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Gender self-identification or gender self-determination is the concept that a person's legal sex or gender is determined by their gender identity, without medical or judicial requirements.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

It is a major goal of the transgender rights movement.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[5] Advocates argue that medical requirements for gender recognition are intrusive and humiliating forms of gatekeeping that can pressure transgender individuals into undergoing unwanted medical procedures. They also claim that self-identification simplifies the process of transgender people living without prejudice and discrimination.

Proponents highlight the lack of evidence suggesting adverse outcomes in countries where self-identification laws have been implemented, such as Ireland, which adopted self-identification policies in 2015.^[2]^[6] Opponents of the concept believe that safety in spaces like women's shelters and prisons and fairness in competitive sports is compromised by self-identification.^[5]^[7]^[8]^[9]

As of November 2024, 21 countries have enacted laws allowing gender self-identification without requiring judicial or medical approval: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Spain,^[10] Switzerland and Uruguay.^[11]^[12]^[13] Proposals for similar laws have sparked controversy in some nations, especially in the United Kingdom.^[3]

In federated countries like Australia, Canada and Mexico, gender recognition laws often vary by province or state. Within a single jurisdiction, procedures may also differ across official documents, such as birth certificates and passports. These laws do not necessarily encompass all aspects of gender recognition in areas such as healthcare or access to facilities.

Third gender self-determination is available in India, Nepal,^[12] Bangladesh, Colombia, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and some American states.^[14]

Positions of international bodies

In April 2015, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted Resolution 2048 (2015), within which "the Assembly calls on Member States to ... develop quick, transparent and accessible procedures, based on self-determination ... available for all people who seek to use them, irrespective of age, medical status, financial situation or police record".^[15]

Also in 2015, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that "abusive requirements as a precondition of recognition — for example, by requiring ... forced gender reassignment and other medical procedures" are "in violation of international human rights standards".^[16]

In 2018, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, the United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, stated that "the right to self-determine one's gender was a fundamental part of a person's freedom and a cornerstone of the person's identity"^[17] and that states' obligations included "adopting legal measures such as being based on self-determination [and] ensuring that minors have access to recognition of their gender identity".^[17]

Positions of international charities

In 2014, Amnesty International released a report titled The state decides who I am: Lack of Legal Gender Recognition For Transgender People in Europe.^[18] The report criticized European countries for legal gender recognition laws that were based on stereotypical gender norms and violated rights such as the right to private and family life, recognition before the law, the highest attainable standard of health, and freedom from cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. Amnesty argued that transgender individuals should have access to legal gender recognition through quick, accessible, and transparent procedures that align with their own perceptions of gender identity.^[19]

To mark Transgender Awareness Week in November 2019, Dentons produced a report titled Only adults? Good practices in legal gender recognition for youth, written along with IGLYO and the Thomson Reuters Foundation.^[20]^[21] The report examined the status of legal gender recognition for minors in several European countries and positioned itself as a "powerful tool for activists."^[20]

Based on international children's rights standards, the report advocated for the right of individuals under 18 to obtain legal gender recognition based on self-declaration, the recognition of a third gender marker, publicly accessible transgender healthcare, and legal protections against discrimination based on gender identity. It also examined successful strategies for reform campaigns, emphasizing the importance of targeting younger politicians and youth wings of political parties, highlighting depathologization and human rights aspects, using personal stories to humanize the issue, intervening early in the legislative process, and fostering strong collaboration among advocacy groups.^[22]

Around the world

Africa

Botswana

In the 2017 case ND v. Attorney General of Botswana and Another, the High Court of Botswana ruled that the government must "ensure that procedures exist whereby all State-issued identity documents which indicate a person’s gender/sex reflect the person’s self-identified gender identity." Although there is no current legislation on legal gender recognition in Botswana, this ruling established a precedent for recognizing gender identity based on self-identification.^[23]^[24]^[25]

The Americas

A 2018 study published in BMC International Health and Human Rights found that "the majority of countries from South America allow their transgender citizens to change name and gender in legal documents in a fast, easy, and inexpensive manner" and noted that "legislation to protect [sexual and gender minority] rights in South America underwent fundamental and positive transformations" during the 2010s. However, the study also highlighted that "transgender people are unable to change their gender in public records and legal documents in several Latin America and the Caribbean countries—mostly in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica."^[26]

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay have self-identification laws. Similar laws also exist in several Canadian provinces, as well as in some Mexican and U.S. states.^[3]

Argentina

In 2012, Argentina enacted the Ley de Género, becoming the first country to allow individuals to change their gender identity without medical requirements.^[27] In 2015, the World Health Organization cited Argentina as an exemplary country for providing transgender rights.^[28]

A 2018 study published in the Journal of Human Rights analyzed the factors leading to the creation of the law. It concluded that "a more institutionalized group played a major role in getting the issue on the agenda, while a more radical challenger coalition was crucial in developing and advancing the ground-breaking content."^[29]^[30]

Bolivia

The Gender Identity Law allows individuals over the age of 18 to legally change their name, gender, and photograph on official documents. While surgeries, hormone therapy, or a judicial order are not required, a psychological examination confirming the individual's informed consent is necessary. The law came into effect on 1 August 2016.^[31]

Brazil

On March 1, 2018, the Supreme Federal Court ruled that transgender individuals have the right to change their official name and sex based solely on self-declaration of their psychosocial identity. On June 29, 2018, the Corregedoria Nacional de Justiça, a body of the National Council of Justice, published regulations for registry offices to follow regarding this process.^[32]

Canada

As a federation, Canada’s legal gender recognition procedures vary by province and territory. At the federal level, Canadians can change the gender marker on their passports through self-identification.^[33]

n Québec, legal gender recognition has operated on an affidavit basis since 2015. In 2021, the Coalition Avenir Québec government introduced Bill 2, proposing to reinstate a surgical requirement.^[34]^[35] Following significant controversy, Québec Minister of Justice Simon Jolin-Barrette announced the removal of this provision from the bill.^[36]

In 2017, Newfoundland and Labrador abolished the requirement for a medical letter, transitioning to a self-declaration process.^[37] Alberta followed in 2018, allowing legal gender changes through an affidavit and eliminating the need for a psychiatrist's letter.^[38]^[39] Nova Scotia adopted an affidavit process in 2019,^[40] and in 2022, British Columbia removed the medical letter requirement for adults seeking legal gender changes.^[41]

As of October 2021, Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and all territories do not permit legal gender changes for those born outside of their jurisdictions. Federally, refugee claimants gained the right to change their legal gender in November 2020,^[42] and in March 2021, temporary residents were granted the same right without needing a passport change.^[43]

Chile

Since 2019, Chile's Gender Identity Law (Law 21,120) recognizes the right to self-perceived gender identity, allowing transgender individuals aged 14 and older to change their name and gender on official documents without prohibitive requirements. For individuals over the age of 18, the change is made by submitting a request to the Civil Registry and Identification Service without needing to provide evidence of medical interventions.

For minors aged 14 to 18, the process must be carried out in family courts and requires the permission and support of their legal representatives. While the process for minors does not mandate medical reports, it does require documentation on their psychosocial and family context.

The law enshrines key principles, including non-pathologization, protection from arbitrary discrimination, confidentiality, dignity in treatment, the best interests of the child, and recognition of progressive autonomy.^[44]

Colombia

Since 2015, Colombians have been able to change their legal gender and name by expressing their solemn will before a notary, without the need for surgeries or a judicial order. On June 4, 2015, the Colombian government issued Decree 1227 to simplify this process for adults aged 18 and older.^[45] The decree, signed by the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of the Interior, says the gender change is justified by a person's individual choice and removes the requirement for medical examinations.^[46]^[47]

Costa Rica

In 2016, a bill was introduced to Costa Rica's Legislative Assembly to allow transgender individuals to legally change their name and gender without requiring surgery or judicial permission.^[48] By June 2017, the bill advanced to the Human Rights Committee,^[49] and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal endorsed it,^[50] but it ultimately failed to pass.

In January 2018, following a ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the 2018 Costa Rican general election, President Carlos Alvarado Quesada issued an executive decree mandating that all state institutions allow transgender individuals to modify their documents and internal records, including passports, driving licenses, ID cards, work permits, university identifications, based on self-declaration.^[51]^[52] In December 2018, President Alvarado signed an additional executive order extending this right to immigrants.^[53]^[54]

Ecuador

Since 2016, Ecuadorians have been allowed to change the sex marker on their personal identity documents to a "gender" marker, choosing either masculine or feminine. Applicants seeking this change on their identity card must present two witnesses to attest to their self-determination. Changing the sex marker in the civil registry requires a judicial order.^[55]

Mexico

As a federation, Mexico's legal gender recognition procedures vary by state.

On 13 November 2014, the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City unanimously (46–0) approved a gender identity law. This law simplified the process for transgender individuals to change their legal gender.^[56] Under its provisions, individuals only need to notify the Civil Registry of their wish to update the gender information on their birth certificates, without requiring sex reassignment surgery, psychological therapy, or any medical diagnosis. The law took effect in early 2015.^[57]

As of November 2024,^[update] 22 other states have enacted similar laws,^[58] including^[59]^[60] Michoacán (2017),^[61] Nayarit (2017),^[62] Coahuila (2018),^[63] Hidalgo (2019),^[64] San Luis Potosí (2019),^[65] Colima (2019),^[66] Oaxaca (2019),^[67] Tlaxcala (2019),^[68] Chihuahua (2019),^[69] Sonora (2020),^[70] Jalisco (2020),^[71] Quintana Roo (2020),^[72] Puebla (2021),^[73] Baja California Sur (2021),^[74] the State of Mexico (2021)^[75] Morelos (2021),^[76] Baja California (2022),^[76]^[77]^[78] Sinaloa (2022),^[76] Zacatecas (2022), Yucatán (2024), and Campeche (2024)

United States

As the United States is a federation, legal gender recognition laws vary by state. As of July 2021, 21 states and the District of Columbia allow the gender marker on driver's licenses to be updated based on self-declaration. As of April 2020, 10 states permit the gender marker on birth certificates to be updated on the same basis.^[79]^[80] At the federal level, since June 2021, the gender marker on U.S. passports has been based on a system of self-identification.^[81]

In 2017, the California State Legislature passed the Gender Recognition Act (SB 179), eliminating the requirement for a physician’s statement and mandatory court hearing for gender change petitions. The Act allows changes based on an affidavit and introduced a third, non-binary gender marker for California birth certificates, driver's licenses, and identity cards.^[82]

Uruguay

Since 2019, transgender people in Uruguay have been able to self-identify their gender and update their legal name without judicial approval, following the enactment of the Comprehensive Law for Trans Persons (Ley Integral Para Personas Trans). The law does not require medical intervention to change one's gender on official documents.^[83]^[84]

Asia

India

In India, the Supreme Court affirmed the right to self-determination in two 2014 cases.^[85]^[86]^[16]

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 recognizes the right to self-perceived gender identity, allowing transgender individuals to register under a third gender (transgender). Applications must be submitted to the District Magistrate, who can issue a certificate of identity as a Transgender Person and update official documents (Sections 5-6). Identification as male or female requires proof of gender confirmation surgery or medical intervention (Section 7).^[87]

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 simplified the procedure for obtaining an identity certificate from the District Magistrate. Under these rules, a single form can be used to declare either transgender or trans-binary status, though medical intervention is required for the latter.^[88] In November 2020, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched an online portal for gender marker changes. Through this portal, applicants submit an affidavit self-declaring their third gender and can receive a new identity card within 30 days.^[89]

Nepal

In 2007, in the Sunil Babu Pant and Others v. Nepal Government court case on LGBT+ rights, the Supreme Court of Nepal legally established a gender category called "other".^[90]^[91] The Supreme Court stated that the criteria for identifying one's gender is based on the individual's self-identification.^[92]

Nepal's gender recognition laws have faced criticism for their limitations. These laws only allow individuals to change their gender marker from "M" (male) or "F" (female) to "O" (other). They do not permit transgender women to obtain an "F" marker or transgender men to obtain an "M" marker.^[93]^[94]

Pakistan

Under the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 (Urdu: مُتَجَنَّس افراد کے لیے (تحفظ حقوق) قانون 2018ء), Pakistanis are allowed to self-identify their gender as male, female, both, or neither. They may express their gender according to their own preferences and have their chosen gender identity reflected on official documents, including National Identification Cards, passports, driver's licenses, and educational certificates.^[95]

Europe

As of November 2024, 12 countries have established legal gender recognition procedures based on self-determination: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland.^[11]^[13]^[3]^[2] In France and Greece, court permission is required.^[12]^[11]^[13]^[3] In 2014, Amnesty International reported that "many transgender people in Europe continue to struggle to have their gender legally recognised" and advocated that transgender individuals "should be able to obtain legal gender recognition through quick, accessible and transparent procedures and in accordance with their own perceptions of gender identity."^[96]

Belgium

In 2017, the Belgian federal parliament passed a law enabling individuals to change their legal gender through a statutory declaration, without requiring medical intervention.^[97] The process involves signing a statutory declaration before a civil officer, followed by a three-month waiting period, after which a second statutory declaration is required to confirm the change.^[98]

Cyprus

In 2019, a bill was drafted to allow transgender individuals to change their legal sex. The proposed legislation would grant transgender people over the age of 18 the right to change their legal gender based on self-determination, without requiring medical intervention.^[99] As of October 2021,^[update] the bill was still in draft status.^[100]^[101]

Germany

In June 2021, Germany's parliament rejected two self-identification bills. One of the bills proposed allowing gender-affirming for children starting at age 14 regardless of parental objection and included a €2,500 fine for misgendering.^[2]

Following the 2021 German federal election, the Scholz cabinet announced plans to introduce legal gender recognition via self-declaration.^[102] The government formally proposed a self-determination bill in June 2022.^[103] In April 2024, Germany's parliament passed the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz, permitting German citizens to change their gender on government documents through self-declaration. The law, which took effect in November 2024, allows individuals aged 16 to 18 to change their gender on documents with parental involvement. For individuals under 16, parents can initiate the change on behalf of their child.^[104]

Ireland

On 15 July 2015, the Oireachtas passed the Gender Recognition Act 2015, allowing Irish citizens to change their gender on government documents through self-determination. The law does not require medical intervention or state assessment.^[105] Individuals aged 18 or older who are ordinarily resident in Ireland or registered in Irish birth or adoption registers can make these changes. For individuals aged 16 to 18, a court order is required to exempt them from the minimum age requirement.^[106]

In late January 2018, over 1,000 Irish feminists, including groups such as the University College Dublin Centre of Gender, Feminisms & Sexualities, signed an open letter condemning a planned meeting in Ireland on UK Gender Recognition Act reforms organized by a British group opposed to the reforms.^[107] The letter stated that "Trans people and particularly trans women are an inextricable part of our feminist community" and accused the British group of colonialism.^[108]

Malta

Under the Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act (Maltese: Att dwar l-Identità tal-Ġeneru, l-Espressjoni tal-Ġeneru u l-Karatteristiċi tas-Sess), enacted in April 2015, applicants can change their official documents by filing an affidavit with a notary. The law eliminates any requirement for medical gender reassignment procedures.^[109]

Nordic countries

In June 2014, the Danish Parliament voted 59–52 to remove the requirement for a mental disorder diagnosis and surgery with irreversible sterilization for legal gender changes.^[110] Since 1 September 2014, Danes aged 18 or older can apply for a legal gender change by stating their intent, followed by a six-month "reflection period" to confirm the request.^[111]^[112]

On 18 March 2016, Norway's Solberg Government introduced the Gender Recognition Act, which allows individuals aged 16 or older to legally change their gender without psychiatric or psychological evaluation, diagnosis, or medical intervention. Minors aged 6–16 can transition with parental consent.^[113]^[114]^[115] The bill passed Parliament on 6 June by a vote of 79–13.^[116]^[117] It was promulgated on 17 June and took effect on 1 July 2016.^[115]^[118] The act was praised as a milestone for LGBTIQ+ rights by the Norwegian Organisation for Sexual and Gender Diversity, Amnesty International^[119] and by the feminist movement, notably by the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights.^[120]

In 2019, Icelandic Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir proposed a bill for gender recognition via statutory declaration. The Althing passed the bill by a vote of 45–0, with three abstentions.^[121]^[122]

In 2015, the Löfven Government introduced a bill allowing legal gender changes without psychiatric or psychological evaluation or diagnosis, and without medical intervention.^[123] The bill stagnated in early drafts for several years.^[124] In November 2021, the Swedish government announced that it had prepared a new draft bill that would implement self-determination by 2024.^[125]^[126] A 2021 study by Sifo and commissioned by RFSL found that 61% of Swedes supported moving to a system of self-declaration.^[127] A Fokus Novus poll showed low overall support, with 15% in favor.^[128]

In 2021, a Finnish citizen's initiative to base legal gender recognition on self-determination gathered 50,000 signatures and was referred to the Finnish Parliament's Committee on Social Affairs and Health.^[129] Prime Minister Sanna Marin had previously expressed support for self-determination.^[130] On 1 February 2023, Finland's Parliament approved gender self-identification by a vote of 113–69.^[131]

Portugal

In May 2016, the Left Bloc introduced a bill to allow legal gender change solely based on self-determination.^[132]^[133]^[134] Similar bills were introduced by the People–Animals–Nature party and the Costa Government in November 2016 and May 2017, respectively.^[135]^[136] They were merged into one measure by a parliamentary committee and subsequently approved by the Parliament on 13 April 2018.^[137]^[138]

President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa vetoed the bill.^[139]^[140] Later in 2018, adopted a revised version of the bill, incorporating changes suggested by the President regarding gender changes for minors aged 16 and 17, as suggested by the President.^[141]^[142] President Rebelo de Sousa signed the amended bill on 31 July 2018.^[143]^[144]

It was published as Act No. 38/2018 in the official journal on 7 August 2018 and took effect the next day on 8 August.^[145]^[146]^[147]

Spain

Spain passed gender self-identification in February 2023, via the Ley Trans passed by the Congress of Deputies.^[148] The draft had been in the making since 2021.^[10]

The law sets a minimum age of 14 for legal gender recognition, with parental approval required for those aged 14 to 16.^[10] A previous bill giving children total freedom of legal gender recognition had been rejected in May.^[10]

Some LGBTQ+ campaigners criticized the new bill for its age restrictions and the lack of provisions for non-Spanish residents and non-binary identities. A collective of around 50 gender-critical feminist groups opposed the bill.^[10]

Switzerland

In May 2018, the Swiss Federal Council proposed an amendment to allow transgender individuals to change their registered gender and first name(s) without "red tape", requiring only a declaration to civil status registry officials.^[149]

In late 2020, the Swiss Parliament passed the bill, permitting individuals aged 16 and older to obtain legal gender recognition through self-declaration. The law took effect on 1 January 2022^[150]^[151] and was enacted through a modification of the Swiss Civil Code.^[152]^[153] The legislation does not provide for changes to a nonbinary gender.^[154]

United Kingdom

In Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland),^[155] the Equality Act 2010 provides protection from discrimination under the protected characteristic of "gender reassignment." This protection covers individuals at any stage of the transition process, from proposing to reassign their gender to undergoing or completing the process. However, this is not equivalent to gender self-identification, and the Act permits providers of sex-segregated services to exclude transgender individuals on a case-by-case basis if it constitutes "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim."^[156]^[157]

