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{{Otherpeople|Stephen Foster}} |
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[[Image:StephenFoster.jpeg|150px|thumb|right|Stephen Foster]] |
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'''Stephen Collins Foster''' ([[July 4]], [[1826]] – [[January 13]], [[1864]]), known as the "father of American music," was the pre-eminent [[songwriter]] in the [[United States]] of the 19th century. His songs, such as "[[Oh! Susanna]]", "[[Camptown Races]]", "[[My Old Kentucky Home]]", "[[Old Black Joe]]", "[[Beautiful Dreamer]]" and "[[Old Folks at Home]]" ("Swanee River") remain popular over 150 years after their composition. |
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==Early life== |
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Foster was born in [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]], now part of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], and grew up as the youngest of ten children in a middle-class family that would eventually become near destitute after his father's fall into [[alcoholism]]. Foster's education included one month at college ([[Washington & Jefferson College]]) but little formal music training. Despite this, he published several songs before the age of twenty. His first, "Open Thy Lattice Love," appeared when he was 18. |
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Stephen was greatly influenced by two men during his teenage years: [[Henry Kleber]] (1816-1897) and [[Dan Rice]]. The former was a classically trained musician who immigrated from the German city of [[Darmstadt]] and opened a music store in Pittsburgh, and who was among Stephen Foster’s few formal music instructors. The latter was an entertainer –- a clown and blackface singer, making his living in traveling circuses. These two very different musical worlds created a tension for the teenage Foster. Although respectful of the more civilized parlor songs of the day, he and his friends would often sit at a piano, writing and singing [[minstrel songs]] through the night. Eventually, Foster would learn to blend the two genres to write some of his best work. |
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==Adulthood== |
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In [[1846]] Foster moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] and became a [[bookkeeper]] with his brother's [[steamship]] [[company (law)|company]]. While in Cincinnati Foster penned his first hit songs, among them "Oh! Susanna". It would prove to be the anthem of the [[California Gold Rush]] in [[1848]]/[[1849]]. In [[1849]] he published ''Foster's Ethiopian Melodies'', which included the hit song "Nelly Was a Lady", made famous by the [[Christy Minstrels]]. |
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Then he returned to Pennsylvania and signed a contract with the Christy Minstrels. It was during this period that Foster would write most of his best-known songs: "[[Camptown Races]]" ([[1850]]), "Nelly Bly" (1850), "[[Old Folks at Home]]" (also known as "Suwannee River," [[1851]]), "[[My Old Kentucky Home]]" ([[1853]]), "Old Dog Tray" (1853), "[[Hard Times Come Again No More]]" ([[1854]]) and "[[Jeannie With the Light Brown Hair]]" (1854), written for his wife Jane McDowall. |
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Many of Foster's songs were of the blackface [[minstrel show]] tradition popular at the time. Foster sought, in his own words, to "build up taste...among refined people by making words suitable to their taste, instead of the trashy and really offensive words which belong to some songs of that order." He instructed white performers of his songs not to mock slaves but to get their audiences to feel compassion for them. |
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Although many of his songs held Southern themes, Foster only visited the South once, on a river-boat trip down the Mississippi to [[New Orleans]] in [[1852]] on his [[honeymoon]]. |
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Foster attempted to make a living as a professional songwriter and may be considered a pioneer in this respect, since this field did not yet exist in the modern sense. Consequently, due in part to the poor provisions for music copyright and composer royalties at the time, Foster saw very little of the profits which his works generated for [[sheet music]] printers. Multiple publishers often printed their own competing editions of Foster's tunes, paying Foster nothing. For "Oh, Susanna", he received $100. |
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Foster moved to [[New York City]] in [[1860]]. About a year later, his wife and daughter left him and returned to Pittsburgh. Beginning in 1862 his fortunes would decline, and as they did, so did the quality of his new songs. He began working with George Cooper early in [[1863]] whose lyrics were often humorous and designed to appeal to musical theater audiences. The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] helped ruin the commercial market for newly written music. |
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==Death and Memorials== |
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[[Image:Monument to Stephen Foster.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Stephen Foster (sculpture)|Sculpture]] of Stephen Foster near the entrance of [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]].]] |
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Stephen Foster died on [[January 13]], [[1864]], at the age of 37. He had been impoverished while living at the North American Hotel at 30 [[Bowery, Manhattan|Bowery]] on the Lower East Side of Manhattan (possessing exactly 38 [[United States dollar|cents]]) when he died. His brother Henry described the accident in the New York theater-district hotel that led to his death: confined to bed for days by a persistent fever, Stephen tried to call a [[chambermaid]], but collapsed, falling against the washbasin next to his bed and shattering it, which gouged his head. It took three hours to get him to the hospital, and in that era before transfusions and antibiotics, he succumbed after three days. In his hand when he died there was a scrap of paper that simply said "dear friends and gentle hearts". |
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Georgia named [[Stephen Foster State Park]] in his honor. |
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The [[Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park]] in [[White Springs, Florida]] is a [[Florida State Parks|Florida State Park]] named in his honor. |
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[[Stephen Foster Lake]] at [[Mount Pisgah State Park]] in Pennsylvania is named in his honor as well. |
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In [[Alms Park]] in [[Cincinnati]], overlooking the Ohio River, there is a seated statue of Stephen Foster. |
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He is buried in the [[Allegheny Cemetery]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. One of his best loved works, "[[Beautiful Dreamer]]" would be published shortly after his death. |
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His brother, Morrison Foster, is largely responsible for compiling his works and writing a short but pertinent biography of Stephen. His sister, Ann Eliza Foster Buchanan, married a brother of President [[James Buchanan]]. |
