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Microsoft Corporation
Company type	Public (Template:Nasdaq2)
ISIN	US0378331005
Industry	Computer software; Publishing; Research and development; Computer hardware; Video games
Founded	Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (April 4 1975)
Founder	Ronald Wayne; Steve Jobs
Headquarters	Redmond, Washington, United States
Key people	Bill Gates, Co-founder and Executive Chairman; Paul Allen, Co-founder; Steve Ballmer, CEO; Ray Ozzie, Chief Software Architect
Products	Microsoft Windows; Microsoft Office; Microsoft Servers; Developer Tools; Business Solutions; Games and Xbox; Windows Live; Windows Mobile; Zune
Revenue	US $44.3 billion (2006)
Operating income	US $16.5 billion (2006)
Net income	US $12.6 billion (2006)
Total assets	351,002,000,000 United States dollar (2021)
Number of employees	71,172 (2006)
Website	www.microsoft.com

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Microsoft Corporation (Nasdaq: MSFT) is an American multinational computer technology corporation with 76,000 employees in 102 countries and global annual revenue of US $44.28 billion. It develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices.^[4]^[3]^[2] Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, its best selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. These products have prominent positions in the desktop computer market, with market share estimates as high as 90% or more as of 2003 for Microsoft Office and 2006 for Microsoft Windows, in line with the company's original mission of "a computer on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software".^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Originally founded to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s. The company released an initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market, which, due to the ensuing rise of the stock price, has made four billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.^[12]^[13]^[14] Throughout its history the company has been the target of criticism for various reasons, including monopolistic business practices—both the U.S. Justice Department and the European Commission, among others, brought Microsoft to court for antitrust violations and software bundling.^[15]^[16]

Microsoft has footholds in other markets besides operating systems and office suites, with assets such as the MSNBC cable television network, the MSN Internet portal, and the Microsoft Encarta multimedia encyclopedia. The company also markets both computer hardware products such as the Microsoft mouse and home entertainment products such as the Xbox, Xbox 360, Zune and MSN TV.^[4] Known for what is generally described as a developer-centric business culture, Microsoft has historically given customer support over Usenet newsgroups and the World Wide Web, and awards Microsoft MVP status to volunteers who are deemed helpful in assisting the company's customers.^[17]^[14]

History

1975–1985: Founding

**Microsoft staff photo** from Dec 7, 1978. From left to right:
**Top:** Steve Wood, Bob Wallace, Jim Lane.
**Middle:** Bob O'Rear, Bob Greenberg, Marc McDonald, Gordon Letwin.
**Bottom:** Bill Gates, Andrea Lewis, Marla Wood, Paul Allen.

Following the launch of the Altair 8800, Bill Gates called the creators of the new microcomputer, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), offering to demonstrate an implementation of the BASIC programming language for the system. After the demonstration, MITS agreed to distribute Altair BASIC.^[18] Gates left Harvard University, moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico where MITS was located, and founded Microsoft there. The company's first international office was founded on November 1, 1978, in Japan, entitled "ASCII Microsoft" (now called "Microsoft Japan").^[18] On January 1, 1979, the company moved from Albuquerque to a new home in Bellevue, Washington.^[18] Steve Ballmer joined the company on June 11, 1980, and later succeeded Bill Gates as CEO.^[18]

DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M operating system, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (PC). For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, which IBM renamed to PC-DOS. Later, the market saw a flood of IBM PC clones after Columbia Data Products successfully cloned the IBM BIOS, and by aggressively marketing MS-DOS to manufacturers of IBM-PC clones, Microsoft rose from a small player to one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry.^[19] The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as a publishing division named Microsoft Press.^[18]

1985–1995: OS/2 and Windows

On November 20, 1985, Microsoft released its first retail version of Microsoft Windows, originally a graphical extension for its MS-DOS operating system.^[18] In August, Microsoft and IBM partnered in the development of a different operating system called OS/2.^[20] On March 13, the company went public with an IPO, priced at US $28.00 by the end of the trading day. In 1987, Microsoft eventually released their first version of OS/2 to OEMs.^[21]

In 1989, Microsoft introduced its most successful office product, Microsoft Office. This was a bundle of separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.^[18] On May 22, 1990 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0.^[23] The new version of Microsoft's operating system boasted such new features as streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor; it sold over 100,000 copies in two weeks.^[24] Windows at the time generated more revenue for Microsoft than OS/2, and the company decided to move more resources from OS/2 to Windows.^[25] In the ensuing years, the popularity of OS/2 declined, and Windows quickly became the favored PC platform.

During the transition from MS-DOS to Windows, the success of Microsoft's product Microsoft Office allowed the company to gain ground on application-software competitors, such as WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3.^[26]^[27] According to The Register, Novell, an owner of WordPerfect for a time, alleged that Microsoft used its inside knowledge of the DOS and Windows kernels and of undocumented Application Programming Interface features to make Office perform better than its competitors.^[28] Eventually, Microsoft Office became the dominant business suite, with a market share far exceeding that of its competitors.^[29]

In 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT 3.1, a server-based operating system with a similar user interface to consumer versions of the operating system, but with an entirely different kernel.^[26] In 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new version of the company's flagship operating system which featured a completely new user interface, including a novel start button; more than a million copies of Microsoft Windows 95 were sold in the first four days after its release.^[26] The company later released its web browser, Internet Explorer, with the Windows 95 Plus! Pack in August 1995 and subsequent Windows versions.^[30]