In 2016, the House of Commons' Women and Equalities Committee issued a report recommending that the Gender Recognition Act 2004 be updated "in line with the principles of gender self-declaration".^[158] Later in 2016, in England and Wales, proposal was developed under Theresa May's government to revise the Act to introduce self-identification. The proposal was dropped in 2020 after opposition. Instead, Boris Johnson's government reduced the application fee for a Gender Recognition Certificate to £5 and moved the application process online.^[4]^[6]

In 2018, a YouGov poll for PinkNews found that 18% of respondents across the UK supported self-identification, 58% believed medical approval was necessary, and the remainder were undecided.^[159]

A 2018 government consultation on Gender Recognition Act reform received 102,833 submissions. Of these, 39% were submitted via an online form set up by Stonewall, 18% via a form by the gender-critical group Fair Play for Women, and 7% via a form by feminist organization Level Up,. The consultation showed that 64% supported removing the requirement for a gender dysphoria diagnosis, 80% favored eliminating the need for a medical report, and 77% supported removing the requirement to evidence living "in their acquired gender" for a set period.^[160]

In 2020, Human Rights Watch urged the British government to allow self-identification and include recognition of transgender and non-binary individuals.^[161]^[162] In March 2021, the Welsh government's Independent LGBTQ+ Expert Panel also called for reform based on self-determination principles.^[163] Later that year, the Welsh government advocated for the devolution of powers related to the Act to enable legislative reforms within Wales.^[164]

On 22 December 2022, the Scottish Parliament passed the Gender Recognition Reform Bill by a vote of 86 to 39. The bill proposed allowing self-identification for a Gender Recognition Certificate and extending the process to individuals aged 16 and 17. ^[165] On 17 January 2023, the United Kingdom government used section 35 of the Scotland Act 1998 to block the bill from receiving royal assent, the first time section 35 has been used.^[166] After the Scottish Parliament vote, Mark Drakeford, First Minister of Wales, expressed a desire for a similar reform of gender-recognition law in Wales and the legislative competence for the Senedd to enact it;^[167] he described Westminster's section 35 order as a "very dangerous precedent" for devolution.^[168]

Oceania

Australia

In Australia, Tasmania implemented self-declaration in 2019.^[169] In 2020, the Tasmania Law Reform Institute completed an investigation of the law's impact that "uncovered no evidence that allowing people to change their officially recorded gender would have any unforeseen legal consequences."^[170] Later in 2019, the Parliament of Victoria introduced a law that abolished the sex reassignment surgery requirement for legal gender change and allows applicants to self-nominate the sex listed on their birth registration as male, female, or any other gender diverse or non-binary descriptor of their choice.^[171]^[172]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, gender markers on passports and drivers licences have worked on a self-declaration basis since 2012. In November 2017, the New Zealand Parliament introduced the Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill to allow people to change the sex on their birth certificates on a self-declaration basis as well.^[173] The bill passed its first reading in December 2017 and passed its second reading in August 2021.^[174]^[175] The bill was unanimously approved by Parliament on its third reading and went into effect in 2023.^[176] The Human Rights Commission has supported the bill, stating that it would "ultimately help reduce discrimination."^[177] The bill has also been supported by the Māori Women's Welfare League and the National Council of Women of New Zealand.^[178]

Academic research

A 2019 paper in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health said that several studies have found that legal gender recognition frameworks based on pathologization can have negative effects on transgender and intersex individuals.^[179] A 2018 study in BMC International Health and Human Rights said that "in most countries where transgender people are refused legal recognition of their gender identity, this might lead to further human rights violations, impacting their access to education, employment, healthcare, social security, and legal protection" and that "many countries that do permit the modification of gender markers on identity documents impose abusive requirements, such as forced or otherwise involuntary surgery, medical diagnosis, long, costly and complicated judicial procedures."^[26] A 2017 study in Critical Social Policy said that "legal requirements based upon trans-related diagnoses pose a risk of reintroducing surgical and hormonal practices through the back door. Moreover, these diagnoses act as gatekeeper to other healthcare services and citizenship rights."^[180] Sex/gender self-determination is now in international public consciousness due to numerous media commentaries, governmental debates and the corresponding and relatively fast-paced shifts in legal and policy constructions regarding trans, sex/gender expansive, and intersex people in law and medicine ^[181]

A 2020 study from the University of Bristol found that "being able to change gender legally without having to rely on medical diagnosis and treatment would make older age a much more positive experience for many trans individuals seeking to transition in later life."^[182] A 2021 study in Labour Economics found that removal of surgical requirements for legal gender recognition "is associated with an increase in the employment rate of FtM transgender people of around 9 to 20%."^[183]

Several researchers have also found that self-identification laws will not necessarily address all issues faced by trans people by themselves, especially if such laws restrict legal gender to a binary or are not accompanied by other reforms, such as in healthcare.^[184]^[185]^[186]^[187] A 2018 article from Chris Dietz of the University of Leeds on the legal gender recognition system in Denmark found that "recognition may be practically inaccessible in the absence of corresponding health care provision" and that "positivity around the law was mitigated by contemporaneous reforms taking place in the Danish health care system" which had the effect of certifying "a de facto monopoly for authorising [trans healthcare] treatments at the Sexological Clinic (Sexologisk Klinik) of the National Hospital (Rigshospitalet) in Copenhagen".^[188]

Research has also found that legal gender recognition laws based on self-declaration do not necessarily, by themselves, guarantee access to proper identity documentation. A 2014 study on the Argentinian law found that "uptake of this right has not been homogenous," in particular that "foreign born status was a strong negative correlate of new ID acquisition," on top of other challenges faced by immigrants in the country.^[189] A 2021 paper in the Journal of Human Rights said that "trans activists in India argue that many authorities claim ignorance of the process, denying and rejecting transgender persons’ applications for identity documents with the justification that they do not know the procedures around providing IDs to persons of 'their gender.'"^[190]

A 2020 paper in the Modern Law Review about the proposed reforms to the UK's Gender Recognition act argued that the reforms would not erode the existing exemptions in the 2010 Equality Act permitting a reliance on sex instead of gender identity, and that, based on existing research, they would "not lead to a significant increase in harms to non-trans women."^[191] A 2017 paper from Peter Dunne of Trinity College Dublin said that "there is also little (if any) support for the idea that trans protections facilitate cisgender predators who feign a trans identity to perpetrate assaults in women-only space. In reality, concerns over the supposed threat of trans identities often reveal lingering anti-trans prejudice, reproducing historic tropes about the ‘deviant’, ‘deceptive’ or ‘unstable’ trans individual."^[192] A 2018 study, from the Williams Institute in the United States, found that passing non-discrimination laws based on self-declared gender identity "is not related to the number or frequency of criminal incidents" in public spaces such as toilets and changing rooms and that "fears of increased safety and privacy violations as a result of nondiscrimination laws are not empirically grounded."^[193]

