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[[image:Reagan.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Famed liar; icon of misinformed, guillible idiots resistant to change and ill-informed about current events]]
:''For the Navy ship named in honor of the person, please see [[USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)]]''.

{{Infobox President | name=Ronald W. Reagan
| nationality=american
| image name=Reagan.jpg
| order=40th President
| date1=<small>[[January 20]] [[1981]]
| date2=[[January 20]] [[1989]]</small>
| preceded=[[Jimmy Carter]]
| succeeded=[[George H.W. Bush]]
| date of birth=[[February 6]] [[1911]]
| place of birth=[[Tampico, Illinois]]
| dead= dead
| date of death=[[June 5]] [[2004]]
| place of death=[[Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California | Bel-Air, California]]
| wife=[[Nancy Reagan]]
| party=[[United States Republican Party|Republican]]
| vicepresident=George H.W. Bush
}}
}}

'''Ronald Wilson Reagan''' ([[February 6]] [[1911]] &ndash; [[June 5]] [[2004]]) was the 40th [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]] ([[1981]]&ndash;[[1989]]) and the 33rd [[Governor of California|Governor]] of [[California]] ([[1967]]&ndash;[[1975]]). Reagan was also a broadcaster, [[actor]], and head of the [[Screen Actor's Guild]] before entering politics.

==Early life and career==

Reagan was born in [[Tampico, Illinois|Tampico]], [[Illinois]], the second of two sons to John "Jack" Reagan and Nelle Wilson. One of his four great-grandfathers had immigrated to the United States from [[Ballyporeen]], [[Ireland]] in the [[1860s]]. Prior to his grandfather's emigration, the family name had been spelled ''Regan''.

In [[1920]], after years of moving from town to town, the family settled in [[Dixon, Illinois]]. In [[1921]], at the age of 10, Reagan was [[baptism|baptized]] in his mother's [[Disciples of Christ]] church in Dixon, and in [[1924]] he began attending Dixon's Northside High School. Reagan always considered Dixon to be his home-town.

[[Image:Reagan family.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ronald and his older brother Neil, with parents Jack and Nelle Reagan. (c. 1916-17)]]

In [[1927]], at age 16, Reagan took a summer job as a [[lifeguard]] in Lowell Park, two miles away from Dixon on the nearby [[Rock River (Illinois)|Rock River]]. He continued to work as a lifeguard for the next seven years, reportedly saving 77 people from drowning. Reagan would later joke that none of them ever thanked him.

In [[1928]], Reagan entered [[Eureka College]] in [[Eureka, Illinois]], majoring in [[economics]] and [[sociology]] and graduating in [[1932]]. In 1929 Ronald Reagan joined [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] Fraternity which he recalled during numerous interviews and conversations later in life as one of the greatest experiences he had during his college years. He earned excellent grades and made many lasting friendships. Reagan developed an early gift for [[storytelling]] and [[acting]]. He was a [[radio]] [[announcer]] of [[Chicago Cubs]] [[baseball]] games, getting only the bare outlines of the game from a ticker and relying on his imagination and storytelling gifts to flesh out the game. Once in [[1934]], during the ninth inning of a Cubs-[[St. Louis Cardinals]] game, the wire went dead. Reagan smoothly improvised a fictional play-by-play (in which hitters on both teams fouled off pitches) until the wire was restored.

===Hollywood===

Reagan had a successful career in [[Hollywood]] as a leading man, aided by his clear voice and athletic physique. His first screen credit was the starring role in the [[1937 in film|1937]] movie ''[[Love Is On the Air]]''. By the end of [[1939]], he had appeared in 19 films. In [[1940]] he played the role of [[George Gipp|George "The Gipper" Gipp]] in the film ''[[Knute Rockne, All American]]'', from which he acquired the nickname ''the Gipper'', which he retained the rest of his life. Reagan himself considered his best acting work to have been in ''[[Kings Row]]'' ([[1942]]). He played the part of a young man whose legs were amputated. He used a line he spoke in this film, "Where's the rest of me?" as the title for his autobiography. Other notable Reagan films include ''[[Hellcats of the Navy]]'', ''[[This Is the Army]]'', and ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''. Reagan was kidded widely about the last named film because his co-star was a chimpanzee. He has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6374 Hollywood Blvd.

[[Image:Nancy_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg|thumb|Nancy and Ronald Reagan married in 1952. Nancy Reagan became a powerful background figure in Ronald Reagan's rise and roles as governor and president.]]

Reagan was commissioned as a reserve [[cavalry]] officer in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] in [[1935]]. After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] he was activated and assigned, partially due to his poor eyesight, to the [[First Motion Picture Unit]] in the [[United States Army Air Force]], which made training and education films. He remained in Hollywood for the duration of the war, and he attained the rank of [[captain]]. Reagan tried repeatedly to go overseas for combat duty, but was turned down because of his [[astigmatism]].