1995–2005: Internet and legal issues

In the mid-90s, Microsoft began to expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web. On August 24 1995, it launched a major online service, MSN (Microsoft Network), as a direct competitor to AOL. MSN became an umbrella service for Microsoft's online services.^[18]^[26]^[31] The company continued to branch out into new markets in 1996, starting with a joint venture with NBC to create a new 24/7 cable news station, MSNBC.^[26]^[32] Microsoft entered the personal digital assistant (PDA) market in November with Windows CE 1.0, a new built-from-scratch version of their flagship operating system, specifically designed to run on low-memory, low-performance machines, such as handhelds and other small computers.^[33] Later in 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released for both Mac OS and Windows, marking the beginning of the takeover of the browser market from rival Netscape. In October, the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court in which they stated that Microsoft had violated an agreement signed in 1994, and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.^[18]

The year 1998 was significant in Microsoft's history, with Bill Gates appointing Steve Ballmer as president of Microsoft but remaining as Chair and CEO himself.^[18] The company released Windows 98, an update to Windows 95 that incorporated a number of Internet-focused features and support for new types of devices.^[18] On April 3 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft,^[15] calling the company an "abusive monopoly"^[6] and forcing the company to split into two separate units. Part of this ruling was later overturned by a federal appeals court, and eventually settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001.

In 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, the first version that encompassed the features of both its business and home product lines. XP introduced a new graphical user interface, the first such change since Windows 95.^[18]^[34] Later, with the release of the Xbox Microsoft entered the multi-billion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.^[18] Microsoft encountered more turmoil in March 2004 when antitrust legal action was brought against it by the European Union for allegedly abusing its market dominance (see European Union Microsoft antitrust case), eventually resulting in a judgement to produce a new version of its Windows XP platform—called Windows XP Home Edition N—that did not include its Windows Media Player.^[35]^[36]

2005–Present: Vista and other transitions

File:Windows Vista Desktop.png

Windows Vista had major changes, mostly notable within its interface.

In 2006, Bill Gates announced a two year transition period from his role as Chief Software Architect, which would be taken by Ray Ozzie, and planned to remain the company's chairman, head of the Board of Directors and act as an adviser on key projects.^[37] As of July 2007, Windows Vista is Microsoft's latest operating system, released in January 2007. Microsoft Office 2007 was released at the same time; its "Ribbon" user interface is a significant departure from its predecessors.

Product divisions

To be more precise in tracking performance of each unit and delegating responsibility, Microsoft reorganized into seven core business groups—each an independent financial entity—in April 2002. Later, on September 20 2005, Microsoft announced a rationalization of its original seven business groups into the three core divisions that exist today: the Windows Client, MSN and Server and Tool groups were merged into the Microsoft Platform Products & Services Division; the Information Worker and Microsoft Business Solutions groups were merged into the Microsoft Business Division; and the Mobile and Embedded Devices and Home and Entertainment groups were merged into the Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division.^[38]^[39]

Platform Products and Services

The current logo of Microsoft Windows, one of the company's best-known products.

This division produces Microsoft's flagship product, the Windows operating system. It has been produced in many versions, including Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows 2000 server, Windows Me, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP and Windows Vista. Almost all IBM compatible personal computers come with Windows preinstalled. The current desktop version of Windows is Windows Vista. The online service MSN, the cable television station MSNBC and the Microsoft online magazine Slate are all part of this division. (Slate was acquired by The Washington Post on December 21, 2004.) At the end of 1997, Microsoft acquired Hotmail, the most popular webmail service, which it rebranded as "MSN Hotmail". In 1999, Microsoft introduced MSN Messenger, an instant messaging client, to compete with the popular AOL Instant Messenger. Along with Windows Vista, MSN Messenger is to become Windows Live Messenger.^[4]

Microsoft Visual Studio is the company's set of programming tools and compilers. The software product is GUI-oriented and links easily with the Windows APIs, but must be specially configured if used with non-Microsoft libraries. The current version is Visual Studio 2005. The previous version, Visual Studio.Net 2003, was named after the .NET initiative, a Microsoft marketing initiative covering a number of technologies. Microsoft's definition of .NET continues to evolve. As of 2004, .NET aims to ease the development of Microsoft Windows-based applications that use the Internet, by deploying a new Microsoft communications system, Indigo (now renamed Windows Communication Foundation). This is intended to address some issues previously introduced by Microsoft's DLL design, which made it difficult, even impossible in some situations, to manage, install multiple versions of complex software packages on the same system (see DLL-hell), and provide a more consistent development platform for all Windows applications (see Common Language Infrastructure). In addition, the Company established a set of certification programs to recognize individuals who have expertise in its software and solutions. Similar to offerings from Cisco, Sun Microsystems, Novell, IBM, and Oracle Corporation, these tests are designed to identify a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role; this includes developers ("Microsoft Certified Solution Developer"), system/network analysts ("Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer"), trainers ("Microsoft Certified Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator" and "Microsoft Certified Database Administrator").^[4]

Microsoft offers a suite of server software, entitled Windows Server System. Windows Server 2003, an operating system for network servers, is the core of the Windows Server System line. Another server product, Systems Management Server, is a collection of tools providing remote-control abilities, patch management, software distribution and a hardware/software inventory. Other server products include:

SQL Server, a relational database management system;
Exchange Server, for certain business-oriented e-mail features;
Small Business Server, for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and
BizTalk Server, for employee integration assistance and other functions.^[4]

Business

The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office, which is the company's line of office software. The software product includes Word (a word processor), Access (a personal relational database application), Excel (a spreadsheet program), Outlook (Windows-only groupware, frequently used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation software), and Publisher (desktop publishing software). A number of other products were added later with the release of Office 2003 including Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote.^[4]

The division focuses on developing financial and business management software for companies. These products include products formerly produced by the Business Solutions Group, which was created in April 2001 with the acquisition of Great Plains. Subsequently, Navision was acquired to provide a similar entry into the European market, resulting in the planned release of Microsoft Dynamics NAV in 2006. The group markets Axapta and Solomon, catering to similar markets, which is scheduled to be combined with the Navision and Great Plains lines into a common platform called Microsoft Dynamics.^[4]

Entertainment and Devices

File:Xbox 360.png

The Xbox 360, Microsoft's second system in the gaming console market.