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Continental Europe enters the gender wars". The Economist. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021. Self-id, as it is known, is the idea that people be allowed to change the legal markers of their sex simply by saying so, without jumping through any medical hoops. Trans-rights groups say this is crucial for trans people, who face daily prejudice.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Explained: Countries that allow gender self-identification, and the law in India". The Indian Express. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021. Self-identification, or 'self-id', is the concept that a person should be allowed to legally identify with the gender of their choice by simply declaring so, and without facing any medical tests. This has been a long held demand of trans-right groups around the world
^ ^a ^b Weaver, Matthew (3 May 2021). "Gender recognition certificate fee cut from £140 to £5". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b Lewis, Helen (5 May 2021). "The Party Whose Success Is a Problem". The Atlantic.
^ ^a ^b Murphy, Simon; Brooks, Libby (22 September 2020). "UK government drops gender self-identification plan for trans people". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ Boothman, John (22 August 2021). "Scottish government to legalise gender self-identification". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ Goodwin, Daisy (10 September 2021). "The Transgender Issue and Trans — the gender agenda". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ Madrigal-Borloz, Victor (2021), Reports on Gender: The Law of Inclusion & Practices of Exclusion (PDF), United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, pp. 6, 8, retrieved 21 October 2021, Some submissions to this report argued against legal recognition of trans and gender diverse persons, alleging a risk of erasure of cisgender women's concerns, the integrity of gender-segregated spaces for women and the threat to the development of girls through sport.
"The concerns raised overwhelmingly appear to rely on anecdotal evidence, some of which would relate to allegations of abuse, but most of which build on deeply discriminatory stereotypes of trans and gender diverse persons based on ideas of predatory determinism. They also appear to reproduce privileged and/or colonial bias that disregards gender diversity around the world and to suggest a shift of onus from the State (the duty bearer) to communities and persons that, as evidence shows, are deeply disenfranchised (trans and gender diverse persons, the rights holders). ...
"The work to address, and ultimately eradicate, violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not in opposition to the human rights of women; to the contrary, these areas of concern largely overlap and conceptually, socioeconomically, politically and legally reinforce each other.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Carreño, Belén; Allen, Nathan (29 June 2021). "Spain moves step closer to gender self-identification". Reuters. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
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 {{short description|Legal concept}}
 [[File:Gender self-identification around the world.svg|thumb|300px|Countries recognising gender self-identification; sub-national entities are only marked for some countries]]
-'''Gender self-identification''' or '''gender self-determination''' is the concept that a person's [[legal sex]] or gender is determined by their [[gender identity]] without any medical requirements, such as via [[statutory declaration]].<ref name=zimman>{{cite journal |last1=Zimman |first1=Lal |title=Trans self-identification and the language of neoliberal selfhood: Agency, power, and the limits of monologic discourse |journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]] |date=1 March 2019 |issue=256 |pages=147–175 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2018-2016 |s2cid=150715919 |quote=For trans people, a key principle of activism is gender self-determination, which treats each individual as the ultimate authority on their own gender identity....Self-identification is a lynchpin of transgender identity politics in the United States and, increasingly, throughout the globalizing world.}}</ref><ref name=economist>{{cite news |title=Continental Europe enters the gender wars |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/06/12/continental-europe-enters-the-gender-wars |access-date=17 October 2021 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=12 June 2021 |quote=Self-id, as it is known, is the idea that people be allowed to change the legal markers of their sex simply by saying so, without jumping through any medical hoops. Trans-rights groups say this is crucial for trans people, who face daily prejudice.}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |title=Explained: Countries that allow gender self-identification, and the law in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gender-self-identification-law-india-7383108/lite/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 July 2021 |language=en |quote=Self-identification, or ‘self-id’, is the concept that a person should be allowed to legally identify with the gender of their choice by simply declaring so, and without facing any medical tests. This has been a long held demand of trans-right groups around the world}}</ref><ref name=guardian2021>{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |title=Gender recognition certificate fee cut from £140 to £5 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/04/gender-recognition-certificate-fee-cut-from-140-to-5 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+'''Gender self-identification''' or '''gender self-determination''' is the concept that a person's [[legal sex]] or gender is determined by their [[gender identity]], without medical or judicial requirements.<ref name=zimman>{{cite journal |last1=Zimman |first1=Lal |title=Trans self-identification and the language of neoliberal selfhood: Agency, power, and the limits of monologic discourse |journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]] |date=1 March 2019 |issue=256 |pages=147–175 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2018-2016 |s2cid=150715919 |quote=For trans people, a key principle of activism is gender self-determination, which treats each individual as the ultimate authority on their own gender identity....Self-identification is a lynchpin of transgender identity politics in the United States and, increasingly, throughout the globalizing world.}}</ref><ref name=economist>{{cite news |title=Continental Europe enters the gender wars |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/06/12/continental-europe-enters-the-gender-wars |access-date=17 October 2021 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=12 June 2021 |quote=Self-id, as it is known, is the idea that people be allowed to change the legal markers of their sex simply by saying so, without jumping through any medical hoops. Trans-rights groups say this is crucial for trans people, who face daily prejudice.}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |title=Explained: Countries that allow gender self-identification, and the law in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gender-self-identification-law-india-7383108/lite/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 July 2021 |language=en |quote=Self-identification, or ‘self-id’, is the concept that a person should be allowed to legally identify with the gender of their choice by simply declaring so, and without facing any medical tests. This has been a long held demand of trans-right groups around the world}}</ref><ref name=guardian2021>{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |title=Gender recognition certificate fee cut from £140 to £5 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/04/gender-recognition-certificate-fee-cut-from-140-to-5 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+It is a major goal of the [[transgender rights movement]].<ref name=zimman/><ref name=economist/><ref name=indianexpress/><ref name=atlantic>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Helen |title=The Party Whose Success Is a Problem |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/05/nicola-sturgeon-scotland-election/618790/ |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Advocates argue that medical requirements for gender recognition are intrusive and humiliating forms of [[gatekeeping]] that can pressure transgender individuals into undergoing unwanted medical procedures. They also claim that self-identification simplifies the process of [[transgender]] people living without prejudice and discrimination.
-It is a major goal of the [[transgender rights movement]].<ref name=zimman/><ref name=economist/><ref name=indianexpress/><ref name=atlantic>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Helen |title=The Party Whose Success Is a Problem |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/05/nicola-sturgeon-scotland-election/618790/ |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Advocates of self-identification say that medical requirements are intrusive and humiliating [[gatekeeping]], that they could force transgender people into undergoing surgery, and that self-identification would make it easier for [[transgender]] people to live day-to-day without prejudice. Advocates also argue that there is no evidence that such laws have caused problems in countries where they have been introduced, such as in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], where self-identification was introduced in 2015.<ref name=economist/><ref name=guardian2020>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Simon |last2=Brooks |first2=Libby |title=UK government drops gender self-identification plan for trans people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/sep/22/uk-government-drops-gender-self-identification-plan-for-trans-people |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Self-identification is opposed by [[Gender-critical feminism|some feminists]],<ref name=economist/><ref name=indianexpress/><ref name=atlantic/><ref name=reuters>{{cite news |last1=Carreño |first1=Belén |last2=Allen |first2=Nathan |title=Spain moves step closer to gender self-identification |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spains-government-approves-first-draft-gender-self-identification-bill-2021-06-29/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> who consider safety in places like [[women's shelter|refuges]] and prisons, and [[transgender people in sports|fairness in sports]], to be adversely affected.<ref name=atlantic/><ref name=sundaytimes>{{cite news |last1=Boothman |first1=John |title=Scottish government to legalise gender self-identification |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-government-to-legalise-gender-self-identification-qrxxxmsl3 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=22 August 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=financialtimes>{{cite news |last1=Goodwin |first1=Daisy |title=''The Transgender Issue'' and ''Trans'' — the gender agenda |url=https://www.ft.com/content/44bfa943-b7c0-46b2-9d70-7579a00009f1 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=10 September 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/SexualOrientation/IESOGI/Reports_on_Gender_Final_Summary.pdf |title=Reports on Gender: The Law of Inclusion & Practices of Exclusion |first=Victor |last=Madrigal-Borloz |author-link=Victor Madrigal-Borloz |publisher=[[United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity]] |date=2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |pages=6, 8 |quote=Some submissions to this report argued against legal recognition of trans and gender diverse persons, alleging a risk of erasure of cisgender women’s concerns, the integrity of gender-segregated spaces for women and the threat to the development of girls through sport.<br />"The concerns raised overwhelmingly appear to rely on anecdotal evidence, some of which would relate to allegations of abuse, but most of which build on deeply discriminatory stereotypes of trans and gender diverse persons based on ideas of predatory determinism. They also appear to reproduce privileged and/or colonial bias that disregards gender diversity around the world and to suggest a shift of onus from the State (the duty bearer) to communities and persons that, as evidence shows, are deeply disenfranchised (trans and gender diverse persons, the rights holders). ...<br />"The work to address, and ultimately eradicate, violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not in opposition to the human rights of women; to the contrary, these areas of concern largely overlap and conceptually, socioeconomically, politically and legally reinforce each other. }}</ref>
+Proponents highlight the lack of evidence suggesting adverse outcomes in countries where self-identification laws have been implemented, such as [[Ireland]], which adopted self-identification policies in 2015.<ref name="economist" /><ref name="guardian2020">{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Simon |last2=Brooks |first2=Libby |title=UK government drops gender self-identification plan for trans people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/sep/22/uk-government-drops-gender-self-identification-plan-for-trans-people |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Opponents of the concept believe that safety in spaces like [[Women's shelter|women's shelters]] and prisons and [[Transgender people in sports|fairness in competitive sports]] is compromised by self-identification.<ref name="atlantic" /><ref name="sundaytimes">{{cite news |last1=Boothman |first1=John |title=Scottish government to legalise gender self-identification |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-government-to-legalise-gender-self-identification-qrxxxmsl3 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=22 August 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="financialtimes">{{cite news |last1=Goodwin |first1=Daisy |title=''The Transgender Issue'' and ''Trans'' — the gender agenda |url=https://www.ft.com/content/44bfa943-b7c0-46b2-9d70-7579a00009f1 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=10 September 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/SexualOrientation/IESOGI/Reports_on_Gender_Final_Summary.pdf |title=Reports on Gender: The Law of Inclusion & Practices of Exclusion |first=Victor |last=Madrigal-Borloz |author-link=Victor Madrigal-Borloz |publisher=[[United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity]] |date=2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |pages=6, 8 |quote=Some submissions to this report argued against legal recognition of trans and gender diverse persons, alleging a risk of erasure of cisgender women’s concerns, the integrity of gender-segregated spaces for women and the threat to the development of girls through sport.<br />"The concerns raised overwhelmingly appear to rely on anecdotal evidence, some of which would relate to allegations of abuse, but most of which build on deeply discriminatory stereotypes of trans and gender diverse persons based on ideas of predatory determinism. They also appear to reproduce privileged and/or colonial bias that disregards gender diversity around the world and to suggest a shift of onus from the State (the duty bearer) to communities and persons that, as evidence shows, are deeply disenfranchised (trans and gender diverse persons, the rights holders). ...<br />"The work to address, and ultimately eradicate, violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not in opposition to the human rights of women; to the contrary, these areas of concern largely overlap and conceptually, socioeconomically, politically and legally reinforce each other. }}</ref>
-As of November 2024, gender self-identification, where no judge or medical expert are involved, is part of the law in 21 countries: [[Argentina]], [[Belgium]],  [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Denmark]], [[Ecuador]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Iceland]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Uruguay]].<ref name="trans eu index 22">{{cite web |title=Trans Rights Index Europe & Central Asia 2023 |url=https://transrightsmap.tgeu.org/index |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="ilga trans 2020">{{cite web |title=Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law |url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_Trans_Legal_Mapping_Report_2019_EN.pdf |website=ilga.org |access-date=16 November 2022 |date=2020}}</ref><ref name="GR report 2022 council" /> Proposals to introduce it have proved controversial in some countries, such as the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=indianexpress/> Within countries organized as federations, such as [[Australia]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]], legal gender recognition may principally fall under sub-national jurisdiction, and may vary from province to province. Within a single jurisdiction, legal gender recognition procedures can be different for different documents, such as birth certificates or passports, and is not always the sole determinant of gender recognition in day-to-day life, such as in healthcare, access to facilities, or in personal relations. [[Third gender]] [[self-determination]] is available in [[India]], [[Nepal]],<ref name="ilga trans 2020" /> [[Bangladesh]], [[Colombia]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and some American states.<ref name="Argentina on Genre">{{cite web |title=Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/22/argentina-recognizes-non-binary-identities |website=hrw.org |access-date=21 April 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><!--may not verify all countries listed-->
+As of November 2024, 21 countries have enacted laws allowing gender self-identification without requiring judicial or medical approval: [[Argentina]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Denmark]], [[Ecuador]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Iceland]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]],<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |last1=Carreño |first1=Belén |last2=Allen |first2=Nathan |title=Spain moves step closer to gender self-identification |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spains-government-approves-first-draft-gender-self-identification-bill-2021-06-29/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Switzerland]] and [[Uruguay]].<ref name="trans eu index 22">{{cite web |title=Trans Rights Index Europe & Central Asia 2023 |url=https://transrightsmap.tgeu.org/index |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="ilga trans 2020">{{cite web |title=Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law |url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_Trans_Legal_Mapping_Report_2019_EN.pdf |website=ilga.org |access-date=16 November 2022 |date=2020}}</ref><ref name="GR report 2022 council" /> Proposals for similar laws have sparked controversy in some nations, especially in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="indianexpress" />
+In federated countries like [[Australia]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]], gender recognition laws often vary by province or state. Within a single jurisdiction, procedures may also differ across official documents, such as birth certificates and passports. These laws do not necessarily encompass all aspects of gender recognition in areas such as healthcare or access to facilities.
+[[Third gender]] [[self-determination]] is available in [[India]], [[Nepal]],<ref name="ilga trans 2020" /> [[Bangladesh]], [[Colombia]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and some American states.<ref name="Argentina on Genre">{{cite web |title=Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/22/argentina-recognizes-non-binary-identities |website=hrw.org |access-date=21 April 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><!--may not verify all countries listed-->
 ==Positions of international bodies==
-In April 2015, the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] adopted Resolution 2048 (2015), within which "the Assembly calls on Member States to ... develop quick, transparent and accessible procedures, based on self-determination ... available for all people who seek to use them, irrespective of age, medical status, financial situation or police record".<ref name="CoE Resolution 2048 (2015)">{{citation |url=https://pace.coe.int/en/files/21736/html |title=Discrimination against transgender people in Europe – Resolution 2048 (2015) |publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=21 October 2021 }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] stated that "abusive requirements as a precondition of recognition — for example, by requiring ... forced gender reassignment and other medical procedures" are "in violation of international human rights standards"<ref name="UN A/HRC/29/23">{{citation |url=https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/23 |title=Discrimination and violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity |author=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |date=4 May 2015 |access-date=21 October 2021 |id=A/HRC/29/23 |at=paragraph 73 }}</ref> and in 2018, [[Victor Madrigal-Borloz]], the [[United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity]], stated that "the right to self-determine one's gender was a fundamental part of a person's freedom and a cornerstone of the person's identity"<ref name="UN A/HRC/47/27">{{citation |url=https://undocs.org/A/HRC/47/27 |title=The law of inclusion: Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz |first=Victor |last=Madrigal-Borloz |author-link=Victor Madrigal-Borloz |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |date=3 June 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |id=A/HRC/47/27 |at=paragraph 36 }}</ref> and that states' obligations included "adopting legal measures such as being based on self-determination [and] ensuring that minors have access to recognition of their gender identity".<ref name="UN A/HRC/47/27"/>
+In April 2015, the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] adopted Resolution 2048 (2015), within which "the Assembly calls on Member States to ... develop quick, transparent and accessible procedures, based on self-determination ... available for all people who seek to use them, irrespective of age, medical status, financial situation or police record".<ref name="CoE Resolution 2048 (2015)">{{citation |url=https://pace.coe.int/en/files/21736/html |title=Discrimination against transgender people in Europe – Resolution 2048 (2015) |publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=21 October 2021 }}</ref>
+Also in 2015, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] stated that "abusive requirements as a precondition of recognition — for example, by requiring ... forced gender reassignment and other medical procedures" are "in violation of international human rights standards".<ref name="UN A/HRC/29/23">{{citation |url=https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/23 |title=Discrimination and violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity |author=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |date=4 May 2015 |access-date=21 October 2021 |id=A/HRC/29/23 |at=paragraph 73 }}</ref>
+In 2018, [[Victor Madrigal-Borloz]], the [[United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity]], stated that "the right to self-determine one's gender was a fundamental part of a person's freedom and a cornerstone of the person's identity"<ref name="UN A/HRC/47/27">{{citation |url=https://undocs.org/A/HRC/47/27 |title=The law of inclusion: Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz |first=Victor |last=Madrigal-Borloz |author-link=Victor Madrigal-Borloz |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |date=3 June 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |id=A/HRC/47/27 |at=paragraph 36 }}</ref> and that states' obligations included "adopting legal measures such as being based on self-determination [and] ensuring that minors have access to recognition of their gender identity".<ref name="UN A/HRC/47/27" />
 === Positions of international charities ===
-In 2014, [[Amnesty International]] released a report titled ''The state decides who I am: Lack of Legal Gender Recognition For Transgender People in Europe''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saner|first=Emine|date=1 September 2014|title=Europe's terrible trans rights record: will Denmark's new law spark change?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2014/sep/01/europe-terrible-trans-rights-record-denmark-new-law|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> In the report, Amnesty argued that many European countries had legal gender recognition laws that were based on stereotypical gender norms and that violated individuals' rights to "private and family life, to recognition before the law, to highest attainable standard of health and to be free from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatments without discrimination on
+In 2014, [[Amnesty International]] released a report titled ''The state decides who I am: Lack of Legal Gender Recognition For Transgender People in Europe''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saner|first=Emine|date=1 September 2014|title=Europe's terrible trans rights record: will Denmark's new law spark change?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2014/sep/01/europe-terrible-trans-rights-record-denmark-new-law|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The report criticized European countries for legal gender recognition laws that were based on stereotypical gender norms and violated rights such as the right to private and family life, recognition before the law, the highest attainable standard of health, and freedom from cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. Amnesty argued that transgender individuals should have access to legal gender recognition through quick, accessible, and transparent procedures that align with their own perceptions of gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2014|title=The state decides who I am|url=https://www.amnesty.eu/news/the-state-decides-who-i-am00024/|access-date=28 November 2021|work=Amnesty International}}</ref>
-grounds of gender identity and expression." The report further argued that "transgender people should be able to obtain legal gender recognition through quick, accessible and transparent procedures and in accordance with their own perceptions of gender identity."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2014|title=The state decides who I am|url=https://www.amnesty.eu/news/the-state-decides-who-i-am00024/|access-date=28 November 2021|work=Amnesty International}}</ref>
-To mark [[Transgender Awareness Week]] in November 2019, multinational law firm [[Dentons]] produced a report titled ''Only adults? Good practices in legal gender recognition for youth'', written along with [[IGLYO]], an international network of LGBT+ student and youth organizations, and the [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Hamilton|first=Jamie|date=29 November 2019|title=Dentons campaigns for kids to switch gender without parental approval|work=[[Rollonfriday]]|url=https://www.rollonfriday.com/news-content/dentons-campaigns-kids-switch-gender-without-parental-approval|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cross|first=Michael|date=20 November 2019|title=Campaigners for gender recognition law 'should avoid media'|work=[[The Law Society Gazette]]|url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/law/campaigners-for-gender-recognition-law-should-avoid-media/5102234.article|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> The report examined the status of legal gender recognition for minors in several European countries, and describes itself as a "powerful tool for activists".<ref name=":0"/> Based on [[Children's rights|international human rights standards]], the report argued that people under the age of 18 should have the right to legal gender recognition based on self-declaration, that a third gender marker should be recognized, that trans healthcare should be publicly accessible, and that discrimination based on gender identity should be illegal. The report also examined campaigns to reform legal gender recognition laws in those countries, arguing that the most successful techniques included targeting younger politicians and political parties' youth wings, emphasizing the depathologization and human rights aspects of reform, the use of individuals' stories to humanize the campaign, intervening early in the political process, and strong collaboration between groups.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=November 2019|title=Only adults? Good practices in legal gender recognition for youth|url=https://www.iglyo.com/only-adults/|access-date=26 November 2021|work=Dentons}}</ref>
