Boneghazi

In 2015 and 2016, a controversy occurred on Facebook and Tumblr concerning Ender Darling, a neopagan witch who took human bones from a cemetery in New Orleans for use in rituals. Darling posted to the Facebook group Queer Witch Collective in December 2015, saying they had been collecting bones for use in witchcraft from a "poor man's graveyard" where bones often rose to the surface. Reaction to the post quickly turned negative, with some fellow witches accusing Darling of desecrating graves and disrespecting the dead by taking bones from Holt Cemetery, a potter's field where most burials are of poor people of color. Screenshots of the argument were posted on Facebook outside of the group, making its way to local news and then to Tumblr, where one user made a call-out post that garnered over 31,000 notes and led to discourse about racism and classism, as well as memes about said discourse, which was dubbed Boneghazi or bone discourse. Darling defended their actions, saying that they had only taken bones that were already aboveground and that they had seen bones being scattered into the street.

Louisiana authorities began investigating Darling in December. They subpoenaed Darling's Facebook correspondence, surveilled their home, and eventually searched it, seizing 11 bones and 4 teeth in January 2016. After testing confirmed that the bones were from humans, they arrested Darling in July. After two months in jail pending trial, Darling pled guilty to simple burglary and marijuana possession and was sentenced to time served.

Users on Tumblr expressed glee at the memes about the controversy, but some also criticized the discourse itself for being overly focused on identity politics. The Queer Witch Collective's founder left and subsequent moderation action brought its membership over 2,000 to less than 100. In June 2016, Louisiana enacted the Human Remains Protection and Control Act, increasing the penalties for trading human remains. A separate controversy on bone ownership unfolded on TikTok in 2021, which many .

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History

In 2015, neopagan witchcraft was experiencing a surge in popularity among youth in the LGBTQ community; according to reporting from Vice, the spike stemmed from witchcraft representing "a powerful identity that celebrates the freedom to choose who you are". The Queer Witch Collective is one such group of neopagan witches, a Facebook group that had over 2,000 members at its peak. In order to protect practitioners of African-derived witchcraft traditions, sometimes (controversially) referred to as black magic, the group prohibited users from shaming particular witchcraft practices.

On December 8, 2015, Ender Darling, a witch living New Orleans, Louisiana, posted to the Queer Witch Collective that they were doing magic with bones they had gathered, which they found preferable to animal bones. Darling said that the bones came from "poor man's graveyard" where bones often rose to the surface when it rains. In New Orleans, which is below sea level, this risk is usually mitigated by above-ground entombment, but many who cannot afford it are interred below-ground instead. Darling offered to sell bones from the graveyard to other group members for the cost of shipping. They said that all bones they took were above-ground when they found them and that they gathered them as part of a pact with their personal goddess: "She provides the bones if I only take what the earth gives, and I leave offerings" of drink, honey, and flowers.

At first, other members reacted positively, although with some concern about the legality of Darling's actions. Soon, however, some members began accusing Darling of disturbing the dead or desecrating graves. Moderators defended Darling—who, while white-passing, is described by Vice as a "witch of color"—under their anti-shaming rule. One member identified the unnamed graveyard as likely being Holt Cemetery, a potter's field for the indigent—which Darling initially denied—but Darling's critics argued that the bones they were collecting were disproportionately of poor, non-white people. One user wrote, "you are implementing white supremacist and colonialist tactics to do your bidding". The moderators attempted to foster discussion of the racial aspects of the dispute, but some users still left in disgust.

On December 12, a New Orleanian shared a screenshot of the post on her Facebook, which called Darling a "little shithead" and a "fucking cultural vulture" and warned them to "stay the fuck out of Holt Cemetery or [their] bones might get broken". The post made its way around social media, and local news outlets began to pick up the story. On December 17, a Tumblr made a call-out post accusing Darling's Tumblr blog, littlefuckinmonster, of bone-stealing; then, another user publicized screenshots of the Facebook thread, noting that littlefuckinmonster's profile picture was of Darling, the same picture used on their Facebook account. The call-out post had received over 31,000 notes by the next morning. Boneghazi quickly became the subject of memes, many reflecting on the situation's absurdity. One Tumblr user publicly cursed Darling. Another contacted the police. By the next day, state authorities said they had begun investigating.