Microsoft has attempted to expand the Windows brand into many other markets, with products such as Windows CE for PDAs and its "Windows-powered" Smartphone products. Microsoft initially entered the mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices, which today has developed into Windows Mobile 6. The focus of the operating system is on devices where the OS may not directly be visible to the end user, in particular, appliances and cars. The company produces MSN TV, formerly WebTV, a television-based Internet appliance. Microsoft used to sell a set-top Digital Video Recorder (DVR) called the UltimateTV, which allowed users to record up to 35 hours of television programming from a direct-to-home satellite television provider DirecTV. This was the main competition in the UK for British Sky Broadcasting's (BSkyB) SKY + service, owned by Rupert Murdoch. UltimateTV has since been discontinued, with DirecTV instead opting to market DVRs from TiVo Inc. before later switching to their own DVR brand.^[4]

Microsoft sells computer games that run on Windows PCs, including titles such as Age of Empires, Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series. It produces a line of reference works that include encyclopedias and atlases, under the name Encarta. Microsoft Zone hosts free premium and retail games where players can compete against each other and in tournaments. Microsoft entered the multi-billion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo in late 2001,^[40] with the release of the Xbox. The company develops and publishes its own video games for this console, with the help of its Microsoft Game Studios subsidiary, in addition to third-party Xbox video game publishers such as Electronic Arts and Activision, who pay a license fee to publish games for the system. The Xbox also has a successor in the Xbox 360, released on 2005-11-22 in North America and other countries.^[41]^[42] With the Xbox 360, Microsoft hopes to compensate for the losses incurred with the original Xbox. However, Microsoft made some decisions considered controversial in the video gaming community, such as selling two different versions of the system, as well as providing backward compatibility with only particular Xbox titles.^[43]^[44] In addition to the Xbox line of products, Microsoft also markets a number of other computing-related hardware products as well, including mice, keyboards, joysticks, and gamepads, along with other game controllers, the production of which is outsourced in most cases.^[4]

Business culture

Microsoft has often been described as having a developer-centric business culture. A great deal of time and money is spent each year on recruiting young university-trained software developers and on keeping them in the company. For example, while many software companies often place an entry-level software developer in a cubicle desk within a large office space filled with other cubicles, Microsoft assigns a private or semiprivate closed office to every developer or pair of developers. In addition, key decision makers at every level are either developers or former developers. In a sense, the software developers at Microsoft are considered the "stars" of the company in the same way that the sales staff at IBM are considered the "stars" of their company.^[17]

Within Microsoft the expression "eating our own dog food" is used to describe the policy of using the latest Microsoft products inside the company in an effort to test them in "real-world" situations. Only prerelease and beta versions of products are considered dog food.^[45] This is usually shortened to just "dog food" and is used as noun, verb, and adjective. The company is also known for their hiring process, dubbed the "Microsoft interview", which is notorious for off-the-wall questions such as "Why is a manhole cover round?" and is a process often mimicked in other organizations, although these types of questions are rarer now than they were in the past.^[46] For fun, Microsoft also hosts the Microsoft Puzzle Hunt, an annual puzzle hunt (a live puzzle game where teams compete to solve a series of puzzles) held at the Redmond campus.

As of 2006, Microsoft employees, not including Bill Gates, have given over $2.5bn dollars to non-profit organizations worldwide, making Microsoft the worldwide top company in per-employee donations.^[47] Starting around 2005, a blogger claiming to be an employee of Microsoft, dubbing itself Mini-Microsoft, claims that the company has become a "passionless, process-ridden, lumbering idiot," due in part to ineffective management, and calls for the company to be downsized.^[48]^[49] In January 2007, the Harris Interactive/The Wall Street Journal Reputation Quotient survey came to the conclusion that Microsoft had the world's best corporate reputation, citing strong financial performance, vision & leadership, workplace environment rankings, and the charitable deeds of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.^[50]

User culture

Technical reference for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network, often called MSDN. MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release beta versions of Microsoft software.^[51]^[52] In recent years, Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users, entitled Channel9, which provides many modern features such as a wiki and an Internet forum.^[53] Another community site that provides daily videocasts and other services, On10.net, launched on March 3, 2006.^[54]

Most free technical support available through Microsoft is provided through online Usenet newsgroups (in the early days it was also provided on CompuServe). There are several of these newsgroups for nearly every product Microsoft provides, and often they are monitored by Microsoft employees. People who are helpful on the newsgroups can be elected by other peers or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which entitles people to a sort of special social status, in addition to possibilities for awards and other benefits.^[14]

Corporate affairs

Corporate structure

The company is run by a Board of Directors consisting of ten people, made up of mostly company outsiders (as is customary for publicly traded companies). Current members of the board of directors are: Steve Ballmer, James Cash, Jr., Dina Dublon, Bill Gates, Raymond Gilmartin, Reed Hastings, David Marquardt, Charles Noski, Helmut Panke, and Jon Shirley.^[55] The ten board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders' meeting, and those who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. There are five committees within the board which oversee more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the company including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposing mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters including nomination of the board; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.^[56]^[57]