+To mark [[Transgender Awareness Week]] in November 2019, [[Dentons]] produced a report titled ''Only adults? Good practices in legal gender recognition for youth'', written along with [[IGLYO]] and the [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Hamilton|first=Jamie|date=29 November 2019|title=Dentons campaigns for kids to switch gender without parental approval|work=[[Rollonfriday]]|url=https://www.rollonfriday.com/news-content/dentons-campaigns-kids-switch-gender-without-parental-approval|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cross|first=Michael|date=20 November 2019|title=Campaigners for gender recognition law 'should avoid media'|work=[[The Law Society Gazette]]|url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/law/campaigners-for-gender-recognition-law-should-avoid-media/5102234.article|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> The report examined the status of legal gender recognition for minors in several European countries and positioned itself as a "powerful tool for activists."<ref name=":0"/>
+Based on international [[children's rights]] standards, the report advocated for the right of individuals under 18 to obtain legal gender recognition based on self-declaration, the recognition of a third gender marker, publicly accessible transgender healthcare, and legal protections against discrimination based on gender identity. It also examined successful strategies for reform campaigns, emphasizing the importance of targeting younger politicians and youth wings of political parties, highlighting depathologization and human rights aspects, using personal stories to humanize the issue, intervening early in the legislative process, and fostering strong collaboration among advocacy groups.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=November 2019|title=Only adults? Good practices in legal gender recognition for youth|url=https://www.iglyo.com/only-adults/|access-date=26 November 2021|work=Dentons}}</ref>
 == Around the world ==
 === Africa ===
-Although there is no current legislation on legal gender recognition in Botswana, in the 2017 ''[[ND v Attorney General of Botswana and Another]]'' case, the [[High Court of Botswana]] ruled that the government should "ensure that procedures exist whereby all State-issued identity documents which indicate a person’s gender/sex reflect the person’s self-identified gender identity."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2019/nd-v-attorney-general-botswana-and-others|title=High Court of Botswana Protects Transgender Man's Right to Have Identity Document Reflect His Gender Identity|website=ESCR-Net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Botswana-Gender-Marker-Report.pdf|title=Legal Gender Recognition in Botswana|date=October 2020|website=Southern Africa Litigation Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transadvocate.com/african-voices-well-behaved-women-rarely-make-history_n_20580.htm|title=African Voices: Well behaved women rarely make history|last=Tanhira|first=Miles|date=August 23, 2017|website=Transadvocate.com}}</ref>
+==== Botswana ====
+In the 2017 case ''[[ND v. Attorney General of Botswana and Another]]'', the [[High Court of Botswana]] ruled that the government must "ensure that procedures exist whereby all State-issued identity documents which indicate a person’s gender/sex reflect the person’s self-identified gender identity." Although there is no current legislation on legal gender recognition in Botswana, this ruling established a precedent for recognizing gender identity based on self-identification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2019/nd-v-attorney-general-botswana-and-others|title=High Court of Botswana Protects Transgender Man's Right to Have Identity Document Reflect His Gender Identity|website=ESCR-Net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Botswana-Gender-Marker-Report.pdf|title=Legal Gender Recognition in Botswana|date=October 2020|website=Southern Africa Litigation Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transadvocate.com/african-voices-well-behaved-women-rarely-make-history_n_20580.htm|title=African Voices: Well behaved women rarely make history|last=Tanhira|first=Miles|date=August 23, 2017|website=Transadvocate.com}}</ref>
 === The Americas ===
 [[File:Gender self-identification in the Americas.svg|thumb|Countries in the Americas recognising gender self-identification; sub-national entities are not marked]]
-A 2018 study in [[BMC International Health and Human Rights]] found that "the majority of countries from South America allow their transgender citizens to change name and gender in legal documents with a fast, easy and inexpensive manner" and that "legislation to protect [sexual and gender minority] rights in South America have undergone fundamental and positive transformations" in the 2010s. However, the study also found that "transgender people are unable to change their gender in public records and legal documents in several Latin America and the Caribbean countries – mostly in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica."<ref name="BMC Health & Rights 2018">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1186/s12914-019-0217-3|title = Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: A multi-country evaluation|year = 2019|last1 = Malta|first1 = Monica|last2 = Cardoso|first2 = Reynaldo|last3 = Montenegro|first3 = Luiz|last4 = De Jesus|first4 = Jaqueline Gomes|last5 = Seixas|first5 = Michele|last6 = Benevides|first6 = Bruna|last7 = Das Dores Silva|first7 = Maria|last8 = Legrand|first8 = Sara|last9 = Whetten|first9 = Kathryn|journal = BMC International Health and Human Rights|volume = 19|issue = 1|page = 31|pmid = 31694637|pmc = 6836409 | doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Uruguay]] have self-identification laws, as well as several Canadian provinces and Mexican and American states.<ref name=indianexpress/>
+A 2018 study published in [[BioMed Central|BMC International Health and Human Rights]] found that "the majority of countries from South America allow their transgender citizens to change name and gender in legal documents in a fast, easy, and inexpensive manner" and noted that "legislation to protect [sexual and gender minority] rights in South America underwent fundamental and positive transformations" during the 2010s. However, the study also highlighted that "transgender people are unable to change their gender in public records and legal documents in several Latin America and the Caribbean countries—mostly in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica."<ref name="BMC Health & Rights 2018">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1186/s12914-019-0217-3|title = Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: A multi-country evaluation|year = 2019|last1 = Malta|first1 = Monica|last2 = Cardoso|first2 = Reynaldo|last3 = Montenegro|first3 = Luiz|last4 = De Jesus|first4 = Jaqueline Gomes|last5 = Seixas|first5 = Michele|last6 = Benevides|first6 = Bruna|last7 = Das Dores Silva|first7 = Maria|last8 = Legrand|first8 = Sara|last9 = Whetten|first9 = Kathryn|journal = BMC International Health and Human Rights|volume = 19|issue = 1|page = 31|pmid = 31694637|pmc = 6836409 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
+[[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Uruguay]] have self-identification laws. Similar laws also exist in several Canadian provinces, as well as in some Mexican and U.S. states.<ref name="indianexpress" />
 ==== Argentina ====
-In 2012, the [[Gender Identity Law (Argentina)|Ley de Género]] made Argentina the "only country that allows people to change their gender identities without facing barriers such as [[Hormone replacement therapy (transgender)|hormone therapy]], [[Sex reassignment surgery|surgery]] or psychiatric diagnosis that labels them as having an abnormality".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-approves-transgender-rights-id-changes-sex-change-operations-and-hormone-therapy/2012/05/09/gIQAToWAEU_story.html|title=Argentina OKs transgender rights: ID changes, sex-change operations and hormone therapy|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=9 May 2012|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331071108/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-approves-transgender-rights-id-changes-sex-change-operations-and-hormone-therapy/2012/05/09/gIQAToWAEU_story.html|archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> In 2015, the [[World Health Organization]] cited Argentina as an exemplary country for providing transgender rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2016-04-04/argentinas-field-of-dreams-for-the-lgbt|title=Argentina's Field of Dreams for the LGBT|last1=Lahrichi|first1=Kamilia|last2=La Valle|first2=Leo|date=April 4, 2016|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|publisher=U.S. News & World Report L.P.|access-date=November 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122161910/http://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2016-04-04/argentinas-field-of-dreams-for-the-lgbt|archive-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref>
+In 2012, Argentina enacted the [[Gender Identity Law (Argentina)|Ley de Género]], becoming the first country to allow individuals to change their gender identity without medical requirements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-approves-transgender-rights-id-changes-sex-change-operations-and-hormone-therapy/2012/05/09/gIQAToWAEU_story.html|title=Argentina OKs transgender rights: ID changes, sex-change operations and hormone therapy|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=9 May 2012|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331071108/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-approves-transgender-rights-id-changes-sex-change-operations-and-hormone-therapy/2012/05/09/gIQAToWAEU_story.html|archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> In 2015, the [[World Health Organization]] cited Argentina as an exemplary country for providing transgender rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2016-04-04/argentinas-field-of-dreams-for-the-lgbt|title=Argentina's Field of Dreams for the LGBT|last1=Lahrichi|first1=Kamilia|last2=La Valle|first2=Leo|date=April 4, 2016|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|publisher=U.S. News & World Report L.P.|access-date=November 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122161910/http://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2016-04-04/argentinas-field-of-dreams-for-the-lgbt|archive-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref>
-A 2018 paper in the [[Journal of Human Rights]] analyzing the factors that lead to the creation of the law found that "more institutionalized group played a major role in getting the issue on the agenda, while a more radical challenger coalition was crucial in developing and advancing the ground-breaking content."<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/14754835.2018.1450739|title = The political mediation of Argentina's gender identity law: LGBT activism and rights innovation|year = 2018|last1 = Hollar|first1 = Julie|journal = Journal of Human Rights|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 453–469|s2cid = 149480996|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/09614524.2013.802291|title = From embarrassing objects to subjects of rights: The Argentine LGBT movement and the Equal Marriage and Gender Identity laws|year = 2013|last1 = Pousadela|first1 = Inés M.|journal = Development in Practice|volume = 23|issue = 5–06|pages = 701–720|s2cid = 143126497}}</ref>
+A 2018 study published in the [[Journal of Human Rights]] analyzed the factors leading to the creation of the law. It concluded that "a more institutionalized group played a major role in getting the issue on the agenda, while a more radical challenger coalition was crucial in developing and advancing the ground-breaking content."<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/14754835.2018.1450739|title = The political mediation of Argentina's gender identity law: LGBT activism and rights innovation|year = 2018|last1 = Hollar|first1 = Julie|journal = Journal of Human Rights|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 453–469|s2cid = 149480996|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/09614524.2013.802291|title = From embarrassing objects to subjects of rights: The Argentine LGBT movement and the Equal Marriage and Gender Identity laws|year = 2013|last1 = Pousadela|first1 = Inés M.|journal = Development in Practice|volume = 23|issue = 5–06|pages = 701–720|s2cid = 143126497}}</ref>
 ====Bolivia====
-The Gender Identity law allows individuals over 18 to legally change their name, gender and photography on legal documents.  No surgeries, hormone therapy or judicial order are required, nevertheless, a psychological examination attesting that the petitioner consents the decision is required. The law took effect on 1 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley N° 807 de Identidad de Género |url=https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/SantaCruz/pt-br/file/bolivia%20-%20ley%20807%20-%20ley%20de%20identidad%20de%20g%C3%A9nero%20-%2022%20mai%2016.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
+The Gender Identity Law allows individuals over the age of 18 to legally change their name, gender, and photograph on official documents. While surgeries, hormone therapy, or a judicial order are not required, a psychological examination confirming the individual's informed consent is necessary. The law came into effect on 1 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley N° 807 de Identidad de Género |url=https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/SantaCruz/pt-br/file/bolivia%20-%20ley%20807%20-%20ley%20de%20identidad%20de%20g%C3%A9nero%20-%2022%20mai%2016.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
 ==== Brazil ====
-The [[Supreme Federal Court]] ruled on March 1, 2018, that a transgender person has the right to change their official name and sex without the need of surgery or professional evaluation, just by self-declaration of their psychosocial identity. On June 29, the Corregedoria Nacional de Justiça, a body of the [[National Justice Council]] published the rules to be followed by registry offices concerning the subject.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/transexuais-ja-podem-mudar-nome-em-documentos-nos-cartorios-de-todo-pais-22836060|title=Transexuais já podem mudar nome em documentos nos cartórios de todo país|date=June 29, 2018|trans-title=Transsexuals can now change their names in documents at registry offices throughout the country|website=O Globo|language=pt}}</ref>
+On March 1, 2018, the [[Supreme Federal Court]] ruled that transgender individuals have the right to change their official name and sex based solely on self-declaration of their psychosocial identity. On June 29, 2018, the Corregedoria Nacional de Justiça, a body of the [[National Council of Justice]], published regulations for registry offices to follow regarding this process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/transexuais-ja-podem-mudar-nome-em-documentos-nos-cartorios-de-todo-pais-22836060|title=Transexuais já podem mudar nome em documentos nos cartórios de todo país|date=June 29, 2018|trans-title=Transsexuals can now change their names in documents at registry offices throughout the country|website=O Globo|language=pt}}</ref>
 ==== Canada ====
-As Canada is a federation, legal gender recognition procedures vary from province to province. At the federal level, Canadians can apply to have the gender marker on their passports changed via self-identification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-passports/change-sex.html|title=Choose or update the gender identifier on your passport or travel document|first=Refugees and Citizenship Canada|last=Immigration|date=February 2, 2017|website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>
+As a federation, Canada’s legal gender recognition procedures vary by province and territory. At the federal level, Canadians can change the gender marker on their passports through self-identification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-passports/change-sex.html|title=Choose or update the gender identifier on your passport or travel document|first=Refugees and Citizenship Canada|last=Immigration|date=February 2, 2017|website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>
-In Québec, the legal recognition process has worked on an affidavit process since 2015. In 2021, however, the Coalition Avenir Québec government introduced [[Bill 2]], which would re-introduce a requirement for surgical procedures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/quebec-facilitera-le-changement-de-sexe-9b62fb357fc5c07c4afa4d55a5792647|title=Québec facilitera le changement de sexe|last=Boivin|first=Simon|date=September 5, 2015|website=Le Soleil|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/trans-rights-advocates-raise-alarm-over-quebec-birth-certificate-proposal-calling-it-huge-regression-1.5633254|title=Trans-rights advocates raise alarm over Quebec birth certificate proposal, calling it 'huge regression'|first1=Luca|last1=Caruso-Moro|first2=Selena|last2=Ross|date=21 October 2021|website=[[CFCF-DT|CTV News]]}}</ref> After that provision provoked heavy controversy, Québec Minister of Justice [[Simon Jolin-Barrette]] announced that he would be withdrawing that requirement from the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/646068/quebec-recule-sur-les-aspects-juges-transphobes-de-son-projet-de-loi-2|title=Québec recule sur les aspects jugés transphobes de son projet de loi 2 |last=Carabin|first=François|date=November 9, 2021|website=Le Devoir|language=fr}}</ref>
+n Québec, legal gender recognition has operated on an [[affidavit]] basis since 2015. In 2021, the [[Coalition Avenir Québec]] government introduced [[Bill 2]], proposing to reinstate a surgical requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/quebec-facilitera-le-changement-de-sexe-9b62fb357fc5c07c4afa4d55a5792647|title=Québec facilitera le changement de sexe|last=Boivin|first=Simon|date=September 5, 2015|website=Le Soleil|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/trans-rights-advocates-raise-alarm-over-quebec-birth-certificate-proposal-calling-it-huge-regression-1.5633254|title=Trans-rights advocates raise alarm over Quebec birth certificate proposal, calling it 'huge regression'|first1=Luca|last1=Caruso-Moro|first2=Selena|last2=Ross|date=21 October 2021|website=[[CFCF-DT|CTV News]]}}</ref>  Following significant controversy, Québec Minister of Justice [[Simon Jolin-Barrette]] announced the removal of this provision from the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/646068/quebec-recule-sur-les-aspects-juges-transphobes-de-son-projet-de-loi-2|title=Québec recule sur les aspects jugés transphobes de son projet de loi 2 |last=Carabin|first=François|date=November 9, 2021|website=Le Devoir|language=fr}}</ref>
-In 2017, Newfoundland and Labrador abolished the medical letter requirement, moving to a self-declaration process.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/newfoundland-to-allow-switch-to-gender-neutral-birth-certificates|title=Newfoundland to allow switch to gender-neutral birth certificates|agency=The Canadian Press|newspaper=Nationalpost|date=September 21, 2017}}</ref> In 2018, Alberta changed its legal gender recognition laws to allow people to self-declare their legal gender through an [[affidavit]], eliminating the requirement for a letter from a psychiatrist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/gender-inclusive-id-documents-introduced|title=Gender-inclusive ID documents introduced|first=Greg|last=Southam|date=June 8, 2018|website=[[Edmonton Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alberta.ca/birth-record-sex-amendment.aspx|title=Sex indicator amendment on an Alberta birth record|website=www.alberta.ca}}</ref> In 2019, Nova Scotia moved to an affidavit process, eliminating the medical letter requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5470947/nova-scotia-gender-option-changes-id-documents/|title=Nova Scotia to unveil gender option changes for identity documents|date=July 8, 2019|website=[[Global News]]}}</ref> In 2022, British Columbia eliminated the medical letter requirement for legal gender changes for adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022HLTH0002-000056|title=Improving gender designation process for people in B.C.|date=January 14, 2022|website=BC Gov News}}</ref>
+In 2017, Newfoundland and Labrador abolished the requirement for a medical letter, transitioning to a self-declaration process.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/newfoundland-to-allow-switch-to-gender-neutral-birth-certificates|title=Newfoundland to allow switch to gender-neutral birth certificates|agency=The Canadian Press|newspaper=Nationalpost|date=September 21, 2017}}</ref> Alberta followed in 2018, allowing legal gender changes through an affidavit and eliminating the need for a psychiatrist's letter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/gender-inclusive-id-documents-introduced|title=Gender-inclusive ID documents introduced|first=Greg|last=Southam|date=June 8, 2018|website=[[Edmonton Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alberta.ca/birth-record-sex-amendment.aspx|title=Sex indicator amendment on an Alberta birth record|website=www.alberta.ca}}</ref> Nova Scotia adopted an affidavit process in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5470947/nova-scotia-gender-option-changes-id-documents/|title=Nova Scotia to unveil gender option changes for identity documents|date=July 8, 2019|website=[[Global News]]}}</ref> and in 2022, British Columbia removed the medical letter requirement for adults seeking legal gender changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022HLTH0002-000056|title=Improving gender designation process for people in B.C.|date=January 14, 2022|website=BC Gov News}}</ref>
-There still remains barriers to legal gender recognition for people born outside of Canada. As of October 2021, half of the provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, and Saskatchewan), and all territories, do not offer anyone not born there the ability to change their legal gender. In November 2020, refugee claimants became able to change their legal gender federally.<ref>{{cite web|last=Immigration|first=Refugees and Citizenship Canada|date=2020-11-19|title=Program delivery update: Sex or gender identifier on IRCC documents and in IRCC systems|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/updates/2020-sex-gender.html|access-date=2020-12-12|website=aem}}</ref> In March 2021, temporary residents were afforded the same right (without requiring a change to their passport).<ref>{{cite web|date=March 30, 2021|title=Temporary residents can now change their sex identifiers on Canadian immigration documents|url=https://www.cicnews.com/2021/03/temporary-residents-can-now-change-their-sex-identifiers-on-canadian-immigration-documents-0317640.html|last=Moetaz|first=Mohanad|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.cicnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
+As of October 2021, Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and all territories do not permit legal gender changes for those born outside of their jurisdictions. Federally, refugee claimants gained the right to change their legal gender in November 2020,<ref>{{cite web|last=Immigration|first=Refugees and Citizenship Canada|date=2020-11-19|title=Program delivery update: Sex or gender identifier on IRCC documents and in IRCC systems|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/updates/2020-sex-gender.html|access-date=2020-12-12|website=aem}}</ref> and in March 2021, temporary residents were granted the same right without needing a passport change.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 30, 2021|title=Temporary residents can now change their sex identifiers on Canadian immigration documents|url=https://www.cicnews.com/2021/03/temporary-residents-can-now-change-their-sex-identifiers-on-canadian-immigration-documents-0317640.html|last=Moetaz|first=Mohanad|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.cicnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
 ====Chile====
-Since 2019, the Gender Identity Law (21,120) recognizes the right to self-perceived [[gender identity]], allowing transgender people over 14 years to change their name and gender on all official documents without prohibitive requirements. For persons over 18 years of age, the change is requested by submitting a request to the [[Civil Registry and Identification Service of Chile|Civil Registry and Identification Service]], without being required to prove hormone replacement therapy, undergo sex reassignment surgery or any medical requirements. Children under 18 and over 14 years old must complete the process before family courts and have the permission and support of their representatives. Although the request for minors does not include medical reports, it does require that it have to be accompanied by background information on the psychosocial and family context. The Law guarantees as basic principles non-pathologization, non-arbitrary discrimination, confidentiality, dignity in treatment, the best interests of the child and progressive autonomy.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEY NÚM. 21.120 RECONOCE Y DA PROTECCIÓN AL DERECHO A LA IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO |url=https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/12/10/42225/01/1508085.pdf |website=diariooficial.interior.gob.cl |access-date=18 October 2022 |date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
+Since 2019, Chile's Gender Identity Law (Law 21,120) recognizes the right to self-perceived [[gender identity]], allowing transgender individuals aged 14 and older to change their name and gender on official documents without prohibitive requirements. For individuals over the age of 18, the change is made by submitting a request to the [[Civil Registry and Identification Service of Chile|Civil Registry and Identification Service]] without needing to provide evidence of medical interventions.
+For minors aged 14 to 18, the process must be carried out in family courts and requires the permission and support of their legal representatives. While the process for minors does not mandate medical reports, it does require documentation on their psychosocial and family context.
+The law enshrines key principles, including non-pathologization, protection from arbitrary discrimination, confidentiality, dignity in treatment, the best interests of the child, and recognition of progressive autonomy.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEY NÚM. 21.120 RECONOCE Y DA PROTECCIÓN AL DERECHO A LA IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO |url=https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/12/10/42225/01/1508085.pdf |website=diariooficial.interior.gob.cl |access-date=18 October 2022 |date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
 ====Colombia====
-Since 2015, transgender people may change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notary, no surgeries or judicial order required. The Colombian Government issued Decree 1227 on June 4, 2015, to simplify the process by which adults over 18 can legally change their gender.<ref name="Decree 1227">{{cite web |title=DECRETO 1227 DE 2015 |url=https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30019850#:~:text=DECRETO%201227%20DE%202015&text=por%20el%20cual%20se%20adiciona,el%20Registro%20del%20Estado%20Civil. |access-date=16 November 2022 |language=es}}</ref> The decree, signed by the [[Ministry of Justice and Law (Colombia)|Ministry of Justice]] and the [[Ministry of the Interior and Justice (Colombia)|Ministry of the Interior]], says the gender change is justified by a person's individual choice; it eliminates the requirement for psychiatric or physical examinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/these-ten-trans-people-just-became-the-first-to-celebrate-co|title=These Ten Trans People Just Got Their First IDs Under Colombia's New Gender Rules|website=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=10 June 2015 |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/colombia-allows-transgender-community-change-sex-ids-without-physical-exams-1957412|title=Colombia Allows Transgender Community To Change Sex on IDs Without Physical Exams|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 June 2015|access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