The littlefuckinmonster blog was deactivated, but a new account, fuckinheathen, also claiming to be Darling, made a lengthy post titled "No I am not digging up fucking graves jfc". They said that they had begun collecting bones after seeing an old man dig up plots with a shovel and a backhoe, scattering bones onto the street.

The controversy was covered in BuzzFeed News and Intelligencer on December 18, the latter characterizing Tumblr users' response as "either outraged or amused". The name "Boneghazi" emerged; the suffix -ghazi, derived from the 2012 attack in Benghazi, Libya, denotes an overblown or unimportant scandal.

Legal proceedings

The office of the Attorney General of Louisiana began investigating Darling in mid-December based on Darling's Facebook post and images they sent to customers indicating that Holt Cemetery was the source of the bones. Investigators surveilled Darling's home for just under a week in January, and subpoenaed all correspondence from their Facebook account. They received more than 12,000 pages of information in response. After the surveillance, agents searched the home on January 28, 2016, seizing 11 bones and 4 teeth. Darling was not charged immediately, but they and their roommates did receive summonses for possession of marijuana, an illegal drug at the time. Darling called the search a "waste of time" in an interview with The Advocate three months later, also remarking:

I had them on an altar... It was just a bunch of little shards of bones and pieces of teeth I had picked up off the ground. I said [to the agents], "Here you go. There's probably human bones in there, but I know better than to give you that answer."

Some detractors expressed joy at the news of the raid, with one Facebook user writing "I hope their life is utterly destroyed". Amidst the online controversy, Darling left New Orleans for fear of their daughter's safety. On July 15, Darling was arrested in Tampa, Florida, after laboratory testing confirmed that the remains were human. They were extradited back to New Orleans two weeks later and jailed on charges of burglary and trafficking in human parts, with a bond set to $8,500 (equivalent to $10,791 in 2023). On September 9, they pled guilty to burglary from Holt Cemetery and marijuana possession, receiving a five-year suspended sentence for the former and 15 days in prison with credit for time served, meaning that they were released immediately.

Reception and impact

"When I woke up this morning I would not have even entertained the thought that the meme to revive this memeless economy would be centered around a literal grave robber and someone who decided the best course of action was to make a call-out post about it. I feel so alive."

Tumblr user trans-hamlet

Many Tumblr users reacted positively to the memes about Boneghazi, with one writing that it ended the "meme drought" Tumblr had been experiencing at the time. Others criticized the discourse around the incident, deriding the fact that Tumblr users' reaction to bone-stealing was a call-out post and discourse about race and class. One blogger called it "peak Tumblr". Diana Tourjée echoed that analysis in Vice, writing that Tumblr and the Queer Witch Collective both had a tendency to analyze every issue with discourse and identity politics.

Darling left the Queer Witch Collective shortly after the controversy began, but the aftermath badly damaged the group. The group's founder left after sustained criticism from the membership. The new moderation team attempted to make repairs: They removed the "safe space" label from the group's description, suggested that white witches stop participating in the discourse, and eventually removed everyone from the group except for themselves, requiring an application to re-join. As of 2016, there were only 77 members left in the Queer Witch Collective.

The Louisiana State Legislature, meanwhile, responded to Boneghazi with the Human Remains Protection and Control Act, looking to stop the illegal trade of human remains. Removing human remains from a cemetery was already illegal under state law, but the new law clarified the relevant definitions and contained stronger penalties for violating the law. It was signed into law by the governor on June 17, 2016.

In 2021, users on TikTok []

References

Category:2015 controversies in the United States Category:2016 controversies in the United States Category:Cemetery vandalism and desecration Category:Tumblr