There are several other aspects to the corporate structure of Microsoft. For worldwide matters there is the Executive Team, made up of sixteen company officers across the globe, which is charged with various duties including making sure employees understand Microsoft's culture of business. The sixteen officers of the Executive Team include the Chairman and Chief Software Architect, the CEO, the General Counsel and Secretary, the CFO, senior and group vice presidents from the business units, the CEO of the Europe, the Middle East and Africa regions; and the heads of Worldwide Sales, Marketing and Services; Human Resources; and Corporate Marketing. In addition to the Executive Team there is also the Corporate Staff Council, which handles all major staff functions of the company, including approving corporate policies. The Corporate Staff Council is made up of employees from the Law and Corporate Affairs, Finance, Human Resources, Corporate Marketing, and Advanced Strategy and Policy groups at Microsoft. Other Executive Officers include the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the various product divisions, leaders of the marketing section, and the CTO, among others.^[58]^[4]

Stock

When the company debuted its IPO in March 13, 1986, the stock price was US $21.^[59]^[60] By the close of the first trading day, the stock had closed at twenty-eight dollars, equivalent to 9.7 cents when adjusted for the company's first nine splits.^[60] The initial close and ensuing rise in subsequent years made several Microsoft employees millions.^[13] The stock price peaked in 1999 at around US $119 (US $60.928 adjusting for splits).^[60] While the company has had nine stock splits, the first of which was in September 18 1987, the company did not start offering a dividend until January 16 2003.^[60]^[61] The dividend for the 2003 fiscal year was eight cents per share, followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per share the subsequent year.^[61] The company switched from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005, for eight cents a share per quarter with a special one-time payout of three dollars per share for the second quarter of the fiscal year.^[61]

Around 2003 the stock price began a slow descent. Despite the company's ninth split on February 2 2003 and subsequent increases in dividend payouts, the price of Microsoft's stock continued to fall for the next several years.^[61]^[62]

Diversity

In 2005, Microsoft received a 100% rating in the Corporate Equality Index from the Human Rights Campaign, a ranking of companies by how progressive the organization deems their policies concerning LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual) employees. Partly through the work of the Gay and Lesbian Employees at Microsoft (GLEAM) group, Microsoft added gender expression to its anti-discrimination policies in April 2005, and the Human Rights Campaign upgraded Microsoft's Corporate Equality Index from its 86% rating in 2004 to its current 100% rating.^[63]^[64]

In April 2005, Microsoft received wide criticism for withdrawing support from Washington state's H.B. 1515 bill that would have extended the state's current anti-discrimination laws to people with alternate sexual orientations.^[65] Microsoft was accused of bowing to pressure from local evangelical pastor Ken Hutcherson who met with a senior Microsoft executive and threatened a national boycott of Microsoft's products. ^[66] Microsoft also revealed they were paying evangelical conservative Ralph Reed's company Century Strategies a $20,000 monthly fee.^[67] Over 2,000 employees signed a petition asking Microsoft to reinstate support for the bill. ^[68] Under harsh criticism from both outside and inside the company's walls, Microsoft decided to support the bill again in May 2005.^[69]^[68]

Microsoft hires many foreign workers as well as domestic ones, and is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H1B visas, which allow companies in the United States to employ certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas make it difficult to hire employees for the company, stating "I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap."^[70]

Logos and slogans

In 1987, Microsoft adopted its current logo, the so-called "Pacman Logo" designed by Scott Baker. According to the March 1987 Computer Reseller News Magazine, "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the o and s to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed." Dave Norris, a Microsoft employee, ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo, which was green, in all uppercase, and featured a fanciful letter O, nicknamed the blibbet, but it was discarded.^[71]

Microsoft's logo with the "Your potential. Our passion." tagline below the main corporate name, is based on the slogan Microsoft had as of 2006. In 2002, the company started using the logo in the United States and eventually started a TV campaign with the slogan, changed from the previous tagline of "Where do you want to go today?."^[72]^[73]^[74]

Microsoft "blibbet" logo, mid-1980s.

Microsoft "blibbet" logo, mid-1980s.
Microsoft logo with the 1994–2002 slogan "Where do you want to go today?"^[72]^[73]
Microsoft logo as of 2006, with the slogan "Your potential. Our passion."^[73]

Criticism

Corporate

Since the 1980s, Microsoft has been the focus of much controversy in the computer industry. Most criticism has been for its business tactics, often described with the motto "embrace, extend and extinguish". Microsoft initially embraces a competing standard or product, then extends it to produce their own incompatible version of the software or standard, which in time extinguishes competition that does not or cannot use Microsoft's new version.^[75] These and other tactics have led to various companies and governments filing lawsuits against Microsoft.^[76]^[36]^[15] Microsoft has been called a "velvet sweatshop" in reference to allegations of the company working its employees to the point where it might be bad for their health. The first instance of "velvet sweatshop" in reference to Microsoft originated from a Seattle Times article in 1989, and later became used to describe the company by some of Microsoft's own employees.^[77]^[78]

Free software proponents point to the company's joining of the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (TCPA) as a cause of concern. A group of companies that seek to implement an initiative called Trusted Computing (which is claimed to set out to increase security and privacy in a user's computer), the TCPA is decried by critics as a means to allow software developers to enforce any sort of restriction they wish over their software.

Large media corporations, together with computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead of you
— Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation^[79]

Advocates of free software also take issue with Microsoft's promotion of Digital Rights Management (DRM), and the company's total cost of ownership (TCO) comparisons with its "Get the facts" campaign. Digital Rights Management is a technology that gives digital content and software providers the ability to put restrictions on how their products are used on their customers' machines; these restrictions are seen by the technology's detractors as an infringement on fair use and other rights.^[80] DRM restricts even legal uses, for example, re-mixing or playing in a slideshow. The "Get the facts" campaign argues that Windows Server has a lower TCO than Linux and lists a variety of studies in order to prove its case.^[81] Proponents of Linux unveiled their own study arguing that, contrary to one of Microsoft's claims, Linux has lower management costs than Windows Server.^[82] Another study by the Yankee Group claims that Windows Server costs less than Linux for those with legacy systems and more for those without.^[83]