+Since 2015, Colombians have been able to change their legal gender and name by expressing their solemn will before a notary, without the need for surgeries or a judicial order. On June 4, 2015, the Colombian government issued Decree 1227 to simplify this process for adults aged 18 and older.<ref name="Decree 1227">{{cite web |title=DECRETO 1227 DE 2015 |url=https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30019850#:~:text=DECRETO%201227%20DE%202015&text=por%20el%20cual%20se%20adiciona,el%20Registro%20del%20Estado%20Civil. |access-date=16 November 2022 |language=es}}</ref> The decree, signed by the [[Ministry of Justice and Law (Colombia)|Ministry of Justice]] and the [[Ministry of the Interior and Justice (Colombia)|Ministry of the Interior]], says the gender change is justified by a person's individual choice and removes the requirement for medical examinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/these-ten-trans-people-just-became-the-first-to-celebrate-co|title=These Ten Trans People Just Got Their First IDs Under Colombia's New Gender Rules|website=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=10 June 2015 |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/colombia-allows-transgender-community-change-sex-ids-without-physical-exams-1957412|title=Colombia Allows Transgender Community To Change Sex on IDs Without Physical Exams|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 June 2015|access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
 ==== Costa Rica ====
-In 2016, a bill allowing transgender people to legally change their name and gender without the need for surgery or judicial permission was introduced to the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Change in Sex Designation in Identity Card (Cedula) Possible If Bill Is Approved|url=http://qcostarica.com/change-in-sex-designation-in-identity-card-cedula-possible-if-bill-is-approved/|website=Q Costa Rica|access-date=20 May 2018|date=19 January 2016}}</ref> In June 2017, the bill advanced to the Human Rights Committee,<ref>{{cite web|title=Personas trans podrían cambiar su sexo en el Registro al cumplir 18 años|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/personas-trans-podrian-cambiar-su-sexo-en-el-registro-al-cumplir-18-anos/JTQS3CYBWJDZDIO4IOWNTXZLSU/story/|last=Sequeira|first=Aarón|website=La Nación|access-date=20 May 2018|language=es-LA|date=7 June 2017}}</ref> and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal endorsed the bill,<ref>{{cite web|title=TSE avala plan que permite cambio de género a personas transexuales|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/tse-avala-plan-que-permite-cambio-de-genero-a-personas-transexuales/FOBDBVBRQNCSNPPYKLED7S6NAE/story/|last=Mata|first=Esteban|website=La Nación|access-date=20 May 2018|language=es-LA|date=13 June 2017}}</ref> but it was ultimately unsuccessful.
+In 2016, a bill was introduced to Costa Rica's Legislative Assembly to allow transgender individuals to legally change their name and gender without requiring surgery or judicial permission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Change in Sex Designation in Identity Card (Cedula) Possible If Bill Is Approved|url=http://qcostarica.com/change-in-sex-designation-in-identity-card-cedula-possible-if-bill-is-approved/|website=Q Costa Rica|access-date=20 May 2018|date=19 January 2016}}</ref> By June 2017, the bill advanced to the Human Rights Committee,<ref>{{cite web|title=Personas trans podrían cambiar su sexo en el Registro al cumplir 18 años|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/personas-trans-podrian-cambiar-su-sexo-en-el-registro-al-cumplir-18-anos/JTQS3CYBWJDZDIO4IOWNTXZLSU/story/|last=Sequeira|first=Aarón|website=La Nación|access-date=20 May 2018|language=es-LA|date=7 June 2017}}</ref> and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal endorsed it,<ref>{{cite web|title=TSE avala plan que permite cambio de género a personas transexuales|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/tse-avala-plan-que-permite-cambio-de-genero-a-personas-transexuales/FOBDBVBRQNCSNPPYKLED7S6NAE/story/|last=Mata|first=Esteban|website=La Nación|access-date=20 May 2018|language=es-LA|date=13 June 2017}}</ref> but it ultimately failed to pass.
-Following a January 2018 [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] ruling and the [[2018 Costa Rican general election]], President [[Carlos Alvarado Quesada]] issued an executive decree requiring all state institutions to modify the documents and internal records of transgender people who wish to have their name, photograph or sex changed according to self-declaration. The decree applies to passports, driving licenses, ID documents, work permits, university identification, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laprensalibre.cr/Noticias/detalle/135780/alvarado-firma-decreto-que-favorece-a-transexuales|title=Alvarado firma decreto que favorece a transexuales|date=June 28, 2018|website=www.laprensalibre.cr|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214212842/http://www.laprensalibre.cr/Noticias/detalle/135780/alvarado-firma-decreto-que-favorece-a-transexuales|archive-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2018/06/instituciones-deberan-modificar-documentos-para-que-sean-acordes-con-la-identidad-de-genero/|title=Instituciones deberán modificar documentos para que sean acordes con la identidad de género|date=28 June 2018|website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica|language=es}}</ref> In December 2018, Alvarado signed another executive order extending this right to [[Immigration|immigrants]].<ref name="france">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181221-costa-rica-passes-decrees-boosting-lgbt-rights|title=Costa Rica passes decrees boosting LGBT rights|date=21 December 2018|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/08/costa-rica-joins-global-push-recognize-legal-gender-self-identification|title=Costa Rica Joins Global Push to Recognize Legal Gender Self-Identification |last=Vivanco|first=José Miguel|date=8 August 2018|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>
+In January 2018, following a ruling by the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] and the [[2018 Costa Rican general election]], President [[Carlos Alvarado Quesada]] issued an executive decree mandating that all state institutions allow transgender individuals to modify their documents and internal records, including passports, driving licenses, ID cards, work permits, university identifications, based on self-declaration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laprensalibre.cr/Noticias/detalle/135780/alvarado-firma-decreto-que-favorece-a-transexuales|title=Alvarado firma decreto que favorece a transexuales|date=June 28, 2018|website=www.laprensalibre.cr|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214212842/http://www.laprensalibre.cr/Noticias/detalle/135780/alvarado-firma-decreto-que-favorece-a-transexuales|archive-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2018/06/instituciones-deberan-modificar-documentos-para-que-sean-acordes-con-la-identidad-de-genero/|title=Instituciones deberán modificar documentos para que sean acordes con la identidad de género|date=28 June 2018|website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica|language=es}}</ref> In December 2018, President Alvarado signed an additional executive order extending this right to [[Immigration to Costa Rica|immigrants]].<ref name="france">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181221-costa-rica-passes-decrees-boosting-lgbt-rights|title=Costa Rica passes decrees boosting LGBT rights|date=21 December 2018|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/08/costa-rica-joins-global-push-recognize-legal-gender-self-identification|title=Costa Rica Joins Global Push to Recognize Legal Gender Self-Identification |last=Vivanco|first=José Miguel|date=8 August 2018|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>
 ====Ecuador====
-Since 2016, Ecuadorians are allowed to change their “sex” marker in the personal identity document for a “gender” marker as masculine or feminine. The person who wants to change the word "sex" for "gender" in the identity card shall present two witnesses to accredit the self-determination of the applicant. To change the “sex” marker in the civil registry, they must have a judicial order.<ref>{{cite web|title=LEY ORGÁNICA DE GESTIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD Y DATOS CIVILES|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/system/files/ro_ley_organica_de_gestion_de_la_identidad_y_datos_civiles_ro_684_2do_supl_04-02-2015.pdf|website=Asambleanacional.gob.ec|access-date=16 November 2022|language=es-LA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806145113/http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/system/files/ro_ley_organica_de_gestion_de_la_identidad_y_datos_civiles_ro_684_2do_supl_04-02-2015.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref>
+Since 2016, Ecuadorians have been allowed to change the sex marker on their personal identity documents to a "gender" marker, choosing either masculine or feminine. Applicants seeking this change on their identity card must present two witnesses to attest to their self-determination. Changing the sex marker in the civil registry requires a judicial order.<ref>{{cite web|title=LEY ORGÁNICA DE GESTIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD Y DATOS CIVILES|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/system/files/ro_ley_organica_de_gestion_de_la_identidad_y_datos_civiles_ro_684_2do_supl_04-02-2015.pdf|website=Asambleanacional.gob.ec|access-date=16 November 2022|language=es-LA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806145113/http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/system/files/ro_ley_organica_de_gestion_de_la_identidad_y_datos_civiles_ro_684_2do_supl_04-02-2015.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref>
 ==== Mexico ====
 [[File:Gender self-identification in Mexico.svg|thumb|Federal entities of Mexico recognising gender self-identification as of 2022]]
-As Mexico is a federation, legal gender recognition procedures vary from state to state.
+As a federation, Mexico's legal gender recognition procedures vary by state.
-On 13 November 2014, the [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City]] unanimously (46–0) approved a gender identity law. The law makes it easier for transgender people to change their legal gender.<ref name="genderidentity">{{cite web |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2014/11/13/aprueban-reforma-a-la-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728200936/https://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2014/11/13/aprueban-reforma-a-la-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico |url-status=dead |title=Aprueban reforma a la ley de identidad de género en la Ciudad de México |date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=July 28, 2017 }}</ref> Under the new law, they simply have to notify the Civil Registry that they wish to change the gender information on their birth certificates. [[Sex reassignment surgery]], psychological therapies or any other type of diagnosis are no longer required. The law took effect in early 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://desastre.mx/mexico/se-han-realizado-3-mil-481-rectificaciones-de-actas-de-nacimiento-de-personas-transgenero-en-cdmx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122185749/http://desastre.mx/mexico/se-han-realizado-3-mil-481-rectificaciones-de-actas-de-nacimiento-de-personas-transgenero-en-cdmx/ |url-status=dead |title=Se han realizado 3 mil 481 rectificaciones de actas de nacimiento de personas transgénero en CDMX |date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2019 }}</ref>  {{As of|2024|11|post=,}} 22 other states have followed suit.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2022|title=Mexico: Barriers for Trans People in Guanajuato State|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/21/mexico-barriers-trans-people-guanajuato-state|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=27 July 2022|work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> These states include:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/mexico |title=Mexico: Events of 2019 |date=December 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/29/mexico-transgender-ruling-beacon-change |title=Mexico Transgender Ruling a Beacon for Change |last=Ghoshal |first=Neela |date=October 29, 2018 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] }}</ref> [[Michoacán]] (2017),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://desastre.mx/mexico/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-michoacan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729001426/http://desastre.mx/mexico/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-michoacan/ |archive-date=2017-07-29 |title=Aprueban Ley de Identidad de Género en Michoacán |date=July 29, 2017 |language=es |website=desastre.mx }}</ref> [[Nayarit]] (2017),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://almomento.mx/aprueba-congreso-nayarit-ley-identidad-genero/ |title=Aprueba Congreso de Nayarit ley de identidad de género |website=Almomento.mx |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2021-10-28 |language=es }}</ref> [[Coahuila]] (2018),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/aprueban-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero-en-coahuila-0 |title=Aprueban cambio de identidad de género en Coahuila |last=Rodríguez |first=Francisco |date=November 13, 2018 |website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |language=es }}</ref> [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/diputados-de-hidalgo-aprueban-cambios-de-genero-en-actas-de-nacimiento |title=Diputados de Hidalgo aprueban cambios de género en actas de nacimiento |date=April 25, 2019 |website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] }}</ref> [[San Luis Potosí]] (2019),<ref name="san luis potosi">{{cite web |url=http://laorquesta.mx/es-oficial-las-personas-trans-ya-pueden-cambiar-de-identidad-en-slp/ |title=Es oficial, las personas trans ya pueden cambiar de identidad en SLP |language=es |date=17 May 2019 |website=LaOrquesta.mx }}</ref> [[Colima]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/estados/congreso-de-colima-aprueba-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero-en-documentos-oficiales/ |title=Congreso de Colima aprueba cambio de identidad de género en documentos oficiales |work=El Herlado de México |date=13 February 2019 |language=es |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051349/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/estados/congreso-de-colima-aprueba-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero-en-documentos-oficiales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Oaxaca]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-oaxaca.mx/2019/08/30/avanza-oaxaca-en-reconocimiento-a-la-identidad-de-genero-congreso/ |title=Avanza Oaxaca en reconocimiento a la identidad de género: Congreso |work=e-oaxaca.mx |date=30 August 2019 |language=es |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204515/https://e-oaxaca.mx/2019/08/30/avanza-oaxaca-en-reconocimiento-a-la-identidad-de-genero-congreso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Tlaxcala]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Areli |url=https://tlaxcala.quadratin.com.mx/municipios/tlaxcala/aprueban-en-tlaxcala-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero/ |title=Aprueban en Tlaxcala cambio de identidad de género |date=1 October 2019 |website=Quadratin |language=es |access-date=March 16, 2021 }}</ref> [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/608332/en-chihuahua-personas-trans-pueden-adecuar-acta-de-nacimiento-sin-un-amparo |title=En Chihuahua, personas trans pueden adecuar acta de nacimiento sin un amparo |work=Proceso |date=26 November 2019 |language=es |last=Mayorga |first=Patricia }}</ref> [[Sonora]] (2020),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.elsoldehermosillo.com.mx/local/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-sonora-comunidad-trans-trasexuales-transgenero-lgbt-activistas-diputados-congreso-5833551.html/amp? |last=Maytorena |first=Alberto |title=¡Lo lograron! Aprueban Ley de Identidad de Género en Sonora |date=October 1, 2020 |newspaper=El Sol de Hermosillo |access-date=March 16, 2021 |language=es }}</ref> [[Jalisco]] (2020),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.debate.com.mx/guadalajara/Jalisco-reconoce-el-derecho-a-la-identidad-de-personas-Trans-para-todas-la-edades-20201030-0190.html |last=Orozco |first=Mariana |title=Jalisco reconoce el derecho a la identidad de personas Trans para todas la edades |date=October 30, 2020 |language=es |website=debate |access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Quintana Roo]] (2020),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.razon.com.mx/estados/aprueban-cambio-identidad-genero-nombre-personas-trans-quintana-roo-413037 |title=Aprueban cambio en identidad de genero y Nombre de Personas Trans en Quintana Roo |date=November 18, 2020 |website=La Razon |language=es |access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Puebla]] (2021),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/02/aprueban-ley-agnes-puebla-derecho-identidad-genero/ |title=Aprueban #LeyAgnes: Puebla Reconoce el Derecho al Cambio de Identidad de genero |date=February 25, 2021 |website=Animal Politico |language=es |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815181511/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/02/aprueban-ley-agnes-puebla-derecho-identidad-genero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Baja California Sur]] (2021),<ref>{{cite web |title=Baja California Sur aprueba Ley de Identidad Trans; va contra terapias de conversión |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/diversidad/baja-california-sur-aprueba-ley-de-identidad-trans |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdpnoticias |date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> the [[State of Mexico]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |first=Violeta |last=Huerta |title=Aprueban Ley de Identidad de Género en el Edomex |url=https://www.elsoldetoluca.com.mx/local/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-el-edomex-6985403.html |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=El Sol de Toluca |language=en}}</ref> [[Morelos]] (2021),<ref name="lrg mex" /> [[Baja California]] (2022),<ref name="lrg mex" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/noticias/informa-cedhbc-sobre-derecho-adecuaci%C3%B3n-sexo-gen%C3%A9rica-en-actas-de-nacimiento |title=Informa CEDHBC sobre derecho a adecuación sexo-genérica en actas de nacimiento |work=Baja California State Commission for Human Rights |date=18 June 2019 |location=Tijuana |language=es |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815181134/http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/noticias/informa-cedhbc-sobre-derecho-adecuaci%C3%B3n-sexo-gen%C3%A9rica-en-actas-de-nacimiento |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/sites/default/files/RECO%205-19.pdf |title=Recomendación No. 5/2019 |work=Comisión Estatal de los Derechos Humanos Baja California |language=es |date=15 April 2019 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711232907/http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/sites/default/files/RECO%205-19.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sinaloa]] (2022),<ref name="lrg mex">{{cite web |title=LGR Chart Mexico |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/06/LGR%20Chart.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> [[Zacatecas]] (2022), [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]] (2024), and [[Campeche]] (2024)
+On 13 November 2014, the [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City]] unanimously (46–0) approved a gender identity law. This law simplified the process for transgender individuals to change their legal gender.<ref name="genderidentity">{{cite web |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2014/11/13/aprueban-reforma-a-la-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728200936/https://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2014/11/13/aprueban-reforma-a-la-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico |url-status=dead |title=Aprueban reforma a la ley de identidad de género en la Ciudad de México |date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=July 28, 2017 }}</ref> Under its provisions, individuals only need to notify the Civil Registry of their wish to update the gender information on their birth certificates, without requiring sex reassignment surgery, psychological therapy, or any medical diagnosis. The law took effect in early 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://desastre.mx/mexico/se-han-realizado-3-mil-481-rectificaciones-de-actas-de-nacimiento-de-personas-transgenero-en-cdmx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122185749/http://desastre.mx/mexico/se-han-realizado-3-mil-481-rectificaciones-de-actas-de-nacimiento-de-personas-transgenero-en-cdmx/ |url-status=dead |title=Se han realizado 3 mil 481 rectificaciones de actas de nacimiento de personas transgénero en CDMX |date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2019 }}</ref>
+{{As of|2024|11|post=,}} 22 other states have enacted similar laws,<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2022|title=Mexico: Barriers for Trans People in Guanajuato State|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/21/mexico-barriers-trans-people-guanajuato-state|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=27 July 2022|work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> including<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/mexico |title=Mexico: Events of 2019 |date=December 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/29/mexico-transgender-ruling-beacon-change |title=Mexico Transgender Ruling a Beacon for Change |last=Ghoshal |first=Neela |date=October 29, 2018 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] }}</ref> [[Michoacán]] (2017),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://desastre.mx/mexico/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-michoacan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729001426/http://desastre.mx/mexico/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-michoacan/ |archive-date=2017-07-29 |title=Aprueban Ley de Identidad de Género en Michoacán |date=July 29, 2017 |language=es |website=desastre.mx }}</ref> [[Nayarit]] (2017),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://almomento.mx/aprueba-congreso-nayarit-ley-identidad-genero/ |title=Aprueba Congreso de Nayarit ley de identidad de género |website=Almomento.mx |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2021-10-28 |language=es }}</ref> [[Coahuila]] (2018),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/aprueban-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero-en-coahuila-0 |title=Aprueban cambio de identidad de género en Coahuila |last=Rodríguez |first=Francisco |date=November 13, 2018 |website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |language=es }}</ref> [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/diputados-de-hidalgo-aprueban-cambios-de-genero-en-actas-de-nacimiento |title=Diputados de Hidalgo aprueban cambios de género en actas de nacimiento |date=April 25, 2019 |website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] }}</ref> [[San Luis Potosí]] (2019),<ref name="san luis potosi">{{cite web |url=http://laorquesta.mx/es-oficial-las-personas-trans-ya-pueden-cambiar-de-identidad-en-slp/ |title=Es oficial, las personas trans ya pueden cambiar de identidad en SLP |language=es |date=17 May 2019 |website=LaOrquesta.mx }}</ref> [[Colima]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/estados/congreso-de-colima-aprueba-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero-en-documentos-oficiales/ |title=Congreso de Colima aprueba cambio de identidad de género en documentos oficiales |work=El Herlado de México |date=13 February 2019 |language=es |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051349/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/estados/congreso-de-colima-aprueba-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero-en-documentos-oficiales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Oaxaca]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-oaxaca.mx/2019/08/30/avanza-oaxaca-en-reconocimiento-a-la-identidad-de-genero-congreso/ |title=Avanza Oaxaca en reconocimiento a la identidad de género: Congreso |work=e-oaxaca.mx |date=30 August 2019 |language=es |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204515/https://e-oaxaca.mx/2019/08/30/avanza-oaxaca-en-reconocimiento-a-la-identidad-de-genero-congreso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Tlaxcala]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Areli |url=https://tlaxcala.quadratin.com.mx/municipios/tlaxcala/aprueban-en-tlaxcala-cambio-de-identidad-de-genero/ |title=Aprueban en Tlaxcala cambio de identidad de género |date=1 October 2019 |website=Quadratin |language=es |access-date=March 16, 2021 }}</ref> [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] (2019),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/608332/en-chihuahua-personas-trans-pueden-adecuar-acta-de-nacimiento-sin-un-amparo |title=En Chihuahua, personas trans pueden adecuar acta de nacimiento sin un amparo |work=Proceso |date=26 November 2019 |language=es |last=Mayorga |first=Patricia }}</ref> [[Sonora]] (2020),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.elsoldehermosillo.com.mx/local/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-sonora-comunidad-trans-trasexuales-transgenero-lgbt-activistas-diputados-congreso-5833551.html/amp? |last=Maytorena |first=Alberto |title=¡Lo lograron! Aprueban Ley de Identidad de Género en Sonora |date=October 1, 2020 |newspaper=El Sol de Hermosillo |access-date=March 16, 2021 |language=es }}</ref> [[Jalisco]] (2020),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.debate.com.mx/guadalajara/Jalisco-reconoce-el-derecho-a-la-identidad-de-personas-Trans-para-todas-la-edades-20201030-0190.html |last=Orozco |first=Mariana |title=Jalisco reconoce el derecho a la identidad de personas Trans para todas la edades |date=October 30, 2020 |language=es |website=debate |access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Quintana Roo]] (2020),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.razon.com.mx/estados/aprueban-cambio-identidad-genero-nombre-personas-trans-quintana-roo-413037 |title=Aprueban cambio en identidad de genero y Nombre de Personas Trans en Quintana Roo |date=November 18, 2020 |website=La Razon |language=es |access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Puebla]] (2021),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/02/aprueban-ley-agnes-puebla-derecho-identidad-genero/ |title=Aprueban #LeyAgnes: Puebla Reconoce el Derecho al Cambio de Identidad de genero |date=February 25, 2021 |website=Animal Politico |language=es |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815181511/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/02/aprueban-ley-agnes-puebla-derecho-identidad-genero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Baja California Sur]] (2021),<ref>{{cite web |title=Baja California Sur aprueba Ley de Identidad Trans; va contra terapias de conversión |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/diversidad/baja-california-sur-aprueba-ley-de-identidad-trans |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdpnoticias |date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> the [[State of Mexico]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |first=Violeta |last=Huerta |title=Aprueban Ley de Identidad de Género en el Edomex |url=https://www.elsoldetoluca.com.mx/local/aprueban-ley-de-identidad-de-genero-en-el-edomex-6985403.html |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=El Sol de Toluca |language=en}}</ref> [[Morelos]] (2021),<ref name="lrg mex" /> [[Baja California]] (2022),<ref name="lrg mex" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/noticias/informa-cedhbc-sobre-derecho-adecuaci%C3%B3n-sexo-gen%C3%A9rica-en-actas-de-nacimiento |title=Informa CEDHBC sobre derecho a adecuación sexo-genérica en actas de nacimiento |work=Baja California State Commission for Human Rights |date=18 June 2019 |location=Tijuana |language=es |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815181134/http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/noticias/informa-cedhbc-sobre-derecho-adecuaci%C3%B3n-sexo-gen%C3%A9rica-en-actas-de-nacimiento |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/sites/default/files/RECO%205-19.pdf |title=Recomendación No. 5/2019 |work=Comisión Estatal de los Derechos Humanos Baja California |language=es |date=15 April 2019 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711232907/http://www.derechoshumanosbc.org/sites/default/files/RECO%205-19.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sinaloa]] (2022),<ref name="lrg mex">{{cite web |title=LGR Chart Mexico |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/06/LGR%20Chart.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> [[Zacatecas]] (2022), [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]] (2024), and [[Campeche]] (2024)
