|newspaper=[[Evening Public Ledger]]--> |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |date=1921-07-09 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055031/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1921-07-09/ed-1/seq-18/#date1=1836&index=0&rows=20&words=Boston+STUBBY&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=stubby+boston&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1ID=15%201 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Describing him as a dog of "uncertain breed," Ann Bausum wrote that: "The brindle-patterned pup probably owed at least some of his parentage to the evolving family of Boston Terriers, a breed so new that even its name was in flux: Boston Round Heads, American...<ref name="AKC">{{cite web |title=Boston Terrier Dog Breed Information |url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/boston-terrier/ |website=akc.org |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> and Boston Bull Terriers."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kane|first=Gillian|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/05/dogs-of-war-sergeant-stubby-the-u-s-armys-original-and-still-most-highly-decorated-canine-soldier.html|title=Sergeant Stubby: America's original dog of war fought bravely on the Western Front—then helped the nation forget the Great War's terrible human toll|date=May 8, 2014|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref><ref name=Bausumbreed>{{cite book|last1=Bausum |first1=Ann |first2=David E., Foreword |last2=Sharpe |title=Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation|date=2014|location=Washington, D.C. |type=Print |publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|isbn=978-1426213106|page=23}}</ref> Stubby was found wandering the grounds of the [[Yale University]] campus in [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], in July 1917, while members of the 102nd Infantry were training. He hung around as the men drilled and one soldier in particular, Corporal James Robert Conroy (1892–1987), developed a fondness for him.<ref name="Kane"/> When it came time for the outfit to ship out, Conroy hid Stubby on board the troop ship. As they were getting off the ship in France, he hid Stubby under his overcoat without detection.<ref name="Bausum">{{cite book|title=Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation|last1=Bausum|first1=Ann|last2=Sharpe|first2=David E., Foreword|date=2014|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|isbn=978-1426213106|location=Washington, D.C.|page=112|type=Print}}</ref> Upon discovery by Conroy's commanding officer, Stubby saluted him as he had been trained to in camp, and the commanding officer allowed the dog to stay on board.<ref name="smithson1"/>


==Military service==
==Military service==

Revision as of 17:50, 3 December 2024

Sergeant

Stubby
Sergeant Stubby c. 1920
Born1916
DiedMarch 16, 1926 (aged 9–10)[1]
Place of display
Smithsonian, Washington, D.C., U.S.
Allegiance United States of America
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1917–18
Rank Sergeant
Unit102nd Infantry Regiment, 26th (Yankee) Division
Battles / warsWorld War I
AwardsGold Medal (Humane Education Society)
Wound stripe
Purple Heart (2)
Other workMascot for Georgetown Hoyas

Sergeant Stubby (1916 – March 16, 1926) was a dog and the unofficial mascot of the 102nd Infantry Regiment and was assigned to the 26th (Yankee) Division in World War I. He served for 18 months and participated in 17 battles and four offensives on the Western Front. He saved his regiment from surprise mustard gas attacks, found and comforted the wounded, and allegedly once caught a German soldier by the seat of his pants, holding him there until American soldiers found him.[2] His actions were well-documented in contemporary American newspapers.[3][4][5]

Stubby has been called the most decorated war dog of the Great War and the only dog to be nominated and promoted to sergeant through combat.[6] Stubby's remains are in the National Museum of American History.[3][4][6] Stubby is the subject of the 2018 animated film Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero.