Technical

Older versions of Microsoft Windows were often characterized as being unstable—versions of Windows based on MS-DOS, and later the Windows 95 kernel from the mid 1990s to early 2000s, were widely panned for their instability, displaying the "Blue Screen of Death", when Windows abruptly terminates an application—usually due to malfunctioning drivers or hardware. In Windows NT/2000/XP Professional, the blue screen is also known as the Windows Stop Message.^[84]^[85] While less frequent, Windows 2000 and XP are still susceptible to Blue Screens of Death.^[86] Blue Screens of Death in Windows NT/2000/XP and later Windows systems are the equivalent of kernel panics in Unix-like systems whereas BSODs in Windows 95 or 98 could be for much less severe problems and usually didn't require a reboot. As an effort to enforce the usage of signed drivers (which must pass a compatibility test), Microsoft announced that they will disallow unsigned drivers in the 64-bit editions of Windows Vista.^[87] However, Peter Gutmann claims that an analysis of the certification process and its criteria demonstrate that the signed driver requirement's first priority is not functionality or performance standards, but mandatory support for DRM technology, which he claims actually lowers performance.^[88]

The security of Microsoft products is also often a target for critics. Rob Pegoraro, writing for the Washington Post, says that due to Windows leaving five Internet ports open for various running services, malware has an easier time compromising the system.^[89] In an article for SecurityFocus, Scott Granneman said that as of 2004-06-17 there were 153 accumulated security holes since 2001-04-18 and that Internet Explorer "is a buggy, insecure, dangerous piece of software."^[90] Mike Nash, a Microsoft Corporate Vice President, responded to Internet Explorer security concerns in a 2005 interview by stating that the version of Internet Explorer shipped with Windows XP Service Pack 2 gives it security on the same level as its competition.^[91] The current version, Internet Explorer 7, has a security overhaul with anti-phishing and malware prevention technology.^[92]

Microsoft.com

Microsoft.com is one of the most popular destinations on the Internet, receiving more than 100 million hits per day. According to Alexa.com, Microsoft.com is ranked 13th amongst all websites for Traffic Rank as on May 11, 2007.^[93]

One of the first Microsoft.com homepages, from April 1994 to August 1995.[94]

One of the first Microsoft.com homepages, from April 1994 to August 1995.^[94]
The Microsoft.com homepage as of December 1999.[94]

The Microsoft.com homepage as of December 1999.^[94]
The Microsoft.com homepage as of November 2006.

The Microsoft.com homepage as of November 2006.
The current Microsoft.com UK homepage design. Screenshot as of June 2007.