Reagan married actress [[Jane Wyman]] in [[1940]]. They had a daughter, [[Maureen Reagan|Maureen]] in [[1941]] and adopted a son, [[Michael Reagan|Michael]] in 1945. Their second daughter, Christine, was born four months prematurely in [[1947]] and lived only one day. They divorced in [[1948]]. Reagan remarried in [[1952]] to actress [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy Davis]]. Their daughter [[Patti Davis|Patti]] was born on [[October 21]] of the same year. In [[1958]] they had a second child, [[Ron Reagan|Ron]]. Reagan was a loving and devoted husband. One of the most touching speeches he ever made as president was a tribute to his wife.[[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1985/72085a.htm]

As Reagan's film roles became fewer in the late [[1950s]], he moved into [[television]] as a host and frequent performer for ''[[General Electric Theater]]''. Reagan appeared in many live television plays and often co-starred with Nancy. Reagan became head of the [[Screen Actors Guild]] (SAG). In [[1952]], a Hollywood scandal raged over his granting of a SAG blanket waiver to MCA, which allowed it to both represent and employ talent for its burgeoning [[TV syndication|TV franchises]]. He went from host and program supervisor of ''General Electric Theater'' to actually producing and claiming an equity stake in the TV show itself. At one point in the late 1950s, Reagan was earning approximately $125,000 per year. His final regular acting job was as host and performer on ''[[Death Valley Days]]''. Reagan's final big-screen appearance came in the [[1964]] film ''[[The Killers (1964 film)|The Killers]]'', in which, uncharacteristically, he played a mob chieftain. This film was a remake of an earlier version based on a short story by [[Ernest Hemingway]]. Reagan's co-stars were [[John Cassavetes]] and [[Lee Marvin]].

==Early political career==

Ronald Reagan began his political life as a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]], supporting [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and his [[New Deal]]. He gradually became a staunch social and fiscal [[conservative]]. He embarked upon the path that led him to a career in politics during his tenure as president of the Screen Actors Guild from [[1947]] until [[1952]], and then again from [[1959]] to [[1960]]. In this position, he testified before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] on [[Communism|Communist]] influence in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. He also kept tabs on actors he considered disloyal and informed on them to the [[FBI]] under the code name "Agent T-10," but he would not denounce them publicly. He supported the practice of [[Blacklist|blacklisting]] in Hollywood. Concluding that the Republican Party was better able to combat communism, Reagan gradually abandoned his left-of-center political views, supporting the presidential candidacies of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in [[1952]] and [[1956]] and [[Richard Nixon]] in [[1960]]&mdash;all while Reagan was still a Democrat.

His employment by the [[General Electric]] company further enhanced his political image. By the [[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964 election]], Reagan was an outspoken supporter of conservative Republican [[Barry Goldwater]]. His nationally televised speech "[[A Time for Choosing]]" electrified conservatives and led to his being asked to run for Governor of California. To this day, this speech is considered one of the most stirring ever made on behalf of a candidate. Soon after, several top Republican contributors visited Reagan at his home in [[Pacific Palisades]], California, urging him to seek the governorship in 1966. Though these requests were initially "laughed off" by Reagan, he says in his autobiography, he eventually gave in, after countless sleepless nights.

==Governorship==
In [[1966]], he was elected the 33rd [[Governor of California| Governor of California]], defeating two-term incumbent [[Pat Brown]]; he was re-elected in [[1970]], defeating [[Jesse Unruh]], but chose not to seek a third term. During the [[People's Park]] protests, he sent 2,200 National Guard troops into the Berkeley campus of the University of California. Reagan made it clear that the policies of his administration would not be influenced by the student agitators nor their actions tolerated, even "if it takes a bloodbath." When the kidnappers of [[Patty Hearst]] demanded the distribution of food to the poor, Reagan suggested it would be a good time for an outbreak of [[botulism]].

During his first term, he froze government hiring, but also approved tax hikes to balance the budget. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned the [[death penalty]]. He had gone on record as a strong supporter. However, his efforts to enforce the state's death penalty law were thwarted when the [[Supreme Court of California]] issued its ''People v. Anderson'' decision, which invalidated all death sentences passed in California prior to [[1972]]. Although the decision was quickly overturned by a constitutional amendment, there would not be another execution in California until 1992.

During his governorship, Reagan actively dismantled the public [[psychiatric hospital]] system, proposing that a community-based housing and treatment system replace it. According to some Reagan critics, the first objective was effectively accomplished, but the community replacement facilities were never adequately funded, either by Reagan or by his successors. Also, a statewide teachers strike started in [[Los Angeles]] due to disagreements with Reagan's cost-cutting plans.

==Presidential campaigns==
Reagan's first attempt to gain the Republican presidential nomination in [[1968]] was unsuccessful. He tried again in [[1976]] against the incumbent [[Gerald Ford]], but was narrowly defeated at the Republican Convention. He finally succeeded in gaining the Republican nomination in [[1980]]. The campaign, led by [[William J. Casey]], was conducted in the shadow of the [[Iran hostage crisis]]; some analysts believe President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s inability to solve the hostage crisis played a large role to Reagan's victory against him in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980 election]]. Other issues in the campaign included [[inflation]], lackluster economic growth, instability in the petroleum market leading to a return of [[gas lines]], and the perceived weakness of the U.S. national defense.

