Conservatism in Canada

In Canada, political conservatism is generally considered to be primarily represented by the Conservative Party of Canada at the federal level, and by the various right-leaning parties at the provincial levels. Organized conservatism in Canada dates back to the creation of the Liberal-Conservative Party of Canada in 1854, prior to Confederation. Canadian conservatism has similar ideological roots as British Conservatism; nationalism and protectionism, but in the last 20 years has taken a sharp turn toward economic liberalism or neoconservatism.

History

Pre-Confederation

In the early days of electoral politics in Canada, the term conservatives or Tories applied to those people who supported the authority of colonial governors and their advisors over the elected assemblies. These conservatives took their cues from British Tories, especially Burke. They supported royal privilege, and were avowedly anti-democratic. Tory supporters were often descended from loyalists who had fled the United States during the American Revolution and War of Independence. They were wary of emulating the US's "mob rule" and preferred a strong role for traditional elites such as landowners and the church in politics. Many were Anglicans who supported keeping the Church of England as Canada's established church. In each colony, Tories contested elections as the personal party of the governor. Business elites who surrounded the governor also hoped to gain patronage. In Upper Canada this was the Family Compact, in Lower Canada the Chateau Clique. Opposition to the rule of this oligarchies resulted in the Rebellions of 1837. After the rebellions, Lord Durham (a Whig or liberal) issued Report on the Affairs of British North America a report to the British government]]that recommended giving most powers in colonial governments from the governor to the elected assemblies. This new arrangement, called responsible government, mirrored earlier changes that had occurred in Britain.

After the introduction of responsible government, Tories eventually stopped advocating for governors to take an active role in the affairs of the colonies and adapted to democratic rule, while remaining critical of the American model. Conservatives in Canada West, known as the Tories, despite a reputation for being associated with the ultra-Protestant Orange Order developed a working alliance with the ultramontain Catholic Parti bleu of Canada East. This alliance became the basis for the Liberal-Conservative Party which dominated post-Confederation Canada's early decades.

Macdonald-Cartier era

The original Tory coaltition was marked by the partnership of John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier. Their "national policy" of high tarriffs against the United States, and intense railway building, became the basis of a political dynasty that dominated Canadian politics from Confederation in 1867, with a brief hiatus, to Macdonald's death in office in 1891. The greatest strain in this coalition came during the Riel Rebellions of 1869 and 1885, which inflammed French-English and Protestant-Catholic tensions in the country. After Macdonald's death, the coaltion faltered and the Liberal party rose to dominate Quebec, and in the process became the natural governing party.

Progessive Conservatives

Throughout most of the last century, the Progressive Conservative Party (often abbreviated PC) dominated conservative politics at the federal level and in most provinces. Canada had many conservative Prime Ministers in the past, but the first to be elected under the Progressive Conservative banner was John Diefenbaker who served from 1957-1963.

Joe Clark became Prime Minister with a minority government in 1979, but lost to a non-confidence vote after only nine months, and the Liberals again took power. After Pierre Trudeau's retirement in 1984, his successor, John Turner, called a federal election, which was won in a landslide by the PCs under Brian Mulroney. Mulroney succeeded by uniting conservatives from Western Canada with those from Quebec. During his tenure, the government attempted to negotiate the status of Quebec through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. The government's willingness to affirm Quebec's demands for recognition as a distinct society was seen as a betrayal by many westerners as well as angering Canadian Nationalists mostly from Ontario. The Reform Party of Canada was founded on a strongly social conservative and fiscal conservative platform as an alternative voice for these western conservatives. Following Mulroney's resignation in 1993 and Kim Campbell's brief tenure, the Conservatives were reduced to only two seats in Parliament. Much former PC support went to the Reform Party under Preston Manning, which became the official opposition from 1997-2000.

Support for both the Reform Party and the Progressive Conservatives was negligible in Quebec until the 2006 federal election, where the renewed Conservative party won 10 seats in Quebec. In the west, the Reform Party took most of the PC Party's former seats, but held much more socially or economically conservative views than the old party on most subjects (regarding, for example, homosexuality, religion in public life, gun control, and government intervention in the economy).

The PCs retained moderate support in the Atlantic Provinces, eventually managing to regain a few seats. They also retained scattered support across the country. The result was that neither new party managed to approach the success of the Progressive Conservatives prior to 1993. In many ridings the conservative vote was split, letting other parties win: the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien won three successive majority governments starting in 1993. During this period, either the Bloc Québécois or the Reform Party were the Official Opposition.

After the 1997 federal election some members of the Reform Party tried to end the vote splitting by merging the two parties. A new party was formed, called the Canadian Alliance, and Stockwell Day was elected its leader. However, many PCs resisted the move, suspecting that Reform Party ideology would dominate the new party, and the new Party garnered only a little more support than its predecessor. Meanwhile the PCs re-elected Joe Clark as their leader and attempted to regain lost ground.

Day's tenure was marked by a number of public gaffes and apparent publicity stunts, and he was widely portrayed as incompetent and ignorant. Several MPs left his party in 2002.