 ==== United States ====
-As the United States is a federation, legal gender recognition laws vary from state to state. As of July 2021, 21 states (as well as the [[District of Columbia]]) allow the gender marker on drivers licences to be updated on a self-declaration basis and as of April 2020, 10 states allow the gender marker on birth certificates to be updated on a self-declaration basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/Drivers%20License%20Grades%20July%202021a_0.pdf|title=How Trans Friendly is the Driver's License Gender Marker Change Policy in Your State?|website=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]]|date=July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/images/Summary%20of%20State%20Birth%20Certificate%20Laws%20Apr%2028%202020.pdf|title=Summary of State Birth Certificate Gender Change Laws|date=April 2020|website=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]]}}</ref> At the federal level, since June 2021, the gender marker on passports operates on a system of gender self-identification.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Larkin |first1=Alexandra |title=Americans will be able to self-identify their gender on their passports |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/american-passports-gender-self-identify/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
+As the United States is a federation, legal gender recognition laws vary by state. As of July 2021, 21 states and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] allow the gender marker on driver's licenses to be updated based on self-declaration. As of April 2020, 10 states permit the gender marker on birth certificates to be updated on the same basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/Drivers%20License%20Grades%20July%202021a_0.pdf|title=How Trans Friendly is the Driver's License Gender Marker Change Policy in Your State?|website=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]]|date=July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/images/Summary%20of%20State%20Birth%20Certificate%20Laws%20Apr%2028%202020.pdf|title=Summary of State Birth Certificate Gender Change Laws|date=April 2020|website=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]]}}</ref> At the federal level, since June 2021, the gender marker on U.S. passports has been based on a system of self-identification.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Larkin |first1=Alexandra |title=Americans will be able to self-identify their gender on their passports |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/american-passports-gender-self-identify/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
-In 2017, the California state legislature passed California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179), removing the requirements for a physician's statement and mandatory court hearing for gender change petitions, allowing change based on an affidavit. The Act also implemented a third, non-binary gender marker on California birth certificates, drivers' licenses, and identity cards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179|title=Fact Sheet: California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179)|website=Transgender Law Center|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000749/https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In 2017, the California State Legislature passed the Gender Recognition Act (SB 179), eliminating the requirement for a physician’s statement and mandatory court hearing for gender change petitions. The Act allows changes based on an affidavit and introduced a third, non-binary gender marker for California birth certificates, driver's licenses, and identity cards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179|title=Fact Sheet: California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179)|website=Transgender Law Center|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000749/https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ====Uruguay====
-Since 2019, transgender people can self-identify their gender and update their legal name, without approval from a judge after the approval of the ''Comprehensive Law for Trans Persons'' ({{langx|es|Ley Integral Para Personas Trans}}). [[Sex reassignment surgery]], hormone therapy or any form of diagnosis are not requirements to alter one's gender on official documents.<ref name="UY">{{cite web |title=Ley N° 19684 |url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19684-2018 |website=www.impo.com.uy |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trans people in Uruguay can now self-identify their gender, without surgery |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/uruguay-transgender-rights/#gs.3e8cX3A0 |website=Gay Star News |access-date=16 November 2022 |language=en-gb |date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809033252/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/uruguay-transgender-rights/#gs.3e8cX3A0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Since 2019, transgender people in Uruguay have been able to self-identify their gender and update their legal name without judicial approval, following the enactment of the ''Comprehensive Law for Trans Persons'' (''Ley Integral Para Personas Trans''). The law does not require medical intervention to change one's gender on official documents.<ref name="UY">{{cite web |title=Ley N° 19684 |url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19684-2018 |website=www.impo.com.uy |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trans people in Uruguay can now self-identify their gender, without surgery |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/uruguay-transgender-rights/#gs.3e8cX3A0 |website=Gay Star News |access-date=16 November 2022 |language=en-gb |date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809033252/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/uruguay-transgender-rights/#gs.3e8cX3A0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Asia ===
@@ Line 77: / Line 98: @@
 In India, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] affirmed the right to self-determination in two 2014 cases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-27031180 |title=India court recognises transgender people as third gender |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=21 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/13-3-Kothari-Trans-Equality-in-India-Affirmation-of-the-Right-to-Self-Determination-of-Gender.pdf |title=Trans equality in India: Affirmation of the right to self-determination of gender |first=Jayna |last=Kothari |journal=[[NUJS Law Review]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |date=2020 }}</ref><ref name="UN A/HRC/29/23"/>
-The [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]] recognizes the right to self-perceived gender identity, thus allowing transgender people to register themselves under a third gender (''transgender''). Applications must be made to the District Magistrate, who can issue a certificate of identity as a ''Transgender Person'' and update all documents (Section 5-6). However, identification as male or female can only be issued once proof of [[sex reassignment surgery|gender confirmation surgery]] or medical intervention (Section 7).<ref name="trans rights guide">{{cite web |title=Guide on the Rights of Transgender Persons in India |url=https://nyaaya.org/resource/guide-on-the-rights-of-transgender-persons-in-india/ |website=Nyaaya |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
+The [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]] recognizes the right to self-perceived gender identity, allowing transgender individuals to register under a third gender (''transgender''). Applications must be submitted to the District Magistrate, who can issue a certificate of identity as a ''Transgender Person'' and update official documents (Sections 5-6). Identification as male or female requires proof of gender confirmation surgery or medical intervention (Section 7).<ref name="trans rights guide">{{cite web |title=Guide on the Rights of Transgender Persons in India |url=https://nyaaya.org/resource/guide-on-the-rights-of-transgender-persons-in-india/ |website=Nyaaya |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
-The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020, lays down a simpler procedure for obtaining an identity certificate from the district magistrate. In the present Rules, there is a single form to assert either a transgender or trans-binary status. However, a medical intervention is requisite for the latter.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 |url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Rules/Transgender%20Persons%20(Protection%20of%20Rights)%20Rules,%202020.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> In November 2020, the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] launched an online portal for changes of gender marker. In the new portal, applicants are required to register an affidavit self-declaring their third gender and subsequently receive a new identity card within 30 days.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 November 2020|title=Trans people can now self-identify their gender with a few clicks as India launches revolutionary online portal|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/11/25/india-transgender-online-portal-ministry-social-justice-empowerment/|author-last=Kelleher|author-first=Patrick|access-date=27 July 2022|work=PinkNews}}</ref>
+The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 simplified the procedure for obtaining an identity certificate from the District Magistrate. Under these rules, a single form can be used to declare either transgender or trans-binary status, though medical intervention is required for the latter.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 |url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Rules/Transgender%20Persons%20(Protection%20of%20Rights)%20Rules,%202020.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> In November 2020, the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] launched an online portal for gender marker changes. Through this portal, applicants submit an affidavit self-declaring their third gender and can receive a new identity card within 30 days.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 November 2020|title=Trans people can now self-identify their gender with a few clicks as India launches revolutionary online portal|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/11/25/india-transgender-online-portal-ministry-social-justice-empowerment/|author-last=Kelleher|author-first=Patrick|access-date=27 July 2022|work=PinkNews}}</ref>
 ==== Nepal ====
-In 2007, in the ''[[Sunil Babu Pant|Sunil Babu Pant and Others v. Nepal Government]]'' court case on LGBT+ rights, the Supreme Court of Nepal legally established a gender category called "other".<ref name=":4">Supreme Court of Nepal. Apr. 2007. [http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sunil-Babu-Pant-and-Others-v.-Nepal-Government-and-Others-Supreme-Court-of-Nepal.pdf Sunil Babu Pant and Others v. Nepal Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011064131/http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sunil-Babu-Pant-and-Others-v.-Nepal-Government-and-Others-Supreme-Court-of-Nepal.pdf |date=11 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Bochenek |first1=Michael |last2=Knight |first2=Kyle |title=Establishing a Third Gender Category in Nepal: Process and Prognosis |journal=Emory International Law Review |date=1 January 2012 |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=11 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol26/iss1/3/ }}</ref> The Supreme Court stated that the criteria for identifying one's gender is based on the individual's self-identification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nkp.gov.np/full_detail/8926 | title=निर्णय नं. ९८७५ – परमादेश (The official supreme court decision |work=Nepal Law Magazine }}</ref> However, gender recognition laws in Nepal have since faced criticism, as they only allow gender markers to be changed from "M" (male) or "F" (female) to "O" (other). There are no provisions allowing transgender women to have an "F" marker or transgender men having an "M" marker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-11-16/moving-beyond-two-stuck-in-three.html |title=Moving beyond two, stuck in three |last=Kapali |first=Rukshana |date=November 16, 2018 |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=The reality of transgender rights in Nepal |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/the-reality-of-transgender-rights-in-nepal |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=The Record |language=en }}</ref>
+In 2007, in the ''[[Sunil Babu Pant|Sunil Babu Pant and Others v. Nepal Government]]'' court case on LGBT+ rights, the Supreme Court of Nepal legally established a gender category called "other".<ref name=":4">Supreme Court of Nepal. Apr. 2007. [http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sunil-Babu-Pant-and-Others-v.-Nepal-Government-and-Others-Supreme-Court-of-Nepal.pdf Sunil Babu Pant and Others v. Nepal Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011064131/http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sunil-Babu-Pant-and-Others-v.-Nepal-Government-and-Others-Supreme-Court-of-Nepal.pdf |date=11 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Bochenek |first1=Michael |last2=Knight |first2=Kyle |title=Establishing a Third Gender Category in Nepal: Process and Prognosis |journal=Emory International Law Review |date=1 January 2012 |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=11 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol26/iss1/3/ }}</ref> The Supreme Court stated that the criteria for identifying one's gender is based on the individual's self-identification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nkp.gov.np/full_detail/8926 | title=निर्णय नं. ९८७५ – परमादेश (The official supreme court decision |work=Nepal Law Magazine }}</ref>
+Nepal's gender recognition laws have faced criticism for their limitations. These laws only allow individuals to change their gender marker from "M" (male) or "F" (female) to "O" (other). They do not permit transgender women to obtain an "F" marker or transgender men to obtain an "M" marker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-11-16/moving-beyond-two-stuck-in-three.html |title=Moving beyond two, stuck in three |last=Kapali |first=Rukshana |date=November 16, 2018 |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=The reality of transgender rights in Nepal |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/the-reality-of-transgender-rights-in-nepal |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=The Record |language=en }}</ref>
 ==== Pakistan ====
-Under the ''Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2018'' ({{langx|ur|مُتَجَنَّس افراد کے لیے (تحفظ حقوق) قانون 2018ء}}), Pakistanis may choose to self-identify as male, female, both or neither. They may express their gender according to their own preferences, and they may have their gender identity of choice reflected on their documents, "including National Identification Cards, passports, driver's licenses and education certificates."<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|last1=Hashim|first1=Asad|title=Pakistan passes landmark transgender rights law|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/pakistan-passes-landmark-transgender-rights-law-180509095207950.html|access-date=10 May 2018|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
+Under the ''Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2018'' ({{langx|ur|مُتَجَنَّس افراد کے لیے (تحفظ حقوق) قانون 2018ء}}), Pakistanis are allowed to self-identify their gender as male, female, both, or neither. They may express their gender according to their own preferences and have their chosen gender identity reflected on official documents, including National Identification Cards, passports, driver's licenses, and educational certificates.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|last1=Hashim|first1=Asad|title=Pakistan passes landmark transgender rights law|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/pakistan-passes-landmark-transgender-rights-law-180509095207950.html|access-date=10 May 2018|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
 === Europe ===
 [[File:Gender self-identification in Europe.svg|thumb|Countries in Europe recognising either self-identification based on a court's ruling (France, Greece) or full gender self-identification (the other countries coloured in orange).]]
-As of November 2024, 12 countries have legal gender recognition procedures based on self-determination of the person: [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Iceland]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref name="trans eu index 22" /><ref name="GR report 2022 council">{{cite web |title=THEMATIC REPORT ON LEGAL GENDER RECOGNITION IN EUROPE |url=https://rm.coe.int/thematic-report-on-legal-gender-recognition-in-europe-2022/1680a729b3 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 November 2022 |date=June 2022}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress/><ref name=economist/> In [[France]] and [[Greece]]  a court permission is required.<ref name="ilga trans 2020" /><ref name="trans eu index 22" /><ref name="GR report 2022 council" /><ref name=indianexpress/>
+As of November 2024, 12 countries have established legal gender recognition procedures based on self-determination: [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Iceland]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref name="trans eu index 22" /><ref name="GR report 2022 council">{{cite web |title=THEMATIC REPORT ON LEGAL GENDER RECOGNITION IN EUROPE |url=https://rm.coe.int/thematic-report-on-legal-gender-recognition-in-europe-2022/1680a729b3 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 November 2022 |date=June 2022}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress/><ref name=economist/> In [[France]] and [[Greece]], court permission is required.<ref name="ilga trans 2020" /><ref name="trans eu index 22" /><ref name="GR report 2022 council" /><ref name=indianexpress/>
-In 2014, [[Amnesty International]] stated that "many transgender people in Europe continue to struggle to have their gender legally recognised" and that trans people "should be able to obtain legal gender recognition through quick, accessible and transparent procedures and in accordance with their own perceptions of gender identity."<ref>{{cite web |title=The State Decides Who I Am: Lack of Legal Gender Recognition for Transgender People in Europe |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eur010012014en.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |date=2014}}</ref>
+In 2014, Amnesty International reported that "many transgender people in Europe continue to struggle to have their gender legally recognised" and advocated that transgender individuals "should be able to obtain legal gender recognition through quick, accessible and transparent procedures and in accordance with their own perceptions of gender identity."<ref>{{cite web |title=The State Decides Who I Am: Lack of Legal Gender Recognition for Transgender People in Europe |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eur010012014en.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |date=2014}}</ref>
 ==== Belgium ====
-In 2017, the Belgian federal parliament passed a law allowing people to change their legal gender via statutory declaration, without any medical intervention being required.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.be/infos/actualites/article/nouvelle-loi-transgenre-une-grand-pas-pour-les-droits-humains|title=Nouvelle loi transgenre : un grand pas pour les droits humains|date=24 May 2017|website=Amnesty International Belgique|language=fr}}</ref> To do so, a person must first sign a statutory declaration in front of a civil officer and then wait three months before second statutory declaration confirming the change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justice.belgium.be/fr/themes_et_dossiers/personnes_et_familles/transgenres|title=Nouvelle réglementation pour les personnes transgenres|website=justice.belgium.be|language=fr}}</ref>
+In 2017, the Belgian federal parliament passed a law enabling individuals to change their legal gender through a statutory declaration, without requiring medical intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.be/infos/actualites/article/nouvelle-loi-transgenre-une-grand-pas-pour-les-droits-humains|title=Nouvelle loi transgenre : un grand pas pour les droits humains|date=24 May 2017|website=Amnesty International Belgique|language=fr}}</ref> The process involves signing a statutory declaration before a civil officer, followed by a three-month waiting period, after which a second statutory declaration is required to confirm the change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justice.belgium.be/fr/themes_et_dossiers/personnes_et_familles/transgenres|title=Nouvelle réglementation pour les personnes transgenres|website=justice.belgium.be|language=fr}}</ref>
 ==== Cyprus ====
-In 2019, a bill was drafted to allow transgender people to change their legal sex. The legislation would allow transgender people over 18 to right to change their legal gender on the basis of self-determination, without a diagnosis, hormonal treatment or [[sex reassignment surgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://24h.com.cy/2019/06/egklovismenoi-se-lathos-soma/|title=Εγκλωβισμένοι σε λάθος σώμα|work=24.com.cy|date=22 June 2019|language=el|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626150429/https://24h.com.cy/2019/06/egklovismenoi-se-lathos-soma/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2021|10|post=,}} the bill was still in draft status.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2021/10/15/final-touches-being-put-to-gender-identity-bill-cyprus-lagging-behind-other-coe-states/|title=Final touches being put to gender identity bill, Cyprus lagging behind other CoE states|last=Savva|first=Anna|date=October 15, 2021|work=[[Cyprus Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sogi/newsroom/-/asset_publisher/7fKFZd7F4Hud/content/legal-gender-recognition-in-cyprus-15-october|title=Roundtable on Legal gender recognition in Cyprus – 15 October|date=15 October 2021|website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref>
+In 2019, a bill was drafted to allow transgender individuals to change their legal sex. The proposed legislation would grant transgender people over the age of 18 the right to change their legal gender based on self-determination, without requiring medical intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://24h.com.cy/2019/06/egklovismenoi-se-lathos-soma/|title=Εγκλωβισμένοι σε λάθος σώμα|work=24.com.cy|date=22 June 2019|language=el|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626150429/https://24h.com.cy/2019/06/egklovismenoi-se-lathos-soma/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2021|10|post=,}} the bill was still in draft status.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2021/10/15/final-touches-being-put-to-gender-identity-bill-cyprus-lagging-behind-other-coe-states/|title=Final touches being put to gender identity bill, Cyprus lagging behind other CoE states|last=Savva|first=Anna|date=October 15, 2021|work=[[Cyprus Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sogi/newsroom/-/asset_publisher/7fKFZd7F4Hud/content/legal-gender-recognition-in-cyprus-15-october|title=Roundtable on Legal gender recognition in Cyprus – 15 October|date=15 October 2021|website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref>
 ==== Germany ====
-In June 2021, [[Germany]]'s parliament voted down two self-identification bills. One of the bills also permitted [[sex reassignment surgery]] on children starting at age 14 regardless of parental objection and would have introduced a fine of €2,500 for [[misgendering]].<ref name=economist/> Following the [[2021 German federal election]], the [[Scholz cabinet|new government]], a [[traffic light coalition]] led by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] and with the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] and [[Alliance '90/The Greens|The Greens]], announced plans to introduce legal gender recognition via self-declaration as part of the coalition agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2020 |title=Germany plans cultural revolution on immigration, youth and gender |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-plans-cultural-revolution-immigration-youth-gender-2021-11-24/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> The government formally proposed a self-determination bill in June 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 June 2022|title=Germany unveils plans for simpler legal gender change process|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-unveils-plans-for-simpler-legal-gender-change-process/a-62315345|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=27 July 2022|work=DW}}.</ref>
+In June 2021, [[Germany]]'s parliament rejected two self-identification bills. One of the bills proposed allowing gender-affirming for children starting at age 14 regardless of parental objection and included a €2,500 fine for misgendering.<ref name=economist/>
+Following the [[2021 German federal election]], the [[Scholz cabinet]] announced plans to introduce legal gender recognition via self-declaration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2020 |title=Germany plans cultural revolution on immigration, youth and gender |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-plans-cultural-revolution-immigration-youth-gender-2021-11-24/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> The government formally proposed a self-determination bill in June 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 June 2022|title=Germany unveils plans for simpler legal gender change process|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-unveils-plans-for-simpler-legal-gender-change-process/a-62315345|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=27 July 2022|work=DW}}.</ref>
-In April 2024, [[Germany]]'s parliament passed the [[Self-Determination Act (Germany)|Selbstbestimmungsgesetz]] which permits a German citizen to change their gender on government documents through self-determination. The law entered into force in November 2024. Persons aged 16 to 18 years can change their gender on government documents in the presence of their parents. For persons under 16, the parents can change the gender entry of their child.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 April 2024|title=Bestätigter Gesetzesentwurf zum Selbstbestimmungsgesetz|url=https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/090/2009049.pdf|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=12 April 2024}}.</ref>
+In April 2024, Germany's parliament passed the [[Self-Determination Act (Germany)|Selbstbestimmungsgesetz]], permitting German citizens to change their gender on government documents through self-declaration. The law, which took effect in November 2024, allows individuals aged 16 to 18 to change their gender on documents with parental involvement. For individuals under 16, parents can initiate the change on behalf of their child.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 April 2024|title=Bestätigter Gesetzesentwurf zum Selbstbestimmungsgesetz|url=https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/090/2009049.pdf|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=12 April 2024}}.</ref>
 ==== Ireland ====