Notes and references

^ "Bill Gates: A Timeline". bbc.co.uk. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Microsoft Reports Fourth Quarter Results and Announces Share Repurchase Program" (Press release). Microsoft. 2006-07-20. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Fast Facts about Microsoft". Microsoft. June 30, 2006. Retrieved March 30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Microsoft Corporation Annual Report 2005" (doc). Microsoft. Retrieved 1 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Bishop, Todd (September 23, 2004). "The rest of the motto". Todd Bishop's Microsoft Blog. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Thomas Penfield Jackson, U.S. District Judge (1999-11-05). "U.S. vs. Microsoft findings of fact". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Matthew Fordahl (2005-08-05). "Beta version of Microsoft's Vista shows a lot of potential". Associated Press. Retrieved 2006-09-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Daisuke Wakabayashi (2006-12-01). "Microsoft launches Vista version of Windows". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Michael Kanellos (2006-01-18). "PC market surged in 2005, will settle in 2006". CNET News.com. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Todd Bishop (2003-10-20). "Microsoft unveils Office 2003". Seattle Post-Intelligencer Reporter. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Patrick Thibodeau (2002-05-02). "Can StarOffice Steal Users From Microsoft?". PC World. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Chapman, Merrill R., In search of stupidity: over 20 years of high-tech marketing disasters (2nd Edition), Apress, ISBN 1-59059-721-4
^ ^a ^b Julie Bick (2005-05-29). "The Microsoft Millionaires Come of Age". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Hiawatha Bray (2005-06-13). "Somehow, Usenet lumbers on". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* "Microsoft Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft (Most Valued Professional). Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c "United States v. Microsoft". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved August 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) homepage at the United States Department of Justice
^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/382&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
^ ^a ^b Charles, John. "Indecent proposal? Doing Business With Microsoft". IEEE Software (January/February 1998): 113–117.
* Jennifer Edstrom (1998). Barbarians Led by Bill Gates: Microsoft from inside. N.Y. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5754-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* Fred Moody (1995). I Sing the Body Electronic: A Year With Microsoft on the Multimedia Frontier. Viking. ISBN 0-670-84875-1.
* Michael A. Cusumano (1995). Microsoft Secrets: How the World's Most Powerful Software Company Creates Technology, Shapes Markets and Manages People. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-85531-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Information for Students: Key Events In Microsoft History" (doc). Microsoft Visitor Center Student Information. Retrieved 1 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "Booting Your PC: Getting Up Close & Personal With A Computer's BIOS". Smart Computing. November 1999. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
* "What Is The BIOS?". Smart Computing. July 1994. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
* "Everything You Want or Need to Know About Your BIOS". Extreme Tech. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
* Lemley, Mark (2006). "Appendix B: Introduction to Computer Technology". Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age (4th ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. ISBN 0-7355-3652-X. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* "MS DOS and PC DOS". Lexikon's History of Computing. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
* "When It Comes To DOS, You Now Have A Choice". Smart Computing. June 1994. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
* "Microsoft to Microsoft disk operating system (MS-DOS)". Smart Computing. March 2002. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
^ Manek Dubash (2005-07-19). "Techworld Article:OS/2 users must look elsewhere". Techworld. IDG. Retrieved 2005-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Microsoft Systems Journal — 1986–1994 Index". Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-03-31. See May 1987 releases.
^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer Staff (2005-05-18). "Redmond council OKs Microsoft expansion". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Windows 3.0 is Here" (PDF) (Press release). Microsoft. 1990. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
^ "Windows History". Microsoft. 2002-06-30. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ David Both. "OS/2 History". OS/2 VOICE. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Microsoft Company 15 September 1975". The History of Computing Project. Retrieved August 11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Steve Masters (1998-02-13). "Behind the Pearly Gates". VNU Business Publications. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Andrew Orlowski (2004-11-16). "Novell's MS complaint: we wuz robbed". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Harry McCracken (2000-09-13). "A Peek at Office Upgrade". PCWorld.com. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
^ Sandi Hardmeier (2005-08-25). "Microsoft - The History of Internet Explorer". Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "MSN Historical Timeline: A brief history of milestone events in the life of MSN from the past ten years". Microsoft. June 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ "Marketplace: News Archives for July 15, 1996". American Public Media. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ "The History of Microsoft Windows CS". HPC:Factor. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ "Windows XP Professional Features". Microsoft. 2004-08-25. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Microsoft hit by record EU fine". CNN. 2004-03-25. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)" (PDF). Commission of the European Communities. 2004-04-21. Retrieved August 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) (from the official EU website)
^ "Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates" (Press release). Microsoft. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2006-06-16. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Our Commitment to Our Customers: Microsoft's Business". Microsoft. 2005-09-20. Retrieved 2007-03-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Microsoft Realigns for Next Wave of Innovation and Growth: CEO Ballmer appoints presidents of three core divisions; Allchin announces retirement plan" (Press release). Microsoft. 2005-09-20. Retrieved September 26. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "NPD Reports Annual 2001 U.S. Interactive Entertainment Sales Shatter Industry Record". Business Wire. February 7 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Alexander Wolfe (November 22 2005). "Midnight Madness Hypes Xbox 360 Launch". Information Week. CMP Media. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Xbox 360 sells out within hours". BBC. December 2 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Tor Thorsen (2005-11-11). "360 to play 200-plus Xbox games". GameSpot. Retrieved 2006-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Tor Thorsen (2005-12-09). "360 backward-compatibility update rereleased". GameSpot. Retrieved 2006-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ CNET News.com Staff (2003-07-21). "Microsoft tests its own 'dog food'". ZDNet. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2005-10-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ William Poundstone (2003-05-21). "Square Manhole Covers and Crazy Questions". G4TV. G4 Media. Retrieved 2006-07-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Microsoft and Its Employees Surpass $2.5 Billion Mark Through Charitable Donations: Culture of volunteerism and philanthropy encourages company and 70,000 employees to make a difference" (Press release). Microsoft. September 21 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-22. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Danny Westneat (2006-05-28). "Microsoft's mystery insider". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-06-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Jay Greene; et al. (2005-09-26). "A Rendezvous With Microsoft's Deep Throat". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-06-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ Ron Alsop (2007-01-31). "How Boss's Deeds Buff a Firm's Reputation". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-01-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "MSDN Subscription FAQ". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ "Microsoft Systems Journal Homepage". Microsoft. April 15 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Neville Hobson (2005-04-11). "Microsoft's Channel 9 And Cultural Rules". WebProNews. iEntry Inc. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "On10.net homepage". Retrieved 2006-05-04.
^ "Microsoft Board of Directors". PressPass (Press release). Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ "Microsoft Corporation Corporate Governance Guidelines". Microsoft. Retrieved 9 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "Microsoft 2005 Proxy Statement". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ "Microsoft 2004 Citizenship Report". Microsoft. Retrieved 9 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "Microsoft Stock and Shareholder Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Microsoft stock price spreadsheet from Microsoft investor relations". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-04. (Microsoft Excel format)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Dividend Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ "Yahoo MSFT stock chart". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 9 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
* "MSN Money MSFT chart with dividend and split info". MSN Money. Retrieved 9 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
* Ina Fried and Scott Ard (June 15 2006). "Gates stepping down from full-time Microsoft role, page 2". ZDNet News. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Corporate Equality Index: A Report Card on Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Equality in Corporate America" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign Foundation. 2005. Retrieved October 13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "Gay and Lesbian Employees at Microsoft (GLEAM)". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-06-26.
^ "HRC Expresses profound disappointment with Microsoft's withdrawal of support for H.B. 1515" (Press release). Human Rights Campaign Foundation. April 22 2005. Retrieved August 11. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Microsoft Caves on Gay Rights
^ Payments to Reed Sully Microsoft
^ ^a ^b "How Microsoft Changed Its Mind". BusinessWeek. 2005-05-12. Retrieved 2006-07-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Microsoft makes right decision renewing support for workplace fairness" (Press release). Human Rights Campaign Foundation. May 6 2005. Retrieved August 11. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Roy Mark (2005-04-27). "Gates Rakes Congress on H1B Visa Cap". internetnews.com. Retrieved 2007-02-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Larry Osterman (July 14 2005). "Remember the blibbet". Larry Osterman's WebLog. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b "The Rise and Rise of the Redmond Empire". Wired. December 1998. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c Randi Schmelzer (2006-01-09). "McCann Thinks Local for Global Microsoft". Adweek. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Jeremy Reimer (2006-01-23). "Microsoft set to launch new marketing campaign". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2006-09-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Will Rodger (1998-11-08). "Intel exec: MS wanted to 'extend, embrace and extinguish' competition". ZDNet News. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Microsoft Corp. Licenses Burst.com Patents & Settles Suit" (Press release). Burst.com Inc. March 11 2005. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* Andrew Orlowski (2004-03-05). "Eolas' web patent nullified". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* Tony Dennis (2002-12-24). "Sendo & Microsoft — it all ends in tears". TheInquirer.net. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* Dan Nystedt (2005-12-07). "Update: Microsoft fined $32M by South Korea". IDG News Service. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Andrews, Paul (23 April 1989). "A 'Velvet Sweatshop' or a High-Tech Heaven?". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Editor's note". Microsoft Systems Journal. August 1997. Retrieved September 27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Robert Lemos (2002-11-07). "Trust or treachery? Security technologies could backfire against consumers". CNet news.com. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ David Chisnall (2006-05-04). "DRM: Digital Rights or Digital Restrictions?". Informit.com. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Get the facts home". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
^ Robert Jaques (2006-02-13). "Linux fans hit back at Microsoft TCO claims". vnunet.com. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Mary Jo Foley (2004-03-24). "Yankee Independently Pits Windows TCO vs. Linux TCO". eWeek.com. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ J. D. Biersdorfer (1999-03-25). "Q & A; Blue Screen: Not 'Death,' But Annoying". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Beginners Guides: Crash Recovery - Dealing with the Blue Screen Of Death". pcstats.com. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
^ Richard Richtmyer (2001-08-23). "Opening up Windows XP: New features are nice, but compatibility could be a problem". CNN. Retrieved 2006-05-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Digital Signatures for Kernel Modules on x64-based Systems Running Windows Vista". microsoft.com. December 6 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Peter Gutmann (2007-04-07). "A Cost Analysis of Windows Vista Content Protection". Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Pegoraro, Rob (2003-08-24). "Microsoft Windows: Insecure by Design". Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Scott Granneman (2004-06-17). "Time to Dump Internet Explorer". securityfocus.com. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Q&A: How Microsoft Is Keeping Pace with an Ever-Changing Security Landscape". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
^ "Internet Explorer 7: Security gets an upgrade". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
^ "Related info for: Microsoft.com". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ ^a ^b Kramer, Dave (1999-12-24). "A Brief History of Microsoft on the Web – Reflections on microsoft.com from Birth to 'Middle Age'". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