Reagan's showing in the [[U.S. presidential debate|televised debates]] boosted his campaign. He seemed more at ease, almost making fun of President Carter with remarks like "There you go again." Perhaps his most influential remark was a closing question to the audience, during a time of skyrocketing global oil prices and highly unpopular [[Federal Reserve]] interest rate hikes, "Are you better off than you were four years ago?" Reagan's victory was accompanied by an [[Reagan's coattails|12-seat change]] in the Senate from Democratic to Republican hands, giving the Republicans a majority in the Senate for the first time in 28 years. Upon his election, Reagan became the oldest president to enter office, at almost 70 years of age.

In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984 presidential election]], he was re-elected in a landslide over Carter's Vice President [[Walter Mondale]], winning 49 of 50 states and receiving nearly 60 percent of the popular vote. At the Democratic National Convention, Mondale accepted the party nomination with a speech that is believed to have constituted a self-inflicted mortal wound. In it he remarked "Reagan will raise taxes, I will raise taxes. Reagan won't tell you this, I just did."[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/famous.speeches/mondale.84.shtml] Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of good feeling bolstered by the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the Los Angeles Olympics. Despite a weak performance in the first debate, Reagan recovered in the second and was considerably ahead of Mondale in polls taken throughout much of the race. Reagan's landslide win in the 1984 presidential election is often attributed by political commentators to be a result of his conversion of the so-called "[[Reagan Democrat]]s," the traditionally Democratic voters who voted for Reagan in that election.

==Presidency==
:''Main article: [[Reagan Administration]]''

===Domestic record===
[[Image:Reagan_assassination.jpg|200px|thumb|Chaos outside the Washington Hilton Hotel after the assassination attempt on President Reagan.]]
Ronald Reagan portrayed himself as being [[conservative]], [[anti-communism|anti-communist]], in favor of [[tax]] cuts and smaller government. Reagan also liked to think of himself and was thought of by many others as being supportive of [[business]] interests and tough on [[crime]].

Reagan's first official act upon taking the presidency was to remove the [[solar thermal energy|solar water heating panels]] [http://www.northernskynews.com/backissue%20pages/UnitySolar.html] on the roof of the [[White House]] which had been placed there in the [[Carter]] administration. Perhaps the high point of the Reagan presidency's first 100 days was the freeing of American hostages in [[Tehran]] at the conclusion of the [[Iran hostage crisis]], within minutes of his inauguration.

While leaving the [[Hilton Hotel]] in [[Washington, DC]] on [[March 30]], [[1981]], Reagan, his Press Secretary [[James Brady]], [[Secret Service]] agent [[Tim McCarthy]], and [[District of Columbia]] police officer Thomas Delanty were shot by [[John Hinckley, Jr.]]. Reagan turned what could have been a low point in his first 100 days into another high point by remarking "I hope you're all Republicans," to his surgeons and "Honey, I forgot to duck" to his wife.[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/05/reagan.obit/] Reagan also said that he forgave Hinckley and hoped he asked God's forgiveness as well.

[[Image:Bush reagan.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Vice President Bush, right, meets with President Reagan, left, in 1984.]]

In the summer of 1981 Reagan fired a majority of the nation's [[air traffic controller]]s when they went on [[strike action|strike]]. This action proved to be a political coup for Reagan as the public came to perceive the strikers as greedy and unconcerned with public safety. Not only did this set limits for public employee unions, but also signaled that it was acceptable for businesses to play hardball with unions.

A large focus of Reagan's first term was reviving the [[stagflation]]-troubled economy his administration inherited. His administration sought to fight the high [[inflation]] recession with large across-the-board [[tax cut]]s, controversially combined with reductions in social [[welfare]] spending. Reagan's fiscal theories were variously referred to as "[[Reaganomics]]", "Trickle-down economics", and "Voodoo Economics". (This final epithet was used by [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[U.S. Presidential election]] of [[1980]]. Once Bush was offered the position of [[Vice President of the United States]], he immediately halted its use.) The end result was that public spending as a percentage of the national income, steadily growing in the pre-Reagan era, now folded to a steady level that has fluctuated ever since.[http://libertyunbound.com/archive/2004_10/friedman-reagan.pdf] Also, in order to achieve increases in military spending to fight the [[Cold War]], the administration had to allow increases in spending on social programs, resulting in record [[deficit spending]] and a tripling of the [[national debt]] by the end of his second term. At the same time, inflation which had been 13 percent in 1979 came down to under 4 percent in 1982. Unemployment also dropped from 7.5 percent in the year that Reagan took office to 5.2 percent in the year that he left. Proponents often note that Reagan used his veto on public spending projects 78 times in all.

A renewal of the "[[war on drugs]]" was also declared during his presidency, spearheaded by Nancy Reagan's high-profile "Just Say No" series of messages.