Early life

Stuborn was described in contemporaneous news items as a Boston Terrier or "bull terrier" mutt.[5][7] Describing him as a dog of "uncertain breed," Ann Bausum wrote that: "The brindle-patterned pup probably owed at least some of his parentage to the evolving family of Boston Terriers, a breed so new that even its name was in flux: Boston Round Heads, American...[8] and Boston Bull Terriers."[9][10] Stubby was found wandering the grounds of the Yale University campus in New Haven, Connecticut, in July 1917, while members of the 102nd Infantry were training. He hung around as the men drilled and one soldier in particular, Corporal James Robert Conroy (1892–1987), developed a fondness for him.[4] When it came time for the outfit to ship out, Conroy hid Stubby on board the troop ship. As they were getting off the ship in France, he hid Stubby under his overcoat without detection.[11] Upon discovery by Conroy's commanding officer, Stubby saluted him as he had been trained to in camp, and the commanding officer allowed the dog to stay on board.[6]

Military service

Sergeant Stubby wearing his coat, dog tag and medals.

Stubby served with the 102nd Infantry Regiment in the trenches in France for 18 months and participated in four offensives and 17 battles. He entered combat on February 5, 1918, at Chemin des Dames, north of Soissons, and was under constant fire, day and night for over a month. In April 1918, during a raid to take Seicheprey, Stubby was wounded in the foreleg by retreating Germans throwing hand grenades. He was sent to the rear for convalescence and, as he had done on the front, improved morale. When he recovered from his wounds, Stubby returned to the trenches.[4]

In his first year of battle, Stubby was injured by mustard gas. After he recovered, he returned with a specially designed gas mask to protect him.[12] He thus learned to warn his unit of mustard gas attacks, locate wounded soldiers in no man's land, and—since he could hear the whine of incoming artillery shells before humans—became very adept at alerting his unit when to duck for cover. He was solely responsible for capturing a German spy in the Argonne, leading to their unit's commander nominating Stubby for the rank of sergeant.[6] Following the retaking of Château-Thierry by the U.S., women of the town made Stubby a chamois coat upon which his many medals were pinned. He was later injured again, in the chest and leg by a grenade. He ultimately had two wound stripes.[13] At the end of the war, Robert Conroy and Stubby returned home in 1918.[6]

After the war

Gen. John Pershing awards Sergeant Stubby with a medal from the Humane Education Society at a White House ceremony, 1921

After returning home, Stubby became a celebrity and marched in, and normally led, many parades across the country. He met Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Calvin Coolidge, and Warren G. Harding.[6] He also appeared on vaudeville stages owned by Sylvester Z. Poli and was awarded lifetime memberships to the American Legion and the YMCA.

In 1921, General of the Armies John J. Pershing presented a gold medal from the Humane Education Society to Stubby, the subject of a famous photograph and other artistic media.[4][5][13][14] During that same year, he attended Georgetown University Law Center along with Conroy, and became the Georgetown Hoyas' team mascot.[14] Given a football at halftime, he would nudge it around the field, to the amusement of the fans.[15][16] While still a student at Georgetown, Conroy was also employed as a special agent of the Bureau of Investigation, precursor to the FBI.[17]

Stubby died in his sleep in March 1926.[4] After his death he was preserved via taxidermy and his cremains were sealed inside of the mount.[18] Conroy later presented Stubby to the Smithsonian in 1956. The taxidermy mount of the dog is part of the permanent collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History[19] and is currently on display in their “Price of Freedom: Americans at War” exhibit.

Legacy

Sergeant Stubby's brick at Liberty Memorial
Sergeant Stubby preserved at the National Museum of American History

Stubby received an obituary in the New York Times following his death in 1926. The obituary was half a page, much longer than the obituaries of many notable people of that time period.[14]

He was also the subject of a portrait by "Capitol artist" Charles Ayer Whipple.[5] He was featured in the Brave Beasts exhibit at the Legermuseum in Delft, The Netherlands from 2008 to 2009.[20] During a ceremony held on Armistice Day in 2006, a brick was placed in the Walk of Honor at the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City to commemorate Sergeant Stubby.[21]

Stubby was the subject of at least four books.[11][22][23][24] In 2014, BBC Schools WWI series used Stubby as a Famous Figure to help teach children about the war, along with creating an animated comic strip to illustrate his life.[25][26]