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Foster is honored on the [[University of Pittsburgh]] campus with the [[Stephen Foster Memorial]], a landmark building that houses the Stephen Foster Memorial Museum, the Center for American Music, as well as two theatres: the Charity Randall Theatre and Henry Heymann Theatre, both performance spaces for Pitt's Department of Theater Arts. |
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Stephen Foster was inducted into the [[Songwriters' Hall of Fame]] in [[1970]] |
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Eighteen of Foster's compositions were recorded and released on the "Beautiful Dreamer: The Songs of Stephen Foster" collection. Among the artists that are featured on the album are [[John Prine]], [[Alison Krauss]], [[Yo Yo Ma]], [[Roger McGuinn]], [[Mavis Staples]] and [[Suzy Bogguss]]. The album won the [[Grammy]] for Best Traditional Folk Album in 2005. |
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''' |
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==References== |
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* Emerson, Ken (1998). ''Doo Dah! Stephen Foster and the Rise of American Popular Culture''. De Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80852-8. |
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* Charles Hamm (1979). ''Yesterdays: Popular Song in America'' (Chapter 10, "Old Folks at Home, or, the Songs of Stephen Foster"). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-01257-3. |
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==Trivia / References in Popular Culture== |
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* Three Hollywood movie biographies have been made of Foster - ''[[Harmony Lane]]'' (1935) with [[Douglass Montgomery]], ''[[Swanee River (1939 film)]]'' (1939) with [[Don Ameche]], and ''[[I Dream of Jeanie (1952 film)|I Dream of Jeanie]]'' (1952), with [[Bill Shirley]] (who years later was [[Jeremy Brett]]'s singing voice in ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''). The first and third of those screen biographies were low budget affairs made by [[B film]] studios, although the '52 version was in color, but the 1939 film was one of [[Twentieth Century Fox]]'s more ambitious efforts, also in [[Technicolor]]. |
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* Journalist [[Nellie Bly]] took her pseudonym from the title character of Foster's song "Nelly Bly". |
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* The [[alt-country]] song "Tennessee", written by Virginia poet [[David Berman (singer)|David Berman]] and performed with his band the [[Silver Jews]], includes the line: "Her doorbell plays a bar of Stephen Foster; her sister never left and look what it cost her." |
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* Foster is referenced in a memorable exchange between [[Doc Holiday]] and a cowboy in the film ''[[Tombstone (film)|Tombstone]]''. |
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* The [[Squirrel Nut Zippers]] track "Ghost of Stephen Foster" name-checks many of his songs. |
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* [[De La Salle University-Manila]], a [[university]] in the [[Philippines]] uses his song "[[Beautiful Dreamer]]" as the tune of the [[school bell]] during regular days. |
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* [[My Old Kentucky Home|"My Old Kentucky Home"]] is the official state song of Kentucky, adopted by the General Assembly on March 19, 1928. |
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* "Old Folks at Home" is the official state song of Florida, designated in 1935 |
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* "Stephen Foster Super Saturday" is a day of thoroughbred racing during the Spring/Summer meet at [[Churchill Downs]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]]. During the call to the post, selections of Stephen Foster songs are played by the track bugler, Steve Buttleman. The day is headlined by the [[Stephen Foster Handicap]] a Grade I turf race for older horses. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/ Levy Sheet Music Collection at The Johns Hopkins University] Digital copies of Foster's music are in Boxes 67-70 |
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*[http://www.ezfolk.com/library/songbooks/foster/stephen-foster-1/contents/contents.html Full reprint of 1908 book, The Melodies of Stephen C. Foster, contains sheet music and lyrics to over 150 Stephen Foster songs] |
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*{{ChoralWiki}} |
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*[http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibit_home_page.asp?exhibitId=10 Stephen Foster's entry at the Songwriters' Hall of Fame] |
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*[http://www.stephen-foster-songs.de/ Stephen Collins Foster - American Dreams] (includes a [[midi]] collection) |
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*[http://www.pdmusic.org/foster.html Simple music and lyrics, chronologically] |
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*[http://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/museum.htm Stephen Foster Memorial] |
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*[http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?c=sketchbook Online Song Sketchbook of Stephen Foster] Handwritten draft texts for sixty-four songs |
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*[http://www.bobjanuary.com/foster/sf1.htm Extensive Foster site] |
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*[http://www.infography.com/content/859995806990.html Recommended books on Foster] |
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*[http://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/myths.htm Myths about Foster] |
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*[http://www.stephenfoster.com/ Stephen Foster, The Musical] |
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*[http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/folklife/sound_folk.cfm Recording of "Old Folks at Home" at the 1955 Florida Folk Festival; made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida] |
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*[http://www.floridastateparks.org/stephenfoster/default.cfm Florida State Parks Website for the Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park in White Springs, Florida] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Foster, Stephen}} |
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[[Category:1826 births]] |
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[[Category:1864 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Accidental deaths]] |
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[[Category:American composers]] |
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[[Category:American songwriters]] |
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[[Category:Blackface minstrel songwriters]] |
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[[Category:Musicians from Pittsburgh]] |
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[[Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees]] |
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Revision as of 16:48, 6 June 2007
camel