Shifting views

Originally, Canadian conservatism tended to be loyalist and traditionalist. Conservative governments in Canada, such as those of Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir Robert Borden, Richard Bennett, and John Diefenbaker were known for the creation of government-operated businesses (early Crown Corporations such as the Canadian National Railway) to develop and protect Canadian industries, protectionist programs such as the National Policy, and even social benefits such as pensions and the beginnings of Universal Health Care. Canadian conservatism thus mirrored British Conservatism in its values and economic/political outlook. Canadian conservatives have generally favoured the continuation of old political institutions, government intervention in the economy when necessary, and strong ties to the monarchy. Unlike U.S. conservatism, evangelical Protestantism and (especially) economic libertarianism have had a fairly limited influence on Conservative politics in Canada.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the rise of Conservative politicians in Canada such as Ralph Klein, Don Getty, Brian Mulroney, Preston Manning, Mike Harris and others, the objectives and values of Conservatives in Canada began to mimic those of neo-liberals in both the United States and United Kingdom. With the rise in inflation and a large budgetary deficit in Canada, emphasis was put on "shrinking the size of government" (in part, through privatization), pursuing continentalist trade arrangements (free trade, creating tax incentives and cutting "government waste".

During the government of Brian Mulroney (1984-1993), government spending on social programs was cut, taxes for individuals and businesses were reduced (but a new national tax appeared for nearly all goods and services) , government intervention in the economy was significantly reduced, a free trade agreement was drafted with the United States, and Crown Corporations such as Teleglobe, Petro-Canada and Air Canada (some created by previous Conservative governments) were sold to both domestic and foreign private buyers (privatized). Ironically, this Conservative government's program of spending increased the federal debt to a record level. The following government, the Liberals leaded by Jean Chrétien, succeeded to considerably reduce the debt by cutting a lot more on federal expenses.

The Progressive Conservative Party lost a large base of its support toward the end of the Mulroney era. Brian Mulroney's failed attempts to reform the Canadian Constitution with the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, and the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax only increased public anger. In the 1993 federal election, the PC Party was reduced to only two seats out of 295 in the Canadian House of Commons. The Liberal Party of Canada was elected with a strong majority and the Reform Party of Canada gradually replaced the Tories as the major right-wing party in Canada.

Throughout the 1990s, most neoconservatives in the PC Party began to drift slowly to the Reform Party, and then in droves to its successor, the Canadian Alliance, leaving the PC Party under the control of the traditionally more popular Red Tory faction. Despite taking what was believed to be more popular approaches on social issues, the Tories significantly fell in the popular vote from the 1997 to 2000 elections and were never able to greatly increase their representation in the House of Commons (partially due to the First Past the Post electoral system that Canada uses). Instead, the Reform Party and then Canadian Alliance dominated the opposition benches.

In 2003, when former Prime Minister Joe Clark retired after being brought back to improve the PC party's standings, Peter MacKay was chosen in a leadership contest to replace him. MacKay immediately created controversy within the party by entering into negotiations with Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper to merge the two parties. MacKay had been elected on a third ballot of the party's leadership convention as a result of an agreement that he signed with another leadership contestant, David Orchard, in which he promised never to merge the PC Party with the Alliance.

Later on that year, the Progressive Conservative Party, which dated back to 1854 (though existing under many different names), merged with the Canadian Alliance. 96% of the Alliance's membership and 92% of the PC Party's riding representatives approved the merger. The Conservative Party of Canada was then created, and, in 2004, Stephen Harper was elected leader. Under Stephen Harper, the platform of the Conservative Party was criticized as mirroring that of the Canadian Alliance more so than the Progressive Conservatives, emphasizing tax cuts, cuts to government spending, privatization, opposition to same-sex marriage, all this while the federal government runs a fiscal surplus.

The role of conservatism in western Canada

The four western Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba have long been a hotbed for protest politics and political parties of the far left and far right. All four provinces have strong rural and Christian constituencies, leading to an active presence of the Christian Right. Historically, the heavy presence of agriculture led to the emergence in the past of large left-leaning, agrarian farmer's based protest movements such as the Progressive Party of Canada and the United Farmers of Canada which supported free trade with the United States and increased social benefits. These movements were later absorbed by the Liberal Party of Canada and the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). During the Great Depression two radical protest movements appeared, the CCF in Saskatchewan advocted progressive social policies and democratic socialism; while in Alberta, the Social Credit Party of Alberta formed a popular long-lasting provincial government that favoured evangelical Christian conservatism, provincial control over natural resources, limited government intervention in the economy and a radical philosophy known as Social Credit based on providing dividends to the population to support small businesses and free enterprise.