Stubby has his portrait on display at the West Haven Military Museum in Connecticut.[11] In addition, the descendants of Robert Conroy dedicated a life-size bronze statue of Stubby named "Stubby Salutes," by Susan Bahary, in the Connecticut Trees of Honor Memorial at Veteran's Memorial Park in Middletown, Connecticut, in May 2018. The statue pays tribute to fallen Connecticut veterans, where both Stubby and Robert Conroy are from.[27]

Animated film

Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero is an animated feature-length film based on the life and times of Stubby. Theatrically released on April 13, 2018,[28][29] the film features the voices of Logan Lerman,[30] Helena Bonham Carter,[31] and Gérard Depardieu[32] with music by Academy Award nominee Patrick Doyle. The animation is made by the studio Mikros Image[33] and produced by Irish-American studio Fun Academy Media Group.

The film received high marks from film critics and was officially endorsed by several high-profile institutions, including the Humane Society of the United States, the Armed Services YMCA, the Westminster Kennel Club, and the United States World War One Centennial Commission.[citation needed]

The film received generally positive reviews and numerous awards including the Parents' Choice Foundation Gold Award and The Dove Foundation's All Ages Seal of Approval, despite the film not containing any explicit faith-based messaging.[34][35][36]

The series was announced to be developed by writers Scott Christian Sava (Animal Crackers, The Dreamland Chronicles), Audry Taylor (Pet Robots), and David Wise (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Batman: The Animated Series).[37] Wise died months after the announcement.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bausum, Ann; Sharpe, David E., Foreword (2014). Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation (Print). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. p. 220. ISBN 978-1426213106.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Goldsmith, Connie (2017). Dogs at War: Military Canine Heroes. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-1512410129.
  3. ^ a b "Stubby, World War I Canine Hero 1921". History wired. Smithsonian Institution. March 16, 2012. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kane, Gillian; Larson-Walker, Lisa, Illustrator (May 7, 2014). "Sergeant Stubby: America's original dog of war fought bravely on the Western Front—then helped the nation forget the Great War's terrible human toll". Slate.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Reprinted in Kane, Gillian (May 24, 2014). "The story of Sergeant Stubby, WWI's most decorated dog". Stars & Stripes. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d "Stubby's Obituary: Stubby of A.E.F. Enters Valhalla". The New York Times. April 4, 1926 – July 16, 2003. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f ""The Price of Freedom" exhibition". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  7. ^ "Evening Public Ledger. (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914–1942, July 9, 1921, NIGHT EXTRA, Image 18". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Library of Congress. July 9, 1921. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  8. ^ "Boston Terrier Dog Breed Information". akc.org. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  9. ^ Kane, Gillian (May 8, 2014). "Sergeant Stubby: America's original dog of war fought bravely on the Western Front—then helped the nation forget the Great War's terrible human toll". Slate. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  10. ^ Bausum, Ann; Sharpe, David E., Foreword (2014). Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation (Print). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. p. 23. ISBN 978-1426213106.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c Bausum, Ann; Sharpe, David E., Foreword (2014). Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation (Print). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. p. 112. ISBN 978-1426213106.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Marie Lux, Anna. "Janesville author breathes new life into Stubby the war dog". The Janesville Gazette (WI). 2014.
  13. ^ a b "Dog Hero Again Honored". Roundup Record-Tribune & Winnett Times. October 28, 1921. p. 10.
  14. ^ a b c Martin, Major General Thaddeus (April 12, 2011). "Stubby the Military Dog". Connecticut Military department. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  15. ^ "A Connecticut Hero: Sgt. Stubby". Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  16. ^ *Richmond, Derek (November 4, 2003). From Mascot to Military, Stubby Left Pawprints on Hilltop and Beyond. Georgetown, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. {{cite book}}: |newspaper= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Bausum, Ann (2015). Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1-4262-1465-3.
  18. ^ "Sergeant Stubby". www.atlasobscura.com. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  19. ^ "Object record:Stubby". amhistory.si.edu. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  20. ^ "Brave Beasts". Legermuseum. July 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
  21. ^ "Stubby". Snopes.com. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  22. ^ Bausum, Ann (May 13, 2014). Stubby the War Dog: The True Story of World War I's Bravest Dog (Hardcover/audio). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Children's Books. p. 80. ISBN 1426314868.
  23. ^ Glendinning, Richard; Glendinning, Sally; Amundsen, Richard (1978). Stubby, Brave Soldier Dog (Hardcover). Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Pub. Co./Olympic Marketing Corp. p. 48. ISBN 0811648648. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ George, Isabel (2012). The Most Decorated Dog In History: Sergeant Stubby (Print) (Kindle ed.). HarperCollins. p. 304. ASIN B00739VSKW.
  25. ^ "BBC Schools World War One". BBC. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015.
  26. ^ "Animation: Sergeant Stubby". BBC. March 28, 2014. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.
  27. ^ "Monument honors courage, bravery of WWI war dog Sgt. Stubby". Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 28, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  28. ^ "Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero". Official Homepage. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  29. ^ "Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero". IMDb. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  30. ^ Pictures, Fun Academy Motion. "Logan Lerman Enlists for Fun Academy Motion Pictures' Animated Feature SGT. STUBBY". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  31. ^ "Helena Bonham Carter joins cast of animated tale "Sgt Stubby"". The Slanted. July 26, 2016. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  32. ^ Studio, Fun Academy Motion Pictures. "Award Winning Actor Gérard Depardieu Joins Cast of Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  33. ^ Hero, Sgt Stubby: An American (January 24, 2017). "Fun Academy and Mikros Image's SGT. STUBBY Slated to Open on April 13, 2018". Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero. Retrieved June 12, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ "The Movie". The World of Sgt. Stubby. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  35. ^ Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero (2018), retrieved March 17, 2021
  36. ^ "Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero | Dove Family Friendly Movie Reviews". Dove.org. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  37. ^ Stubby: The Series | Meet the Creative Team, December 14, 2019, retrieved December 16, 2019