President Reagan was criticized by the [[gay rights movement]] and others for not responding quickly enough to the [[HIV]]-[[AIDS]] epidemic. The first official mention of the disease in the White House was on [[October 15]], [[1982]] when Reagan's press secretary [[Larry Speakes]], in response to a reporter's inquiry about "the gay plague," said "I don't have it, do you?" to general laughter. (AIDS was just beginning to be understood at this time. The term AIDS had been coined that year--hence the reporter calling it "the gay plague," and HIV, the virus which causes the disease, was not identified until 1983.)

Reagan made the abolition of communism and the implementation of [[supply-side economics]] the primary focuses of his presidency, but he also took a strong stand against [[abortion]]. He published the book ''Abortion and the Conscience of a Nation'', which decried what Reagan saw as a disrespect for life, promoted by the practice of abortion. Many conservative activists refer to Reagan as the most [[pro-life]] president in history (however, two of his three [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] picks, [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] and [[Anthony Kennedy]], voted to uphold [[Roe v. Wade]], to Reagan's disappointment).

Although Reagan's second term was mostly noteworthy for matters related to foreign affairs, his administration supported significant pieces of legislation on domestic matters, including an overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in 1986, as well as the [[Civil Liberties Act of 1988]] which compensated victims of the [[Japanese American Internment]] during [[World War II]]. Reagan also signed legislation authorizing the death penalty for offenses involving murder in the context of large-scale drug trafficking; wholesale reinstatement of the federal death penalty would not occur until the presidency of Bill Clinton.

===Foreign policy and interventions===
Reagan forcefully confronted the [[Soviet Union]], marking a sharp departure from the [[détente]] observed by his predecessors [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], and [[Jimmy Carter]]. Sensing that planned economies could not compete against market economies in a renewed [[arms race]], he made the [[Cold War]] economically and rhetorically hot. The administration oversaw a massive military build-up that represented a policy of "Peace through strength." The Reagan administration set a new policy toward the Soviet Union with the goal to win the Cold War through a three-pronged strategy outlined in NSDD-32 (National Security Decisions Directive). The directive outlined Reagan's plan to confront the Soviet Union on three fronts: 1. Economic - decrease Soviet access to high technology and diminish their resources, including depressing the value of Soviet commodities on the world market 2. Military - increase American defense expenditures to strengthen the US negotiating position and force the Soviets to devote more of their economic resources to defense, 3. Clandestine - support anti-Soviet factions around the world from Afghanistan resistance fighters in his early years to Solidarity later in his presidency. Former [[Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom|Prime Minister]] of the [[United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] said, "Ronald Reagan won the cold war without firing a shot."

Others argued, however, that the eventual [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] was due more to internal separatist problems, an inherent weakness in communist economic theory, and the depressed global price of [[crude oil]], on which the Soviet economy during those years depended heavily. [[Lech Walesa]], [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Pope John Paul II]], [[Boris Yeltsin]] and, of course, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] also played significant roles in the dissolution of the [[Soviet bloc]].

[[Image:Reagan_thatcher.jpg|thumb|left|200px|President Reagan and [[Margaret Thatcher]] at [[Camp David]].]]
Among European leaders, his main ally and undoubtedly his closest friend was Thatcher, who as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom supported Reagan's policies of [[deterrence]] against the Soviets.

[[Image:Reagan_and_Gorbachev_hold_discussions.jpg|thumb|300px|Reagan, left, in one-on-one discussions with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR from 1985 to 1991.]]
Although the administration negotiated arms-reduction treaties such as the [[Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty|INF Treaty]] and START Treaty with the USSR, it also aimed to increase strategic defense. A controversial plan, named the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] (SDI), was proposed to deploy a [[outer space|space]]-based defense system that was supposed to make the U.S. invulnerable to [[nuclear weapon]] missile attack by means of a network of armed satilites orbiting the earth. Critics dubbed the proposal "Star Wars" and argued that SDI was unrealistic and would likely inflame the [[Arms Race]]. Supporters responded that even the threat of SDI forced the Soviets into unsustainable spending to keep up. In fact, the Soviets did not attempt to follow suit with their own program, but instead followed a program of arms reduction treaties. The technology required to implement SDI is still being researched in the United States, but remains elusive.

Support for anti-communist groups including armed insurgencies against [[communism|communist]] governments was also a part of administration policy, referred to by his supporters as the [[Reagan Doctrine]]. Following this policy, the administration funded "[[freedom fighter]]s"—described as terrorists by their detractors—such as the [[mujahideen]] in [[Afghanistan]], the [[Contras]] in [[Nicaragua]], and [[Jonas Savimbi]]'s rebel forces in [[Angola]]. The administration also helped fund central [[Europe]]an anti-communist groups such as the [[Poland|Polish]] [[Solidarity]] movement and took a hard line against the Communist regime in [[Cambodia]]. Covert funding of the Contras in Nicaragua would lead to the [[Iran Contra Affair]], while overt support led to a [[International Court of Justice|World Court]] ruling against the United States in ''[[Nicaragua v. United States]]''.

The administration considered groups resisting Israeli [[occupation]]s, such as [[Hezbollah]] guerrillas in [[Lebanon]], [[Palestinian]] guerrillas in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], and left-wing [[guerrilla]]s fighting US-backed right-wing [[military dictatorship]]s in [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]] to be [[terrorist]]s. The Reagan administration also considered guerrillas of the [[African National Congress|ANC]]'s armed wing [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK or Spear of the Nation) and other anti-apartheid militants (e.g. the [[Pan Africanist Congress|PAC]]) fighting the [[apartheid]] government in [[South Africa]] to be terrorists.

