Hotak dynasty: Difference between revisions
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The '''Hotaki dynasty''' (1709-1738) was founded by [[Mirwais Khan Hotak]], an ethnic [[Tatars|Tatar]]<ref>{{cite book | last =Elphinstone | first =Mountstuart | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India | publisher = | date =1815 | location =London | pages = | url =http://www.google.fr/books?id=SHUIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA656&dq=Account%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Cabul%20and%20its%20Dependencies%20in%20Persia%20and%20India#PPA437,M1 | pages =pp. 437 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> <ref>See Malleson, George Bruce (1879) "Chapter 7: The Ghilzai Rule" ''History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878'' W.H. Allen & Co., London, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/4219393 OCLC 4219393], limited view at [http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C Google Books], for details on the origins of Mir Wais, chief of the Ghilzai tribe.</ref>and chief of the [[Ghilzai]] clan of [[Kandahar province]] in modern-day [[Afghanistan]]. Mirwais and his followers rose against the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[Safavids|Safavid]] rule starting in the city of [[Kandahar]] in 1709. He began his rule by killing [[Gurgin Khan]], the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]]-born governor of Kandahar, who was representing the Persian kings. Next, Mirwais ordered the deaths of the remaining Persian government officials in the region. They then defeated the Persian army that was dispatched from [[Isfahan]] (capital of the Safavid Empire). |
The '''Hotaki dynasty''' (1709-1738) was founded by [[Mirwais Khan Hotak]], an ''Afghan'' of ethnic [[Tatars|Tatar]]<ref>{{cite book | last =Elphinstone | first =Mountstuart | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India | publisher = | date =1815 | location =London | pages = | url =http://www.google.fr/books?id=SHUIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA656&dq=Account%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Cabul%20and%20its%20Dependencies%20in%20Persia%20and%20India#PPA437,M1 | pages =pp. 437 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> <ref>See Malleson, George Bruce (1879) "Chapter 7: The Ghilzai Rule" ''History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878'' W.H. Allen & Co., London, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/4219393 OCLC 4219393], limited view at [http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C Google Books], for details on the origins of Mir Wais, chief of the Ghilzai tribe.</ref>and chief of the [[Ghilzai]] clan of [[Kandahar province]] in modern-day [[Afghanistan]]. Mirwais and his followers rose against the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[Safavids|Safavid]] rule starting in the city of [[Kandahar]] in 1709. He began his rule by killing [[Gurgin Khan]], the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]]-born governor of Kandahar, who was representing the Persian kings. Next, Mirwais ordered the deaths of the remaining Persian government officials in the region. They then defeated the Persian army that was dispatched from [[Isfahan]] (capital of the Safavid Empire). |
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Mirwais Khan Hotak died peacefully in 1715 from natural cause and was succeeded by his son [[Mir Mahmud Hotaki]], who later led his army to invade Persia. In 1722, Mir Mahmud sacked the city of Isfahan and declared himself [[Shah of Persia]] (meaning ''King of Persia''). However, the great majority still rejected the Ghilzai regime as usurping. For the next 7 years the Hotaks became de facto the new ruler of entire Persia (including Khorasan (modern Afghanistan)) and the Peshawar Valley. |
Mirwais Khan Hotak died peacefully in 1715 from natural cause and was succeeded by his son [[Mir Mahmud Hotaki]], who later led his army to invade Persia. In 1722, Mir Mahmud sacked the city of Isfahan and declared himself [[Shah of Persia]] (meaning ''King of Persia''). However, the great majority still rejected the Ghilzai regime as usurping. For the next 7 years the Hotaks became de facto the new ruler of entire Persia (including Khorasan (modern Afghanistan)) and the Peshawar Valley. |
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Revision as of 17:21, 18 October 2007
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The Hotaki dynasty (1709-1738) was founded by Mirwais Khan Hotak, an Afghan of ethnic Tatar[1] [2]and chief of the Ghilzai clan of Kandahar province in modern-day Afghanistan. Mirwais and his followers rose against the Persian Safavid rule starting in the city of Kandahar in 1709. He began his rule by killing Gurgin Khan, the Georgian-born governor of Kandahar, who was representing the Persian kings. Next, Mirwais ordered the deaths of the remaining Persian government officials in the region. They then defeated the Persian army that was dispatched from Isfahan (capital of the Safavid Empire).
Mirwais Khan Hotak died peacefully in 1715 from natural cause and was succeeded by his son Mir Mahmud Hotaki, who later led his army to invade Persia. In 1722, Mir Mahmud sacked the city of Isfahan and declared himself Shah of Persia (meaning King of Persia). However, the great majority still rejected the Ghilzai regime as usurping. For the next 7 years the Hotaks became de facto the new ruler of entire Persia (including Khorasan (modern Afghanistan)) and the Peshawar Valley.
The Hotaki dynasty was a troubled and violent one as internecine conflict made it difficult to establish permanent control. Because of the intrigues within the own tribe and with the allied Afghan tribes the dynasty lived under great turmoil due to bloody succession feuds that made their hold on power tenuous and weak, and after the massacre of five thousands of civilians in Isfahan – including more than three thousand religious scholars, nobles, and members of the Safavid family – the Hotaki dynasty was eventually removed from power in Persia.[3][4] In October 1729, they were defeated by Nader Shah, head of the Afsharids, in the Battle of Damghan and pushed back to what is now Afghanistan.
Today, the Hotaks are considered as a sub-group of the Ghilzai clan (like other originally turkic or mongolian Pashtun tribes) and are strongly pashtunized with lesser exceptions.
See also
References and footnotes
- ^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1815). Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India. London. pp. pp. 437.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ See Malleson, George Bruce (1879) "Chapter 7: The Ghilzai Rule" History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 W.H. Allen & Co., London, OCLC 4219393, limited view at Google Books, for details on the origins of Mir Wais, chief of the Ghilzai tribe.
- ^ Prof. D. Balland, "Ašraf Ghilzai", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, (LINK)
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica - The Hotakis (from Afghanistan)...Link
External links
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