-On 15 July 2015, the {{lang|ga|[[Oireachtas]]|italic=no}} passed the [[Gender Recognition Act 2015]] which permits an Irish citizen to change their gender on government documents through self-determination. The law does not require any medical intervention by the applicant nor an assessment by the state.<ref>"{{cite web |title=Ireland passes bill allowing gender marker changes on legal documents |url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/ireland-passes-bill-allowing-gender-marker-changes-legal-documents |first=Jessica |last=Hofflich |publisher=[[GLAAD]] |date=20 July 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211424/http://www.glaad.org/blog/ireland-passes-bill-allowing-gender-marker-changes-legal-documents |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such changes are possible through self-determination for any person aged 18 or over who is ordinarily resident in Ireland and/or registered on Irish registers of birth or adoption. Persons aged 16 to 18 years must secure a court order to exempt them from the normal requirement to be at least 18.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gender Recognition Certificate |url=https://www.welfare.ie/en/Pages/GRC1.aspx |publisher=[[Department of Social Protection]] |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=13 November 2015 }}</ref>
+On 15 July 2015, the {{lang|ga|[[Oireachtas]]|italic=no}} passed the [[Gender Recognition Act 2015]], allowing Irish citizens to change their gender on government documents through self-determination. The law does not require medical intervention or state assessment.<ref>"{{cite web |title=Ireland passes bill allowing gender marker changes on legal documents |url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/ireland-passes-bill-allowing-gender-marker-changes-legal-documents |first=Jessica |last=Hofflich |publisher=[[GLAAD]] |date=20 July 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211424/http://www.glaad.org/blog/ireland-passes-bill-allowing-gender-marker-changes-legal-documents |url-status=dead }}</ref> Individuals aged 18 or older who are ordinarily resident in Ireland or registered in Irish birth or adoption registers can make these changes. For individuals aged 16 to 18, a court order is required to exempt them from the minimum age requirement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gender Recognition Certificate |url=https://www.welfare.ie/en/Pages/GRC1.aspx |publisher=[[Department of Social Protection]] |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=13 November 2015 }}</ref>
-In late-January 2018, over 1000 Irish feminists, including several groups such as the [[University College Dublin]] Centre of Gender, Feminisms & Sexualities, signed an open letter condemning a planned meeting in Ireland on UK Gender Recognition Act reforms organised by a British group opposing the reforms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gcn.ie/ireland-says-no-to-terfs/ |title=Ireland Says No To TERFs |first=Katie |last=Donohoe |work=[[Gay Community News (Dublin)|Gay Community News]] |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref> The letter stated that "Trans people and particularly trans women are an inextricable part of our feminist community" and accused the British group of colonialism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irish-feminists-warn-away-british-terfs |title="Stay away from Ireland," British anti-trans feminists told |first=James |last=Wilson |work=IrishCentral |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
+In late January 2018, over 1,000 Irish feminists, including groups such as the [[University College Dublin]] Centre of Gender, Feminisms & Sexualities, signed an open letter condemning a planned meeting in Ireland on UK Gender Recognition Act reforms organized by a British group opposed to the reforms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gcn.ie/ireland-says-no-to-terfs/ |title=Ireland Says No To TERFs |first=Katie |last=Donohoe |work=[[Gay Community News (Dublin)|Gay Community News]] |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref> The letter stated that "Trans people and particularly trans women are an inextricable part of our feminist community" and accused the British group of colonialism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irish-feminists-warn-away-british-terfs |title="Stay away from Ireland," British anti-trans feminists told |first=James |last=Wilson |work=IrishCentral |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
 ====Malta====
-Applicants can change their official documents by simply filing an affidavit with a notary, eliminating any requirement for medical gender reassignment procedures under the [[Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act]] ({{langx|mt|Att dwar l-Identità tal-Ġeneru, l-Espressjoni tal-Ġeneru u l-Karatteristiċi tas-Sess}}), enacted in April 2015.<ref name="malta act">{{cite web |title=Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101028/121558/F344926174/MLT101028%202016.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022 |date=2015}}</ref>
+Under the ''Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act'' (Maltese: ''Att dwar l-Identità tal-Ġeneru, l-Espressjoni tal-Ġeneru u l-Karatteristiċi tas-Sess''), enacted in April 2015, applicants can change their official documents by filing an affidavit with a notary. The law eliminates any requirement for medical gender reassignment procedures.<ref name="malta act">{{cite web |title=Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101028/121558/F344926174/MLT101028%202016.pdf |access-date=16 November 2022 |date=2015}}</ref>
 ==== Nordic countries ====
-In June 2014, the Danish Parliament voted 59–52 to remove the requirement of a mental disorder diagnosis and surgery with irreversible sterilization during the process of a legal sex change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/denmark-becomes-europes-leading-country-on-legal-gender-recognition/ |title=Denmark becomes Europe's leading country on legal gender recognition|publisher=The European Parliament's Intergroup on LGBTI Rights|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=2015-04-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212093918/http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/denmark-becomes-europes-leading-country-on-legal-gender-recognition/|archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Since 1 September 2014, Danes over 18 years of age who wish to apply for a legal sex change can do so by stating that they want to change their documentation, followed by a six-month-long "reflection period" to confirm the request.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/en/news/denmark-transgender-law-2014-06-12 |title=World must follow Denmark's example after landmark transgender law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829002605/http://www.amnesty.org/en/en/news/denmark-transgender-law-2014-06-12 |archive-date=2014-08-29 |access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20131/lovforslag/l182/99/367/afstemning.htm|title=L 182 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om Det Centrale Personregister.|last=Vestager|first=Margrethe|website=Folketinget|date=9 January 2017 |language=da}}</ref>
+In June 2014, the Danish Parliament voted 59–52 to remove the requirement for a mental disorder diagnosis and surgery with irreversible sterilization for legal gender changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/denmark-becomes-europes-leading-country-on-legal-gender-recognition/ |title=Denmark becomes Europe's leading country on legal gender recognition|publisher=The European Parliament's Intergroup on LGBTI Rights|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=2015-04-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212093918/http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/denmark-becomes-europes-leading-country-on-legal-gender-recognition/|archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Since 1 September 2014, Danes aged 18 or older can apply for a legal gender change by stating their intent, followed by a six-month "reflection period" to confirm the request.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/en/news/denmark-transgender-law-2014-06-12 |title=World must follow Denmark's example after landmark transgender law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829002605/http://www.amnesty.org/en/en/news/denmark-transgender-law-2014-06-12 |archive-date=2014-08-29 |access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20131/lovforslag/l182/99/367/afstemning.htm|title=L 182 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om Det Centrale Personregister.|last=Vestager|first=Margrethe|website=Folketinget|date=9 January 2017 |language=da}}</ref>
-On 18 March 2016, the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative]]-led [[Solberg's Cabinet|Solberg Government]] in Norway introduced the [[Gender Recognition Act (Norway)|Gender Recognition Act]] which allows legal gender changes without psychiatric or psychological evaluation, diagnosis or medical intervention, by people aged at least 16. Minors aged between 6 and 16 may transition with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/norway-set-allow-gender-change-without-medical-intervention-192109696.html|title=Norway set to allow gender change without medical intervention|date=March 18, 2016|website=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/easier-to-change-legal-gender/id2480677/|title=Easier to change legal gender|first=Ministry of Health and Care|last=Services|date=18 March 2016|website=Government.no}}</ref><ref name="www.stortinget.no">{{cite web|url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Saker/Sak/?p=64488|title=Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn|date=29 March 2016|website=Stortinget|language=no}}</ref> The bill was approved by a vote of 79–13 by [[Storting|Parliament]] on 6 June, supported by the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]], the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]], the [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]], the [[Liberal Party (Norway)|Liberal Party]], the [[Socialist Left Party (Norway)|Socialist Left Party]] and the [[Green Party (Norway)|Green Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2016/06/06/norway-now-allows-trans-people-to-decide-their-own-gender/|title=Norway now allows trans people to decide their own gender|last=Mitchell|first=Bea|date=6 June 2016|work=[[PinkNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/norway-becomes-fourth-country-world-allow-trans-people-determine-gender/|title=Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender|first=Joe|last=Morgan|date=6 June 2016|website=[[Gay Star News]]|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830113258/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/norway-becomes-fourth-country-world-allow-trans-people-determine-gender/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was promulgated on 17 June and took effect on 1 July 2016.<ref name="www.stortinget.no"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2016-06-17-46|title=Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn|website=Lovdata|language=no}}</ref> The act was hailed as an important milestone for LGBTIQ+ rights by LGBTIQ+ rights organizations such as the [[Norwegian Organisation for Sexual and Gender Diversity]], by [[Amnesty International]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Historisk lov vedtatt |url=https://amnesty.no/historisk-lov-vedtatt |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> and by the feminist movement, notably by the [[Norwegian Association for Women's Rights]].<ref name=omnkf>{{cite web |title=Norsk Kvinnesaksforening |url=http://www.kvinnelobby.no/medlemsorganisasjoner/norsk-kvinnesaksforening/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911194238/http://www.kvinnelobby.no/medlemsorganisasjoner/norsk-kvinnesaksforening/|archivedate=2022-09-11}}</ref>
+On 18 March 2016, Norway's [[Solberg's Cabinet|Solberg Government]] introduced the [[Gender Recognition Act (Norway)|Gender Recognition Act]]'','' which allows individuals aged 16 or older to legally change their gender without psychiatric or psychological evaluation, diagnosis, or medical intervention. Minors aged 6–16 can transition with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/norway-set-allow-gender-change-without-medical-intervention-192109696.html|title=Norway set to allow gender change without medical intervention|date=March 18, 2016|website=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/easier-to-change-legal-gender/id2480677/|title=Easier to change legal gender|first=Ministry of Health and Care|last=Services|date=18 March 2016|website=Government.no}}</ref><ref name="www.stortinget.no">{{cite web|url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Saker/Sak/?p=64488|title=Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn|date=29 March 2016|website=Stortinget|language=no}}</ref> The bill passed Parliament on 6 June by a vote of 79–13.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2016/06/06/norway-now-allows-trans-people-to-decide-their-own-gender/|title=Norway now allows trans people to decide their own gender|last=Mitchell|first=Bea|date=6 June 2016|work=[[PinkNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/norway-becomes-fourth-country-world-allow-trans-people-determine-gender/|title=Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender|first=Joe|last=Morgan|date=6 June 2016|website=[[Gay Star News]]|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830113258/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/norway-becomes-fourth-country-world-allow-trans-people-determine-gender/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was promulgated on 17 June and took effect on 1 July 2016.<ref name="www.stortinget.no"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2016-06-17-46|title=Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn|website=Lovdata|language=no}}</ref> The act was praised as a milestone for LGBTIQ+ rights by the [[Norwegian Organisation for Sexual and Gender Diversity]], [[Amnesty International]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Historisk lov vedtatt |url=https://amnesty.no/historisk-lov-vedtatt |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> and by the feminist movement, notably by the [[Norwegian Association for Women's Rights]].<ref name="omnkf">{{cite web |title=Norsk Kvinnesaksforening |url=http://www.kvinnelobby.no/medlemsorganisasjoner/norsk-kvinnesaksforening/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911194238/http://www.kvinnelobby.no/medlemsorganisasjoner/norsk-kvinnesaksforening/ |archivedate=2022-09-11 |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref>
-In 2019, [[Iceland]]ic Prime Minister [[Katrín Jakobsdóttir]] proposed a bill to introduce gender recognition via statutory declaration in the country. The bill was passed by the [[Althing]] by a vote of 45–0, with three abstentions.<ref name="RÚV 2019-06-19">{{cite web |url=https://www.ruv.is/frett/new-law-to-help-trans-and-intersex-people |title=New law to help trans and intersex people |publisher=[[RÚV|RÚV.is]] |date=19 June 2019 |last=Elliott |first=Alexander |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian 2019-06-21">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/21/trans-issues-britain-iceland-law-intersex-rights |title=On trans issues, Iceland has just put Britain to shame |first=Owl |last=Fisher |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
+In 2019, [[Iceland]]<nowiki/>ic Prime Minister [[Katrín Jakobsdóttir]] proposed a bill for gender recognition via statutory declaration. The [[Althing]] passed the bill by a vote of 45–0, with three abstentions.<ref name="RÚV 2019-06-19">{{cite web |url=https://www.ruv.is/frett/new-law-to-help-trans-and-intersex-people |title=New law to help trans and intersex people |publisher=[[RÚV|RÚV.is]] |date=19 June 2019 |last=Elliott |first=Alexander |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian 2019-06-21">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/21/trans-issues-britain-iceland-law-intersex-rights |title=On trans issues, Iceland has just put Britain to shame |first=Owl |last=Fisher |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
-In 2015, the [[Löfven I Cabinet|Löfven Government]] in Sweden introduced a bill allowing legal gender change without any form of psychiatric or psychological evaluation as well as removing the requirement of a diagnosis or any kind of medical intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/swedish-law-proposals-legal-gender-recognition-and-gender-reassignment|title=Swedish law proposals on legal gender recognition and gender reassignment treatment|website=[[ILGA-Europe]]|date=10 February 2015|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119231729/https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/swedish-law-proposals-legal-gender-recognition-and-gender-reassignment|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the proposals than stagnated in early draft form for several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP3q4wpPe4I&ab_channel=StockholmPride| title=RFSL and RFSU meet social minister Lena Hallengren|website=youtube|date=10 August 2020}}</ref> In November 2021, the Swedish government announced that it had prepared a new draft bill that would implement self-determination by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2021|title=Ändring av juridiskt kön kan bli möjlig från 12 år – "Vi har väntat länge"|url=https://www.qx.se/samhalle/219595/andring-av-juridiskt-kon-kan-bli-mojlig-fran-12-ar-vi-har-vantat-lange/|last=Thorén|first=Mathilda|access-date=18 November 2021|work=[[QX (magazine)|QX]]|language=sv}}</ref> The [[Green Party (Sweden)|Green Party]] said that they would vote in favour of the bill, while the [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]], [[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]], and [[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberals]] expressed support for the bill. The [[Sweden Democrats]] said they would oppose the bill, while the [[Moderate Party]] and the [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]] said they would wait until the bill was formally tabled in Parliament to decide their position.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 November 2021|title=Riksdagsstöd för att sänka åldern för ändring av juridiskt kön|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/partierna-reagerar-pa-lagforslaget|last=Koch-Emmery|first=Linn|access-date=18 November 2021|work=SVT|language=sv}}</ref> A 2021 study by [[Sifo]] and commissioned by [[RFSL]] found that 61% of Swedes supported moving to a system of self-declaration, with 71% of women and 51% of men in support of the change.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2021|title=Svenskarna positiva till ny lag om könstillhörighet|url=https://www.rfsl.se/aktuellt/sifo-konstillhorighetslag/|last=|first=|access-date=18 November 2021|work=RFSL|language=sv}}</ref>
+In 2015, the [[Löfven I Cabinet|Löfven Government]] introduced a bill allowing legal gender changes without psychiatric or psychological evaluation or diagnosis, and without medical intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/swedish-law-proposals-legal-gender-recognition-and-gender-reassignment|title=Swedish law proposals on legal gender recognition and gender reassignment treatment|website=[[ILGA-Europe]]|date=10 February 2015|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119231729/https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/swedish-law-proposals-legal-gender-recognition-and-gender-reassignment|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bill stagnated in early drafts for several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP3q4wpPe4I&ab_channel=StockholmPride| title=RFSL and RFSU meet social minister Lena Hallengren|website=youtube|date=10 August 2020}}</ref> In November 2021, the Swedish government announced that it had prepared a new draft bill that would implement self-determination by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2021|title=Ändring av juridiskt kön kan bli möjlig från 12 år – "Vi har väntat länge"|url=https://www.qx.se/samhalle/219595/andring-av-juridiskt-kon-kan-bli-mojlig-fran-12-ar-vi-har-vantat-lange/|last=Thorén|first=Mathilda|access-date=18 November 2021|work=[[QX (magazine)|QX]]|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 November 2021|title=Riksdagsstöd för att sänka åldern för ändring av juridiskt kön|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/partierna-reagerar-pa-lagforslaget|last=Koch-Emmery|first=Linn|access-date=18 November 2021|work=SVT|language=sv}}</ref> A 2021 study by [[Sifo]] and commissioned by [[RFSL]] found that 61% of Swedes supported moving to a system of self-declaration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2021|title=Svenskarna positiva till ny lag om könstillhörighet|url=https://www.rfsl.se/aktuellt/sifo-konstillhorighetslag/|last=|first=|access-date=18 November 2021|work=RFSL|language=sv}}</ref>
-A more recent poll by Fokus Novus however, showed a low support for selfID in Sweden. Only 15% of respondents were positive and among the most critical were parents of minors still living at home.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 December 2021|title=Fokus Novus: Svagt stöd för juridiskt könsbyte|url=https://www.fokus.se/inrikes/fokus-novus-svagt-stod-for-juridiskt-konsbyte/|access-date=16 January 2022|work=Fokus Novus|language=sv}}</ref>
+A Fokus Novus poll showed low overall support, with 15% in favor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 December 2021|title=Fokus Novus: Svagt stöd för juridiskt könsbyte|url=https://www.fokus.se/inrikes/fokus-novus-svagt-stod-for-juridiskt-konsbyte/|access-date=16 January 2022|work=Fokus Novus|language=sv}}</ref>
-In 2021, a [[Popular initiative|citizen's initiative]] to change the law on legal gender recognition in Finland to a basis of self-determination received 50,000 signatures and was referred to the Finnish Parliament's Committee on Social Affairs and Health.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Citizens' initiative calling for trans law reform moves to parliamentary committee|url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12186483|last=|first=|access-date=18 November 2021|work=Yle}}</ref> Finnish Prime Minister [[Sanna Marin]] had previously expressed support for moving to a self-determination system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2020|title=Finland's feminist prime minister Sanna Marin comes out swinging for trans people's right to self-identify|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/11/25/finland-prime-minister-sanna-marin-trans-act-rights-self-id-equality-programme/|last=Davis|first=Matilda|access-date=18 November 2021|work=[[PinkNews]]}}</ref> On 1 February 2023, Finland's Parliament voted 113–69 in favor of gender self-identification.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2023|title=Parliament passes long-awaited amendments to Finland's transgender law|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20015866 |last=|first=|access-date=21 February 2023|work=Yle}}</ref>
+In 2021, a Finnish citizen's initiative to base legal gender recognition on self-determination gathered 50,000 signatures and was referred to the Finnish Parliament's Committee on Social Affairs and Health.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Citizens' initiative calling for trans law reform moves to parliamentary committee|url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12186483|last=|first=|access-date=18 November 2021|work=Yle}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Sanna Marin]] had previously expressed support for self-determination.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2020|title=Finland's feminist prime minister Sanna Marin comes out swinging for trans people's right to self-identify|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/11/25/finland-prime-minister-sanna-marin-trans-act-rights-self-id-equality-programme/|last=Davis|first=Matilda|access-date=18 November 2021|work=[[PinkNews]]}}</ref> On 1 February 2023, Finland's Parliament approved gender self-identification by a vote of 113–69.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2023|title=Parliament passes long-awaited amendments to Finland's transgender law|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20015866 |last=|first=|access-date=21 February 2023|work=Yle}}</ref>
 ==== Portugal ====
-In May 2016, the Left Bloc introduced a bill to allow legal gender change solely based on self-determination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=40397|title=DetalheIniciativa|website=www.parlamento.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2016/05/25/sociedade/noticia/be-apresenta-projecto-de-lei-para-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-aos-16-anos-1732965|title=BE apresenta projecto de lei para permitir mudança de sexo aos 16 anos|first=Sofia|last=Rodrigues|website=PÚBLICO|date=25 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/be-quer-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-aos-16-anos-5192568.html|title=BE quer permitir mudança de sexo aos 16 anos|last=Cruz|first=Hermana|date=May 25, 2016|website=[[Jornal de Notícias]]|language=pt}}</ref> Similar bills were introduced by the [[People–Animals–Nature]] party and the [[XXI Constitutional Government of Portugal|Costa Government]] in November 2016 and May 2017, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=40691|title=DetalheIniciativa|website=www.parlamento.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=41320|title=DetalheIniciativa|website=www.parlamento.pt}}</ref> They were merged into one measure by a parliamentary committee and subsequently approved by the Parliament on 13 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal's parliament approves new legal gender change law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43740417 |work=BBC News |date=13 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/parliament-approves-change-of-gender-on-official-id-from-age-16/45314|title=Parliament approves change of gender on official ID from age 16|website=www.theportugalnews.com}}</ref> However, President [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] vetoed the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/veto-portugal-can-still-be-innovators|title=Portugal can still be legislative innovators on LGBTI equality – don't stop now!|website=[[ILGA-Europe]]|date=10 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=147430&idl=2|title=Presidente da República solicita à Assembleia na República que, no decreto sobre identidade de género, preveja relatório médico quando se trate de menores|website=www.presidencia.pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712153707/http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=147430&idl=2|archive-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> Later in 2018, the Parliament adopted the bill with changes with regards to sex changes by minors aged 16 and 17, suggested by the President in his veto message.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/parlamento-volta-aprovar-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero/56142|title=Parlamento volta a aprovar autodeterminação da identidade de género|website=Esquerda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/politica/detalhe/parlamento-aprova-lei-da-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero|title=Parlamento aprova lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género|website=www.jornaldenegocios.pt}}</ref> This time around, the President signed the bill on 31 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2018/07/31/presidente-da-republica-promulga-lei-da-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero/|title=Presidente da República promulga lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género|first=Agência|last=Lusa|website=Observador}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/07/31/politica/noticia/marcelo-promulga-lei-da-uber-e-alteracao-a-lei-da-identidade-de-genero-1839695|title=Marcelo promulga lei da Uber e alteração à lei da identidade de género|first=Liliana|last=Valente|website=PÚBLICO|date=31 July 2018 }}</ref> It was published as Act No. 38/2018 in the official journal on 7 August 2018 and took effect the next day on 8 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/621669/lei-da-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero-entra-em-vigor-amanha?seccao=Portugal|title=Lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género entra em vigor amanhã|first=Beatriz|last=Martinho|website=ionline|date=7 August 2018 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1093/sp/jxab015|title = Debating the Law of Self-Determination of Gender Identity in Portugal: Composition and Dynamics of Advocacy Coalitions of Political and Civil Society Actors in the Discussion of Morality Issues|year = 2021|last1 = Mota|first1 = Luís F.|last2 = Fernandes|first2 = Bruna|journal = Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society| volume=29 | pages=50–70 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Act No. 38/2018 |url=https://dre.pt/dre/en/detail/act/38-2018-115933863 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Diário da República]]}}</ref>