Microsoft — Official website

Template:IT giants

Template:Link FA

[founding-1] "Bill Gates: A Timeline". bbc.co.uk. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[2006financials-2] "Microsoft Reports Fourth Quarter Results and Announces Share Repurchase Program" (Press release). Microsoft. 2006-07-20. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[fastfacts-3] "Fast Facts about Microsoft". Microsoft. June 30, 2006. Retrieved March 30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

[2005annual-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Microsoft Corporation Annual Report 2005" (doc). Microsoft. Retrieved 1 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

[5] Bishop, Todd (September 23, 2004). "The rest of the motto". Todd Bishop's Microsoft Blog. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[findingsoffact-6] Thomas Penfield Jackson, U.S. District Judge (1999-11-05). "U.S. vs. Microsoft findings of fact". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[7] Matthew Fordahl (2005-08-05). "Beta version of Microsoft's Vista shows a lot of potential". Associated Press. Retrieved 2006-09-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[8] Daisuke Wakabayashi (2006-12-01). "Microsoft launches Vista version of Windows". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[9] Michael Kanellos (2006-01-18). "PC market surged in 2005, will settle in 2006". CNET News.com. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[10] Todd Bishop (2003-10-20). "Microsoft unveils Office 2003". Seattle Post-Intelligencer Reporter. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[11] Patrick Thibodeau (2002-05-02). "Can StarOffice Steal Users From Microsoft?". PC World. Retrieved 2007-07-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[12] Chapman, Merrill R., In search of stupidity: over 20 years of high-tech marketing disasters (2nd Edition), Apress, ISBN 1-59059-721-4

[stockrich-13] Julie Bick (2005-05-29). "The Microsoft Millionaires Come of Age". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[MVP-14] Hiawatha Bray (2005-06-13). "Somehow, Usenet lumbers on". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* "Microsoft Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft (Most Valued Professional). Retrieved 2006-07-01.

[usvms-15] "United States v. Microsoft". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved August 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) homepage at the United States Department of Justice

[16] ttp://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/382&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

[bb-17] Charles, John. "Indecent proposal? Doing Business With Microsoft". IEEE Software (January/February 1998): 113–117.
* Jennifer Edstrom (1998). Barbarians Led by Bill Gates: Microsoft from inside. N.Y. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5754-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* Fred Moody (1995). I Sing the Body Electronic: A Year With Microsoft on the Multimedia Frontier. Viking. ISBN 0-670-84875-1.
* Michael A. Cusumano (1995). Microsoft Secrets: How the World's Most Powerful Software Company Creates Technology, Shapes Markets and Manages People. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-85531-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[keyevents-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Information for Students: Key Events In Microsoft History" (doc). Microsoft Visitor Center Student Information. Retrieved 1 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

[19] "Booting Your PC: Getting Up Close & Personal With A Computer's BIOS". Smart Computing. November 1999. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
* "What Is The BIOS?". Smart Computing. July 1994. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
* "Everything You Want or Need to Know About Your BIOS". Extreme Tech. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
* Lemley, Mark (2006). "Appendix B: Introduction to Computer Technology". Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age (4th ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. ISBN 0-7355-3652-X. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* "MS DOS and PC DOS". Lexikon's History of Computing. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
* "When It Comes To DOS, You Now Have A Choice". Smart Computing. June 1994. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
* "Microsoft to Microsoft disk operating system (MS-DOS)". Smart Computing. March 2002. Retrieved 2006-07-05.

[20] Manek Dubash (2005-07-19). "Techworld Article:OS/2 users must look elsewhere". Techworld. IDG. Retrieved 2005-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[21] "Microsoft Systems Journal — 1986–1994 Index". Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-03-31. See May 1987 releases.