The Social Credit Party went on to dominate the government of Alberta from 1934-1971 and British Columbia from 1951-1972 and 1975-1991. However unlike the CCF which survived the test of time and expanded to form provincial governments and gain support nationwide and later morphing into the social democratic, New Democratic Party the Social Credit Party eventually died out. Their popularity grew in Quebec leading to Western supporters of Social Credit feeling isolated by the federal party's Quebec nationalism. The provincial Social Credit governments of British Columbia and Alberta eventually abandoned Social Credit economic policies and followed staunchly conservative policies, while maintaining ties with the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada as opposed to the federal Social Credit Party of Canada. In BC the Social Credit Party was replaced as the party of the right wing by the British Columbia Liberal Party, and in Alberta they were completely annihilated by the more moderate Alberta Progressive Conservative Party, leaving both parties as marginal political minnows. In the 1980 federal election, the Social Credit Party of Canada lost all of its remaining seats and was forced to disband in 1989. Most of its Western members moved onto the ideologically similar Reform Party of Canada, founded by Preston Manning, the son of Alberta's one-time Social Credit premier, Ernest Manning.

The Reform Party grew out of the province of Alberta and was fed by dissatisfaction with the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney. Right-wing Westerners felt that Mulroney's neoliberal economic policies did not go nearly far enough, that his government was overly favourable towards the more populous provinces of Quebec and Ontario, that his policies on social issues such as abortion and the death penalty were too liberal, and that, like the Liberal Party of Canada, the Progressive Conservatives had allegedly come to not take Western demands for provincial economic autonomy seriously enough.

Though for most of the 1990s the Tories enjoyed roughly the same electoral support as the Reform Party due to Canada's First Past the Post system of elected representatives to the Canadian House of Commons, Reform dominated the position of Official Opposition to the government. In 1999 the Reform Party was dissolved and joined by some right-wing members of the PC Party to create the Canadian Alliance; however, this party was unable to attract any real support east of Manitoba and was dissolved in 2003, merging with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to create the new Conservative Party of Canada. This party, led by former Alliance leader Stephen Harper, won a minority government in the 2006 federal election, with 36% of the vote and 124 seats in the House of Commons out of 308.

In Alberta, the Progressive Conservatives have dominated the government since 1971, following slightly right-wing policies under premiers Peter Lougheed, Don Getty and Ralph Klein. In BC, the BC Liberals have taken a rightward economic turn under Premier Gordon Campbell in contrast to the previous left-wing New Democrats. In Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the social democratic New Democratic Party currently forms governments in both provinces; however, federally, the Conservatives are dominant in all four Western provinces.

Philosophies/ideologies/factions

• Tory
• Red Tory
• Blue Tory
• Neoliberalism
• Neoconservatism in Canada

Canadian conservative parties

Federal

Represented in Parliament

• Conservative Party of Canada

A rump Progressive Conservative caucus also sits in the Canadian Senate.

Minor parties:

• Progressive Canadian Party
• Christian Heritage Party
• Libertarian Party of Canada

Provincial

• Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
• Prince Edward Island Progressive Conservative Party
• New Brunswick Progressive Conservative Party
• Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Party
• Action démocratique du Québec
• Ontario Progressive Conservative Party
• Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party
• Saskatchewan Party
• Saskatchewan Progressive Conservative Party
• Alberta Progressive Conservative Party
• Alberta Alliance
• British Columbia Conservative Party
• British Columbia Liberal Party (Not a true Conservative party by history alone, but more so by the direction of present leader and BC Premier Gordon Campbell)
• Yukon Party

Historical

• Reform Party of Canada
• Canadian Alliance
• Anti-Confederation Party
• Ralliement créditiste
• Social Credit Party of Canada
• Social Credit Party of British Columbia
• Reform Party of British Columbia
• British Columbia Unity Party
• Social Credit Party of Alberta
• Representative Party of Alberta
• Alberta Party
• Alberta First Party
• Manitoba Party
• Conservative Party of Quebec
• Union Nationale
• Ralliement créditiste du Québec

Conservative prime ministers

• Sir John A. Macdonald 1867-1873, 1878-1891 Liberal Conservative/Conservative
• Sir John Abbott 1891-1892 Conservative
• John Thompson 1892-1894 Conservative
• Sir Mackenzie Bowell 1894-1896 Conservative
• Sir Charles Tupper 1896 Conservative
• Sir Robert Borden: Conservative/Unionist, 1911-1920
• Arthur Meighen: Conservative, 1920-1921, 1926
• Richard Bennett: Conservative, 1930-1935
• John Diefenbaker: Progressive Conservative, 1957-1963
• Joe Clark: Progressive Conservative, 1979-1980
• Brian Mulroney: Progressive Conservative, 1984-1993
• Kim Campbell: Progressive Conservative, 1993
• Stephen Harper: Conservative, 2006-Present

Largest conservative party in Canada

• Liberal - Conservative Party 1854-1873
• Conservative Party of Canada 1873-1917
• Unionist Party of Canada 1917-1920
• National Liberal and Conservative Party 1920-1921
• Conservative Party of Canada 1921-1940
• National Government (Canada) 1940
• Conservative Party of Canada 1940-1945
• Progressive Conservative Party of Canada 1945-1993
• Reform Party of Canada 1993-2000
• Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance 2000-2003
• Conservative Party of Canada 2003-present

Videos

• How Canadian conservatism differs from the American version Online video conference by Conservative senator Hugh Segal, part of the larger Predominance in the U.S. : A Moment or an Era ? 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, including former Bush speechwriter David Frum, ponder the future of conservatism.