Further reading

  • Bausum, Ann; Sharpe, David E., Foreword (2014). Sergeant Stubby: How a Stray Dog and His Best Friend Helped Win World War I and Stole the Heart of a Nation (Print). Washington, DC: National Geographic. p. 112. ISBN 978-1426213106.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bausum, Ann (2014). Stubby the War Dog: The True Story of World War I's Bravest Dog (Hardcover/audio). Washington DC: National Geographic Children's Books. p. 80. ISBN 1426314868.
  • Furstinger, Nancy (2016). Paws of Courage: True Stories of Heroic Dogs that Protect and Serve (hardcover) (1st ed.). National Geographic Children's Books. p. 160. ISBN 978-1426323775.
  • Garden, Joe; Pauls, Chris; Ginsburg, Janet (2007). The Dangerous Book for Dogs: A Parody by Rex and Sparky (hardcover) (1st ed.). Villard. p. 208. ISBN 978-0345503701.
  • George, Isabel (March 8, 2012). The Most Decorated Dog In History: Sergeant Stubby (Print) (Kindle ed.). HarperCollins. p. 304. ASIN B00739VSKW.
  • Glendinning, Richard; Glendinning, Sally; Amundsen, Richard (October 1978). Stubby, Brave Soldier Dog (Hardcover). Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Pub. Co./Olympic Marketing Corp. p. 48. ISBN 0811648648. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Goodavage, Maria (March 15, 2012). Soldier Dogs (Hardcover) (1 ed.). New York: Dutton Adult. p. 293. ISBN 978-0525952787.
  • Stone, Barry (2012). The Diggers' Menagerie: Mates, Mascots and Marvels – True Stories of Animals Who Went to War. Australia: HarperCollins/ABC Books. p. 215. ASIN B0062GO7FK.
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