+In May 2016, the Left Bloc introduced a bill to allow legal gender change solely based on self-determination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=40397|title=DetalheIniciativa|website=www.parlamento.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2016/05/25/sociedade/noticia/be-apresenta-projecto-de-lei-para-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-aos-16-anos-1732965|title=BE apresenta projecto de lei para permitir mudança de sexo aos 16 anos|first=Sofia|last=Rodrigues|website=PÚBLICO|date=25 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/be-quer-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-aos-16-anos-5192568.html|title=BE quer permitir mudança de sexo aos 16 anos|last=Cruz|first=Hermana|date=May 25, 2016|website=[[Jornal de Notícias]]|language=pt}}</ref> Similar bills were introduced by the [[People–Animals–Nature]] party and the [[XXI Constitutional Government of Portugal|Costa Government]] in November 2016 and May 2017, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=40691|title=DetalheIniciativa|website=www.parlamento.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=41320|title=DetalheIniciativa|website=www.parlamento.pt}}</ref> They were merged into one measure by a parliamentary committee and subsequently approved by the Parliament on 13 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal's parliament approves new legal gender change law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43740417 |work=BBC News |date=13 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/parliament-approves-change-of-gender-on-official-id-from-age-16/45314|title=Parliament approves change of gender on official ID from age 16|website=www.theportugalnews.com}}</ref>
+President [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] vetoed the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/veto-portugal-can-still-be-innovators|title=Portugal can still be legislative innovators on LGBTI equality – don't stop now!|website=[[ILGA-Europe]]|date=10 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=147430&idl=2|title=Presidente da República solicita à Assembleia na República que, no decreto sobre identidade de género, preveja relatório médico quando se trate de menores|website=www.presidencia.pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712153707/http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=147430&idl=2|archive-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> Later in 2018, adopted a revised version of the bill, incorporating changes suggested by the President regarding gender changes for minors aged 16 and 17, as suggested by the President.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/parlamento-volta-aprovar-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero/56142|title=Parlamento volta a aprovar autodeterminação da identidade de género|website=Esquerda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/politica/detalhe/parlamento-aprova-lei-da-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero|title=Parlamento aprova lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género|website=www.jornaldenegocios.pt}}</ref> President Rebelo de Sousa signed the amended bill on 31 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2018/07/31/presidente-da-republica-promulga-lei-da-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero/|title=Presidente da República promulga lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género|first=Agência|last=Lusa|website=Observador}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/07/31/politica/noticia/marcelo-promulga-lei-da-uber-e-alteracao-a-lei-da-identidade-de-genero-1839695|title=Marcelo promulga lei da Uber e alteração à lei da identidade de género|first=Liliana|last=Valente|website=PÚBLICO|date=31 July 2018 }}</ref>
+It was published as Act No. 38/2018 in the official journal on 7 August 2018 and took effect the next day on 8 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/621669/lei-da-autodeterminacao-da-identidade-de-genero-entra-em-vigor-amanha?seccao=Portugal|title=Lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género entra em vigor amanhã|first=Beatriz|last=Martinho|website=ionline|date=7 August 2018 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1093/sp/jxab015|title = Debating the Law of Self-Determination of Gender Identity in Portugal: Composition and Dynamics of Advocacy Coalitions of Political and Civil Society Actors in the Discussion of Morality Issues|year = 2021|last1 = Mota|first1 = Luís F.|last2 = Fernandes|first2 = Bruna|journal = Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society| volume=29 | pages=50–70 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Act No. 38/2018 |url=https://dre.pt/dre/en/detail/act/38-2018-115933863 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Diário da República]]}}</ref>
 ==== Spain ====
-Spain passed gender self-identification in February 2023, via the {{lang|es|[[Ley Trans]]}} passed by the [[Congress of Deputies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Victory in Fight for Gender Recognition in Spain |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/16/victory-fight-gender-recognition-spain-0 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> The draft had been in the making since 2021, as a part of a political agreement between the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Socialist Party]] and its junior coalition partner {{lang|es|[[Unidas Podemos]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|es|[[En Comú Podem]]|italic=no}}, and {{lang|es|[[Galicia en Común]]|italic=no}}.<ref name=reuters/> It set a minimum age of 14, though those 14 through 16 need parental approval.<ref name=reuters/> [[Legislative Proposal for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans People|A previous bill]] giving children total freedom of legal gender recognition had been rejected in May.<ref name=reuters/> Some LGBTQ+ campaigners criticized the new bill for having age limits and for not having provision for non-Spanish residents and [[non-binary gender|non-binary]] identities. A collective of about 50 feminist groups opposed the bill, concerned about "protection of the specific rights against gender-based oppression".<ref name=reuters/>
+Spain passed gender self-identification in February 2023, via the {{lang|es|[[Ley Trans]]}} passed by the [[Congress of Deputies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Victory in Fight for Gender Recognition in Spain |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/16/victory-fight-gender-recognition-spain-0 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> The draft had been in the making since 2021.<ref name=reuters/>
+The law sets a minimum age of 14 for legal gender recognition, with parental approval required for those aged 14 to 16.<ref name="reuters" /> [[Legislative Proposal for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans People|A previous bill]] giving children total freedom of legal gender recognition had been rejected in May.<ref name="reuters" />
+Some LGBTQ+ campaigners criticized the new bill for its age restrictions and the lack of provisions for non-Spanish residents and [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] identities. A collective of around 50 [[Gender-critical feminism|gender-critical feminist]] groups opposed the bill.<ref name="reuters" />
 ==== Switzerland ====
-In May 2018, the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]] proposed amending Swiss legislation to allow transgender individuals to change their registered gender and first name(s) without "[[red tape]]", simply by making a declaration to civil status registry officials.<ref name="Swiss Federal Council 24 May 2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/gg/pc/documents/2958/Changement-de-sexe-a-l-etat-civil_Rapport-expl_fr.pdf |title=Rapport explicatif relatif à l'avant-projet concernant la révision du Code civil suisse (changement de sexe à l'état civil) |trans-title=Explanatory report relating to the preliminary draft concerning the revision of the Swiss Civil Code (change of sex in civil status) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715035925/https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/gg/pc/documents/2958/Changement-de-sexe-a-l-etat-civil_Rapport-expl_fr.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=dead |language=fr }}</ref> In late 2020, the bill was passed by the Swiss Parliament, with all individuals over the age 16 allowed legal gender recognition via self-declaration from 1 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tgeu.org/swiss-parliament-passes-lgr-based-on-self-determination/ |title=Swiss Parliament passes LGR based on self-determination |date=18 December 2020 |website=[[Transgender Europe]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-gender-transition-europe-legal-b1982504.html |title=Switzerland to allow people to legally change gender through self-identification from 2022 |first=Holly |last=Bancroft |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref> The bill consisted in a modification of the Swiss Civil Code.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Menschenrechte von trans Personen in der Schweiz - humanrights.ch |url=https://www.humanrights.ch/de/ipf/menschenrechte/lgbtiq/menschenrechte-trans-personen-schweiz |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.humanrights.ch |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fedlex |url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/en#art_30_b |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.fedlex.admin.ch}}</ref> It does not allow a change to a nonbinary gender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Débureaucratisation de la procédure de changement de sexe à l'état civil dès le 1er janvier 2022 |url=https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/communiques.msg-id-85588.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.admin.ch}}</ref>
+In May 2018, the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Swiss Federal Council]] proposed an amendment to allow transgender individuals to change their registered gender and first name(s) without "[[red tape]]", requiring only a declaration to civil status registry officials.<ref name="Swiss Federal Council 24 May 2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/gg/pc/documents/2958/Changement-de-sexe-a-l-etat-civil_Rapport-expl_fr.pdf |title=Rapport explicatif relatif à l'avant-projet concernant la révision du Code civil suisse (changement de sexe à l'état civil) |trans-title=Explanatory report relating to the preliminary draft concerning the revision of the Swiss Civil Code (change of sex in civil status) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715035925/https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/gg/pc/documents/2958/Changement-de-sexe-a-l-etat-civil_Rapport-expl_fr.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=dead |language=fr }}</ref>
+In late 2020, the Swiss Parliament passed the bill, permitting individuals aged 16 and older to obtain legal gender recognition through self-declaration. The law took effect on 1 January 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tgeu.org/swiss-parliament-passes-lgr-based-on-self-determination/ |title=Swiss Parliament passes LGR based on self-determination |date=18 December 2020 |website=[[Transgender Europe]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-gender-transition-europe-legal-b1982504.html |title=Switzerland to allow people to legally change gender through self-identification from 2022 |first=Holly |last=Bancroft |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref> and was enacted through a modification of the Swiss Civil Code.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Menschenrechte von trans Personen in der Schweiz - humanrights.ch |url=https://www.humanrights.ch/de/ipf/menschenrechte/lgbtiq/menschenrechte-trans-personen-schweiz |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.humanrights.ch |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fedlex |url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/en#art_30_b |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.fedlex.admin.ch}}</ref> The legislation does not provide for changes to a nonbinary gender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Débureaucratisation de la procédure de changement de sexe à l'état civil dès le 1er janvier 2022 |url=https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/communiques.msg-id-85588.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.admin.ch}}</ref>
-==== United Kingdom ====
-In [[Great Britain]] (but not [[Northern Ireland]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/217 |title=Equality Act 2010, section 217 |publisher=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |date=8 April 2010 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref> the [[Equality Act 2010]] provides protection from discrimination under the protected characteristic of "gender re-assignment," which includes "any stage in the transition process – from proposing to reassign your gender, to undergoing a process to reassign your gender, or having completed it," This is not equivalent to gender self identification and allows providers of sex-segregated services to deny access to transgender people on a case-by-case basis of "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/gender-reassignment-discrimination#act |title=What the Equality Act says about gender reassignment discrimination |publisher=[[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8969/ |title=Research Briefing: Gender recognition and the rights of transgender people |first1=Catherine |last1=Fairbairn |author2=Douglas Pyper |author3=Manjit Gheera |author4=Philip Loft |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
+==== United Kingdom ====
-In 2016, the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]' [[Women and Equalities Committee]] issued a report recommending that the [[Gender Recognition Act 2004]] be updated "in line with the principles of gender self-declaration".<ref>{{cite report|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmwomeq/390/39010.htm#_idTextAnchor213|title=Transgender Equality|last1=Women and Equalities Committee|date=8 January 2016|publisher=House of Commons|quote=Within the current Parliament, the Government must bring forward proposals to update the Gender Recognition Act, in line with the principles of gender self-declaration that have been developed in other jurisdictions. In place of the present medicalised, quasi-judicial application process, an administrative process must be developed, centred on the wishes of the individual applicant, rather than on intensive analysis by doctors and lawyers.|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> Later in 2016, in [[England and Wales]], a proposal was developed under [[Theresa May]]'s government to revise the Act to introduce self-identification, but it was dropped in 2020 after opposition. Instead, [[Second Johnson ministry|Boris Johnson's government]] reduced the cost of application to £5, and the procedure to apply was moved online.<ref name="guardian2021"/><ref name="guardian2020"/>
+In [[Great Britain]] (excluding [[Northern Ireland]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/217 |title=Equality Act 2010, section 217 |publisher=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |date=8 April 2010 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref> the [[Equality Act 2010]] provides protection from discrimination under the protected characteristic of "gender reassignment." This protection covers individuals at any stage of the transition process, from proposing to reassign their gender to undergoing or completing the process. However, this is not equivalent to gender self-identification, and the Act permits providers of sex-segregated services to exclude transgender individuals on a case-by-case basis if it constitutes "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/gender-reassignment-discrimination#act |title=What the Equality Act says about gender reassignment discrimination |publisher=[[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8969/ |title=Research Briefing: Gender recognition and the rights of transgender people |first1=Catherine |last1=Fairbairn |author2=Douglas Pyper |author3=Manjit Gheera |author4=Philip Loft |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
+In 2016, the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]' [[Women and Equalities Committee]] issued a report recommending that the [[Gender Recognition Act 2004]] be updated "in line with the principles of gender self-declaration".<ref>{{cite report|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmwomeq/390/39010.htm#_idTextAnchor213|title=Transgender Equality|last1=Women and Equalities Committee|date=8 January 2016|publisher=House of Commons|quote=Within the current Parliament, the Government must bring forward proposals to update the Gender Recognition Act, in line with the principles of gender self-declaration that have been developed in other jurisdictions. In place of the present medicalised, quasi-judicial application process, an administrative process must be developed, centred on the wishes of the individual applicant, rather than on intensive analysis by doctors and lawyers.|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> Later in 2016, in [[England and Wales]], proposal was developed under [[Theresa May]]'s government to revise the Act to introduce self-identification. The proposal was dropped in 2020 after opposition. Instead, [[Second Johnson ministry|Boris Johnson's government]] reduced the application fee for a Gender Recognition Certificate to £5 and moved the application process online.<ref name="guardian2021"/><ref name="guardian2020"/>
-In 2018, a [[YouGov]] poll for [[PinkNews]] of 1688 people across the United Kingdom found that 18% favoured self-identification, 58% said medical approval was needed, with the remainder undecided.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Tom|date=3 July 2018|title=Poll finds people oppose self-declared gender by 3-to-1|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16328719.poll-finds-people-oppose-self-declared-gender-3-to-1/|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>
+In 2018, a [[YouGov]] poll for [[PinkNews]] found that 18% of respondents across the UK supported self-identification, 58% believed medical approval was necessary, and the remainder were undecided.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Tom|date=3 July 2018|title=Poll finds people oppose self-declared gender by 3-to-1|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16328719.poll-finds-people-oppose-self-declared-gender-3-to-1/|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>
-A 2018 government consultation received 102,833 submissions from the public; of these, 39% were submitted via an online form set up by equality charity [[Stonewall (charity)|Stonewall]], 7% via a form set up by feminist organisation Level Up, and 18% from a form set up by women's campaign group [[Fair Play For Women|Fair Play for Women]]. Out of these submissions, 64% said that there should not be a requirement for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria, 80% were in favour of removing the requirement for a medical report, and 77% were in favour of removing the requirement for people to evidence living "in their acquired gender for a period of time".<ref name="UK GRA consult 2020-09-22">{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Daniel|author2=Carrie Paechter|author3=Maranda Ridgway|date=22 September 2020|title=Reform of the Gender Recognition Act — Analysis of consultation responses|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/response-to-the-gender-recognition-act-2004-consultation|access-date=21 October 2021|publisher=[[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]|pages=8–9|id=CP&nbsp;294}}</ref>
+A 2018 government consultation on Gender Recognition Act reform received 102,833 submissions. Of these, 39% were submitted via an online form set up by [[Stonewall (charity)|Stonewall]], 18% via a form by the gender-critical group Fair Play for Women, and 7% via a form by feminist organization Level Up,. The consultation showed that 64% supported removing the requirement for a gender dysphoria diagnosis, 80% favored eliminating the need for a medical report, and 77% supported removing the requirement to evidence living "in their acquired gender" for a set period.<ref name="UK GRA consult 2020-09-22">{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Daniel|author2=Carrie Paechter|author3=Maranda Ridgway|date=22 September 2020|title=Reform of the Gender Recognition Act — Analysis of consultation responses|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/response-to-the-gender-recognition-act-2004-consultation|access-date=21 October 2021|publisher=[[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]|pages=8–9|id=CP&nbsp;294}}</ref>
-In 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] called for the British government to "uphold the United Kingdom’s human rights obligations by reforming the Gender Recognition Act (GRA) to allow for self-identification and recognition of transgender and non-binary people."<ref>{{cite web|date=June 17, 2020|title=Letter to UK Prime Minister on Gender Recognition Reform|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/17/letter-uk-prime-minister-gender-recognition-reform}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Parsons|first=Vic|date=18 June 2020|title=Boris Johnson warned 'regressive' anti-trans plans would put vulnerable trans women at risk of violence|work=[[PinkNews]]|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/18/transgender-rights-uk-boris-johnson-single-sex-spaces-human-rights-watch/|access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>
-In March 2021, the Welsh government's Independent LGBTQ+ Expert Panel called for the British government to reform the Act "in accordance with the principle of self-determination."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2021-07/recommendations-of-the-independent-lgbtq%2B-expert-panel_0.pdf|title=A report to Welsh Government outlining recommendations for furthering LGBTQ+ equality in Wales|date=March 2021|website=gov.wales}}</ref> Later in 2021, the Welsh government called for "devolution of as many aspects as possible of the Gender Recognition Act."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gov.wales/the-welsh-government-announces-new-support-package-pride-part-ambitious-plans-make-wales-most-lgbtq|title=The Welsh Government announces new support package for Pride as part of ambitious plans to make Wales the most LGBTQ+ friendly nation Europe|website=GOV.WALES|date=28 June 2021 }}</ref>
+In 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] urged the British government to allow self-identification and include recognition of transgender and non-binary individuals.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 17, 2020|title=Letter to UK Prime Minister on Gender Recognition Reform|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/17/letter-uk-prime-minister-gender-recognition-reform}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Parsons|first=Vic|date=18 June 2020|title=Boris Johnson warned 'regressive' anti-trans plans would put vulnerable trans women at risk of violence|work=[[PinkNews]]|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/18/transgender-rights-uk-boris-johnson-single-sex-spaces-human-rights-watch/|access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, the Welsh government's Independent LGBTQ+ Expert Panel also called for reform based on self-determination principles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2021-07/recommendations-of-the-independent-lgbtq%2B-expert-panel_0.pdf|title=A report to Welsh Government outlining recommendations for furthering LGBTQ+ equality in Wales|date=March 2021|website=gov.wales}}</ref> Later that year, the Welsh government advocated for the devolution of powers related to the Act to enable legislative reforms within Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gov.wales/the-welsh-government-announces-new-support-package-pride-part-ambitious-plans-make-wales-most-lgbtq|title=The Welsh Government announces new support package for Pride as part of ambitious plans to make Wales the most LGBTQ+ friendly nation Europe|website=GOV.WALES|date=28 June 2021 }}</ref>
-On 22 December 2022, the [[Scottish Parliament]] passed the [[Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill|Gender Recognition Reform Bill]] by a margin of 86 votes for and 39 votes against, legislating to allow a Gender Recognition Certification on the basis of self-identification and to extend the process to 16- and 17-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Libby |date=22 December 2022 |title=Scottish government hails 'historic day' as MSPs pass gender recognition bill |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/dec/22/scotland-passes-bill-making-it-easier-for-people-to-legally-change-gender |access-date=22 December 2022 }}</ref> On 17 January 2023, the [[United Kingdom government]] used section 35 of the [[Scotland Act 1998]] to block the bill from receiving [[royal assent]], the first time section 35 has been used.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=UK government formally blocks Scotland's gender recognition law|date=17 January 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jan/17/uk-government-formally-blocks-scotlands-gender-recognition-legislation |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> After the Scottish Parliament vote, [[Mark Drakeford]], [[First Minister of Wales]], expressed a desire for a similar reform of gender-recognition law in Wales and the [[Welsh law#Devolved legislation|legislative competence]] for the [[Senedd]] to enact it;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-64228256 |title=Mark Drakeford backs Scottish gender recognition move | work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 }}</ref> he described Westminster's section 35 order as a "very dangerous precedent" for devolution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-64304540 |title=Gender reform: Drakeford says Scottish law block is dangerous precedent | work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>
+On 22 December 2022, the [[Scottish Parliament]] passed the [[Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill|Gender Recognition Reform Bill]] by a vote of 86 to 39. The bill proposed allowing self-identification for a Gender Recognition Certificate and extending the process to individuals aged 16 and 17. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Libby |date=22 December 2022 |title=Scottish government hails 'historic day' as MSPs pass gender recognition bill |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/dec/22/scotland-passes-bill-making-it-easier-for-people-to-legally-change-gender |access-date=22 December 2022 }}</ref> On 17 January 2023, the [[United Kingdom government]] used section 35 of the [[Scotland Act 1998]] to block the bill from receiving [[royal assent]], the first time section 35 has been used.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=UK government formally blocks Scotland's gender recognition law|date=17 January 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jan/17/uk-government-formally-blocks-scotlands-gender-recognition-legislation |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> After the Scottish Parliament vote, [[Mark Drakeford]], [[First Minister of Wales]], expressed a desire for a similar reform of gender-recognition law in Wales and the [[Welsh law#Devolved legislation|legislative competence]] for the [[Senedd]] to enact it;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-64228256 |title=Mark Drakeford backs Scottish gender recognition move | work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 }}</ref> he described Westminster's section 35 order as a "very dangerous precedent" for devolution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-64304540 |title=Gender reform: Drakeford says Scottish law block is dangerous precedent | work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>
 === Oceania ===