[22] Seattle Post-Intelligencer Staff (2005-05-18). "Redmond council OKs Microsoft expansion". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[23] "Windows 3.0 is Here" (PDF) (Press release). Microsoft. 1990. Retrieved 2007-03-31.

[24] "Windows History". Microsoft. 2002-06-30. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[OS/2_history-25] David Both. "OS/2 History". OS/2 VOICE. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

[thocp2-26] "Microsoft Company 15 September 1975". The History of Computing Project. Retrieved August 11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

[27] Steve Masters (1998-02-13). "Behind the Pearly Gates". VNU Business Publications. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[28] Andrew Orlowski (2004-11-16). "Novell's MS complaint: we wuz robbed". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 2006-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[29] Harry McCracken (2000-09-13). "A Peek at Office Upgrade". PCWorld.com. Retrieved 2006-07-04.

[30] Sandi Hardmeier (2005-08-25). "Microsoft - The History of Internet Explorer". Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[31] "MSN Historical Timeline: A brief history of milestone events in the life of MSN from the past ten years". Microsoft. June 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

[32] "Marketplace: News Archives for July 15, 1996". American Public Media. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

[cehistory-33] "The History of Microsoft Windows CS". HPC:Factor. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

[34] "Windows XP Professional Features". Microsoft. 2004-08-25. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[35] "Microsoft hit by record EU fine". CNN. 2004-03-25. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[euantitrust-36] "Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)" (PDF). Commission of the European Communities. 2004-04-21. Retrieved August 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) (from the official EU website)

[37] "Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates" (Press release). Microsoft. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2006-06-16. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[38] "Our Commitment to Our Customers: Microsoft's Business". Microsoft. 2005-09-20. Retrieved 2007-03-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[39] "Microsoft Realigns for Next Wave of Innovation and Growth: CEO Ballmer appoints presidents of three core divisions; Allchin announces retirement plan" (Press release). Microsoft. 2005-09-20. Retrieved September 26. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

[40] "NPD Reports Annual 2001 U.S. Interactive Entertainment Sales Shatter Industry Record". Business Wire. February 7 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[41] Alexander Wolfe (November 22 2005). "Midnight Madness Hypes Xbox 360 Launch". Information Week. CMP Media. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[42] "Xbox 360 sells out within hours". BBC. December 2 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[43] Tor Thorsen (2005-11-11). "360 to play 200-plus Xbox games". GameSpot. Retrieved 2006-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[44] Tor Thorsen (2005-12-09). "360 backward-compatibility update rereleased". GameSpot. Retrieved 2006-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[dogfood-45] CNET News.com Staff (2003-07-21). "Microsoft tests its own 'dog food'". ZDNet. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2005-10-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[46] William Poundstone (2003-05-21). "Square Manhole Covers and Crazy Questions". G4TV. G4 Media. Retrieved 2006-07-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[47] "Microsoft and Its Employees Surpass $2.5 Billion Mark Through Charitable Donations: Culture of volunteerism and philanthropy encourages company and 70,000 employees to make a difference" (Press release). Microsoft. September 21 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-22. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[48] Danny Westneat (2006-05-28). "Microsoft's mystery insider". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-06-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[49] Jay Greene; et al. (2005-09-26). "A Rendezvous With Microsoft's Deep Throat". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-06-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[50] Ron Alsop (2007-01-31). "How Boss's Deeds Buff a Firm's Reputation". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-01-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[51] "MSDN Subscription FAQ". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

[52] "Microsoft Systems Journal Homepage". Microsoft. April 15 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[53] Neville Hobson (2005-04-11). "Microsoft's Channel 9 And Cultural Rules". WebProNews. iEntry Inc. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[54] "On10.net homepage". Retrieved 2006-05-04.

[55] "Microsoft Board of Directors". PressPass (Press release). Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-03-26.

[56] "Microsoft Corporation Corporate Governance Guidelines". Microsoft. Retrieved 9 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

[57] "Microsoft 2005 Proxy Statement". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

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* Dan Nystedt (2005-12-07). "Update: Microsoft fined $32M by South Korea". IDG News Service. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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[80] David Chisnall (2006-05-04). "DRM: Digital Rights or Digital Restrictions?". Informit.com. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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[83] Mary Jo Foley (2004-03-24). "Yankee Independently Pits Windows TCO vs. Linux TCO". eWeek.com. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[bluescreenqa-84] J. D. Biersdorfer (1999-03-25). "Q & A; Blue Screen: Not 'Death,' But Annoying". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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[86] Richard Richtmyer (2001-08-23). "Opening up Windows XP: New features are nice, but compatibility could be a problem". CNN. Retrieved 2006-05-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[87] "Digital Signatures for Kernel Modules on x64-based Systems Running Windows Vista". microsoft.com. December 6 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[88] Peter Gutmann (2007-04-07). "A Cost Analysis of Windows Vista Content Protection". Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[insecurebydesign-89] Pegoraro, Rob (2003-08-24). "Microsoft Windows: Insecure by Design". Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[90] Scott Granneman (2004-06-17). "Time to Dump Internet Explorer". securityfocus.com. Retrieved 2006-05-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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v t e Seattle-based Corporations (within the Seattle metropolitan area)
Seattle and SeaTac-based Fortune 1000 corporations	Alaska Airlines (#360) Amazon.com (#2) Expedia Group (#263) Expeditors International (#389) Nordstrom (#205) Starbucks (#114) Weyerhaeuser (#457)
Puget Sound-based Fortune 1000 corporations	Companies listed above, plus: Costco Wholesale (#14) Microsoft (#21) Paccar (#118) Puget Sound Energy (#710)
Major Seattle- and Puget Sound-based non-public or externally owned corporations	Big Fish Games Darigold Eddie Bauer Jones Soda Nash Holdings Nintendo of America QFC REI Safeco T-Mobile US