U.S. involvement in [[Lebanon]] followed a limited term [[United Nations]] mandate for a Multinational Force. A force of 800 U.S. Marines was sent to [[Beirut]] to evacuate [[PLO]] forces. The [[September 16]], [[1982]] massacre of hundreds of [[Palestinian]] civilians in Beirut (see [[Sabra and Shatila Massacre]]) prompted Reagan to form a new multinational force. Intense administration diplomatic efforts resulted in a peace agreement between Lebanon and [[Israel]]. U.S. forces were withdrawn shortly after the [[October 23]], [[1983]] bombing of a barracks in which 241 Marines were killed. Reagan called this day the saddest day of his life and of his presidency.

A communist [[coup]] on the small island nation of [[Grenada]] in 1983 led the administration to develop an invasion plan to restore the former government. The resulting [[Operation Urgent Fury]] was successful.

Initially neutral, the administration increasingly became involved in the [[Iran-Iraq War]]. At various times, the administration supported both nations, but mainly sided with [[Iraq]], believing that Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] was less dangerous than [[Iran]]ian leader [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]. The American fear was that an Iranian victory would embolden Islamic fundamentalists in other Arab states, perhaps leading to the overthrow of secular governments in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Jordan]], and [[Kuwait]]. After initial Iraqi military victories were reversed and an Iranian victory appeared possible in [[1982]], the American government initiated [[Operation Staunch]] to attempt to cut off the Iranian regime's access to weapons (notwithstanding their later shipment of weapons to Iran in the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]). The United States also provided intelligence information and financial assistance to the Iraqi military regime. The Administration also allowed the shipment of some chemical, biological and "dual use" materials, which Iraq claimed were required for agriculture, medical research, and other civilian purposes, but which were diverted to use in Saddam's [[weapons of mass destruction]] programs[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A52241-2002Dec29&notFound=true], although most Iraqi weaponry was supplied by [[Germany]], [[Britain]], [[France]] and the [[USSR]].

Concurrent with the support of Iraq, the Administration also engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The resulting [[Iran-Contra Affair]] became a scandal. Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence and quickly called for an [[Office of the Independent Counsel|Independent Counsel]] to investigate the scandal. The President was eventually found to be culpable of lax control over his own staff. A significant number of officials in the Reagan Administration were either convicted or forced to resign as a result of the scandal.

In [[1985]], on an official visit to [[West Germany]], Reagan laid a wreath at a cemetery where approximately 50 [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] soldiers were buried along with many German regular army veterans of both World Wars. This visit incited a great deal of controversy; see [[Bitburg]] for more details concerning the visit.

==="The Great Communicator"===
[[Image:ReaganBerlinWall.JPG|framed| Speaking in front of the [[Berlin Wall]] on [[June 12]], [[1987]] Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall."]]

Reagan was dubbed "The Great Communicator" for his ability to express ideas and emotions in an almost personal manner, even when making a formal address. He honed these skills as an actor, live television and radio host, and politician, and as president hired skilled speechwriters who could capture his folksy charm.

Reagan's style varied. Especially in his first term, he used strong, even bombastic language to condemn the Soviet Union and communism.

But he could also evoke lofty ideals and a vision of the United States as a defender of liberty.
His [[October 27]], [[1964]] speech entitled "A Time for Choosing" introduced the phrase "rendezvous with destiny" to popular culture.[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1983/32183e.htm] Other speeches recalled America as the "shining city on a hill", "big-hearted, idealistic, daring, decent, and fair," whose citizens had the "right to dream heroic dreams." [http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/second.asp][http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/first.asp]

On [[January 28]], [[1986]], after the [[STS-51L|Challenger accident]], he postponed his [[State of the Union]] address and addressed the nation on the disaster. In a speech written by [[Peggy Noonan]] he said, "We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and 'slipped the surly bonds of earth' to 'touch the face of God.'" [http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/challenger.asp] (The quote within Reagan's quote is from the poem "High Flight" by [[John Gillespie Magee]].)

It was perhaps Reagan's humor, especially his [[One-liner joke|one-liners]], that disarmed his opponents and endeared him to audiences the most. Discussion of his advanced age led him to quip in his first debate against [[Walter Mondale]] during the [[1984]] campaign, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." On his career he joked "Politics is not a bad profession. If you succeed there are many rewards, if you disgrace yourself you can always write a book."

Both opponents and supporters noted his "sunny optimism", which was welcomed by many in comparison to his often smiling, but somewhat dour and serious, immediate Presidential predecessor.

==="The Great Prevaricator" and other criticisms===

A frequent objection by his critics, however, was that his personal charm also permitted him to say nearly anything and yet prevail, a quality that earned him the nickname "the [[Teflon]] president" (i.e., to whom nothing sticks). His denial of awareness of the [[Iran-Contra]] illegalities was belied by quotations in now-archived notes by his defense secretary, [[Casper Weinberger]], that he (Reagan) could survive violating the law or Constitution, but not the negative public image that "big, strong Ronald Reagan passed up a chance to get the hostages free." However, in the almost twenty years since Iran Contra, no "smoking gun" has yet been revealed to show that he in fact did know about trading arms for hostages. Reagan era papers were originally scheduled to be released starting in 2000, but President [[George W. Bush]] enacted a rule change to allow these to be withheld indefinitely. Reagan was also faulted for considering Nelson Mandela a terrorist. His fiscal and tax policies were said by some to have increased social inequality and economic instability. His efforts to cut benefits and raise payroll taxes, which primarily impact middle and lower income workers, while lowering income taxes, which primarily impact upper income workers, were a common flashpoint of criticism. The, at that time, unprecedented growth of the national debt during his presidency sparked charges of endangering the economic health of the nation.

==Christian faith==

Reagan had a strong Christian faith from his childhood, and frequently addressed Christian groups. He argued that [[communism]]'s enforced [[atheism]] was one of its worst features.

In a March 1978 letter to a [[Liberal Christian|liberal]] [[Methodist]] minister who was skeptical about [[Nicene Creed|Christ's divinity]]&#8212;and accused Reagan of a "limited Sunday school level theology"&#8212;Reagan argued strongly for Christ's divinity:

:Perhaps it is true that Jesus never used the word "Messiah" with regard to himself (although I'm not sure that he didn't) but in John 1, 10 and 14 he identifies himself pretty definitely and more than once. Is there really any ambiguity in his words: "I am the way, the truth and the life: no man cometh unto the Father but by me?"&#8230; In John 10 he says, "I am in the Father and the Father in me." And he makes reference to being with God, "before the world was," and sitting on the "right hand of God."&#8230;

:These and other statements he made about himself, foreclose in my opinion, any question as to his divinity. It doesn't seem to me that he gave us any choice; either he was what he said he was or he was the world's greatest liar."

:It is impossible for me to believe a liar or charlatan could have had the effect on mankind that he has had for 2000 years. We could ask, would even the greatest of liars carry his lie through the crucifixion, when a simple confession would have saved him? &#8230; Did he allow us the choice you say that you and others have made, to believe in his teachings but reject his statements about his own identity?"

This was similar to the [[C. S. Lewis#trilemma|"Trilemma" argument of C.S. Lewis]].

==Appointments==

=== Cabinet ===
[[Image:1981 US Cabinet.jpg|thumb|290px|President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (Feb. 4, 1981)]]

{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[President of the United States|President]]||align="left" |'''[[Ronald Reagan]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||align="left"|'''[[George H. W. Bush]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1989
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of State|State]]||align="left"|'''[[Alexander M. Haig]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1982
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[George P. Shultz]]'''||align="left"|1982&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury]]||align="left"|'''[[Donald Regan]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1985
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[James A. Baker III]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1988
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Nicholas F. Brady]]'''||align="left"|1988&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Defense]]||align="left"|'''[[Casper Weinberger]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1987
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Frank C. Carlucci]]'''||align="left"|1987&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[Attorney General of the United States|Justice]]||align="left"|'''[[William F. Smith]]'''||align=&quot;left"|1981&ndash;1985
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Edwin A. Meese III]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1988
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Richard L. Thornburgh]]'''||align="left"|1988&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Interior]]||align="left"|'''[[James G. Watt]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1983
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[William P. Clark, Jr.]]'''||align="left"|1983&ndash;1985
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Donald P. Hodel]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Commerce|Commerce]]||align="left"|'''[[Malcolm Baldrige]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1987
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[C. William Verity, Jr.]]'''||align="left"|1987&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Labor|Labor]]||align="left"|'''[[Raymond J. Donovan]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1985
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[William E. Brock]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1987
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Ann Dore McLaughlin]]'''||align="left"|1987&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Agriculture]]||align="left"|'''[[John Block]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1986
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Richard E. Lyng]]'''||align="left"|1986&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|HHS]]||align="left"|'''[[Richard S. Schweiker]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1983
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Margaret Heckler]]'''||align="left"|1983&ndash;1985
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Otis R. Bowen]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Education|Education]]||align="left"|'''[[Terrell Bell|Terrell H. Bell]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1984
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[William J. Bennett]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1988
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Lauro F. Cavazos]]'''||align="left"|1988&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]||align="left"|'''[[Samuel Pierce|Samuel R. Pierce, Jr.]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Transportation|Transportation]]||align="left"|'''[[Drew Lewis]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1982
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Elizabeth Hanford Dole]]'''||align="left"|1983&ndash;1987
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[James H. Burnley IV]]'''||align="left"|1987&ndash;1989
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Energy|Energy]]||align="left"|'''[[James B. Edwards]]'''||align="left"|1981&ndash;1982
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Donald P. Hodel]]'''||align="left"|1982&ndash;1985
|-
|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[John S. Herrington]]'''||align="left"|1985&ndash;1989
|}
<br clear="all">

=== Supreme Court appointments ===
Reagan appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:

*[[Sandra Day O'Connor]] &ndash; [[1981]]
*[[William Rehnquist]] &ndash; Chief Justice, [[1986]] (an associate justice since [[1972]])
*[[Antonin Scalia]] &ndash; [[1986]]
*[[Anthony M. Kennedy]] &ndash; [[1988]]

==Major legislation approved==
* [[Kemp-Roth Tax Cut|Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981]]
* [[Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982]]
* [[Social Security (United_States)#Changes_made_in_1983|Social Security Amendments of 1983]]
* [[Tax Reform Act of 1986]]
* [[Goldwater-Nichols Act|Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986]]

==Legacy and retirement from public life==
On [[January 11]] [[1989]], Ronald Reagan addressed the nation one last time on television from the Oval Office of the White House, nine days before handing over the presidency to [[George H. W. Bush]]. After the inauguration, Reagan returned to California, to write his autobiography, ride his horses, and chop wood on his ranch, and to a new house in [[Bel-Air]]. [[As of 2005]], Reagan is one of only three presidents to serve two full terms since the adoption of the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|22nd Amendment]] in [[1951]] (The others are [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and [[Bill Clinton]]).

Reagan received an honorary knighthood, as a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]], and thus was entitled to use the postnominal GCB, but he is almost never styled this way. Reagan and [[George H. W. Bush]] are the only two American presidents to receive honorary knighthood.

In fall, Fujisankei Communications Group of [[Japan]] hired him to make two speeches and attend some ceremonies. Reagan's weekly fee was about two million dollars, more than he had earned during eight years as president. Reagan made occasional appearances on behalf of the Republican party, including a well-received speech at the [[1992 Republican National Convention]].

[[Image:Pres37-41.jpg|thumb|200px|right|(Left to right:) Presidents [[Gerald Ford]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[Jimmy Carter]] at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library.]]

[[Image:Pres38-42.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Five [[President_of_the_United_States#Former_Presidents|presidents]] and [[First Lady of the United States|first ladies]] attended the funeral of [[Richard Nixon]] on [[April 27]], [[1994]], in Nixon's hometown of [[Yorba Linda, California|Yorba Linda]], [[California]]. From left: [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush|George H.W.]] and [[Barbara Bush]], [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald]] and [[Nancy Reagan]], [[Jimmy Carter|Jimmy]] and [[Rosalynn Carter]], [[Gerald Ford|Gerald]] and [[Betty Ford]].]]

In [[1994]], Reagan was officially diagnosed with [[Alzheimer's disease]]. He informed the nation of his condition on [[November 5]] [[1994]] with a hand-written letter, which displayed his trademark optimism, stating in conclusion: "I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you." As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed his mental capacity, forcing him to live in quiet isolation.

On [[February 6]], [[1998]], Washington National Airport was renamed [[Ronald Reagan National Airport]] by a bill signed into law by President [[Bill Clinton]]. Three years later, on [[March 4]] [[2001]], the [[USS Ronald Reagan|''USS Ronald Reagan'' (CVN-76)]] was christened by the Navy. It is one of few ships christened in honor of a living person and the first to be named in honor of a living former president. Many other highways, schools and institutions were also named after Reagan in the years after his retirement and death. (See [[List of things named after Ronald Reagan]]).

Reagan's health was further destabilized by a fall in 2001, which shattered part of his hip and rendered him virtually immobile. By [[2004]], Reagan had begun to enter the final stage of Alzheimer's. It is frequently reported that Secret Service agents had to inform Reagan every morning that he was once the president.

===Job approval rating===

[http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll_reagan010806.html According to ABC News] by date:
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="500"
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! | Time
! | Approval
! | Disapproval
! | Event
|-
| [[April 22]], [[1981]]
| align="center" | 73%
| align="center" | 19
| align="right" | Shot by Hinckley
|-
| [[January 22]], [[1983]]
| align="center" | 42
| align="center" | 54
| align="right" | High unemployment
|-
| [[April 26]], [[1986]]
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 26
| align="right" | Libya bombing
|-
| [[February 26]], [[1987]]
| align="center" | 44
| align="center" | 51
| align="right" | Iran-Contra
|-
| Career average
| align="center" | 57
| align="center" | 39
| align="right" | Presidency of Ronald Reagan
|-
| [[July 30]], [[2001]]
| align="center" | 66
| align="center" | 27
| align="right" | (retrospective)
|}

Upon leaving office in 1989, Reagan had an astronomical [http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll%5Fclintonlegacy010117.html end-of-presidency job approval rating] of 64 percent. This would not be matched until 2001, when Clinton left office with 65 percent job approval.
===Death===

:''Main article: [[Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan]]''

Reagan died on [[June 5]], [[2004]] at his home in [[Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California|Bel-Air]] and is buried at his [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library|presidential library]].

Reagan holds the record as the longest lived U.S. president, at 93 years and 120 days. Since Reagan's death, [[Gerald Ford]] is now the oldest surviving president at 91, and if he lives until [[November 11]], [[2006]], he will hold the new record. Reagan also holds the record as the oldest-elected president at 69 and oldest president to serve at 77.

===Most Fascinating Person===

In [[2005]], [[CNN]] compiled a list of the 25 most fascinating people during the network's tenure as part of its 25th anniversary; Ronald Reagan was given the honor of number one. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/02/cnn25.top.fascinating/index.html]

==Further reading==
*[[Reed Brody]]. ''Contra Terror in Nicaragua''. South End Press. 1985. ISBN 0896083136.
*[[Dinesh D'Souza]]. ''Ronald Reagan: How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader''. Free Press. 1999. ISBN 0684848236
*[[Curt Gentry]]. ''Last Days of the Late Great State of California'', (political history of the gubernatorial period).
*[[Edmund Morris]]. ''Dutch'', the "authorized" biography which became controversial over a number of acknowledged fictitious interpolations by the author
*[[Frances Fitzgerald]]. ''Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War''. Touchstone. (political history of Reagan's S.D.I.) 2000. ISBN 0684844168.
*[[Lou Cannon]]. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime '' Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620916
*[[Lou Cannon]]. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise To Power'' Public Affairs. ISBN 1586480308
*[[Lou Cannon]]. ''Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620843
*[[Michael Deaver]] and [[Mickey Herskowitz]]. ''Behind the Scenes''. William Morrow. 1987.
*[[Elizabeth Drew]]. ''Campaign Journal: The Political Events of 1981-1984''. Macmillan. 1985.
*[[Marlin FitzWater]]. ''Call the Briefing! Bush and Reagan, Sam and Helen, a Decade with Presidents and the Press''. Times Books 1995.
*[[Jack W. Germond]] and [[Jules Witcover]]. ''Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980''. Viking Press. 1981.
*[[Peter Schweizer]]. ''Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union''. Atlantic Monthly Press. 1996. ISBN 0871136333
*[[Gary Sick]]. ''October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan''. New York: Random House. 1992.
*[[Alan Moore]] [[Bill Sienkiewicz]], [[Martha Honey]], [[Tony Avirgan]]. ''Brought to Light: Shadowplay : The Secret Team/Flashpoint: The LA Penca Bombing (Two Books in One)'' ISBN 091303567X
* Marc Green and Gail MacColl. ''Reagan's Reign of Error'' ISBN 0-394-75644-4 (a compendium of reversals and inaccuracies). 1983, 1987.
*Paul Kengor. ''God and Ronald Reagan : A Spiritual Life'' Regan Books, 2004. ISBN 0060571411.

==See also==

* [[Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom]]
* [[October Surprise]]
* [[USS Ronald Reagan|USS ''Ronald Reagan'' (CVN-76)]]
* [[Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan]]

== External links ==
{{commons|Ronald Reagan}}
{{wikisourcecat}}
{{wikiquote}}
===Biographical information===
* [http://www.ronaldreagan.com/ RonaldReagan.com - The Official Site]
*{{imdb name|id=0001654|name=Ronald Reagan}}
* [http://www.reaganlibrary.com/ Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Foundation]<!--this is the same site as reaganfoundation.org-->
* [http://www.reaganlegacy.org/ Ronald Reagan Legacy Project]
* [http://www.ronaldreaganmemorial.com Ronald Reagan Memorial Foundation]
* [http://marriage.about.com/od/celebritymarriages/p/reaganronald.htm Ronald and Nancy Reagan Marriage Profile]

===Videos===
*[http://online.wsj.com/public/page/0,,8_0000-OdcmTo|OCo7sfgXasBkHwZz1i7e5eeS8-HoZ|7u2DwDb7an4fzRzQy5EoTD|wa2KV,00.html?mod=video_center Kudlow & Company - Short clip with Ronald Reagan on government spending]
*[http://www.ge.com/stories/en/20208.html?category=Customer A GE Tribute to Ronald Reagan]

===News items===
* [http://edition.cnn.com/resources/video.almanac/1981/reagan.shot/reagan.lg.mov Public Domain video in Quicktime of CNN reporting attempted assassination of President Reagan (Courtesy of CNN.com)]

===Speeches===
* [http://www.reagan2020.com/speeches Reagan 2020 - numerous speeches collected]
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=ReaganR Audio recordings of Reagan's speeches]
* [http://www.governor.ca.gov/govsite/govsgallery/h/biography/governor_33.html Profile, Portrait and Inaugural Addresses as California Governor]

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of California|Governor of California]]|before=[[Pat Brown]]|after=[[Jerry Brown]]|years=[[1967]]&ndash;[[1975]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] [[President of the United States|Presidential]] [[:Category:U.S. Republican Party presidential nominees|candidate]]|before=[[Gerald Ford]]|after=[[George H. W. Bush]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]] (won), [[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984]] (won)}}
{{succession box| title=[[President of the United States|President of the United States]]| before=[[Jimmy Carter]]| after=[[George H. W. Bush]]| years=[[January 20]], [[1981]]&ndash;[[January 20]], [[1989]]}}
{{end box}}

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Revision as of 02:11, 23 May 2005

Famed liar; icon of misinformed, guillible idiots resistant to change and ill-informed about current events

}}

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