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Image:GuardianBuildingCP.jpg|by [[Corrado Parducci]]<br>[[Guardian Building]]
Image:GuardianBuildingCP.jpg|by [[Corrado Parducci]]<br>[[Guardian Building]]
Image:DavisStottEntrance.jpg|by Corrado Parducci<br>[[David Stott Building]]
Image:DavisStottEntrance.jpg|by Corrado Parducci<br>[[David Stott Building]]
Image:GuardianBuildingIndian1.jpg|by Corrado Parducci<br>[[Penobscot Building]]
Image:PenobscotIndian1.jpg|by Corrado Parducci<br>[[Penobscot Building]]
Image:KitHfascade.jpg|by [[Corrado Parducci]] and [[Lee Lawrie]]<br>[[Kirk in the Hills]]<br>by [[Wirt C. Rowland]] and [[George D. Mason]].
Image:KitHfascade.jpg|by [[Corrado Parducci]] and [[Lee Lawrie]]<br>[[Kirk in the Hills]]<br>by [[Wirt C. Rowland]] and [[George D. Mason]].
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Revision as of 00:19, 12 November 2007

Comerica Tower at Detroit Center by John Burgee and Philip C. Johnson.

The architecture of metropolitan Detroit, Michigan continues to attract the attention of architects and preservationists alike.[1][2] With one of the world's recognizable skylines, Detroit's waterfront panorama shows a variety of architectural styles. The past meets the present as the city's historic Art Deco skyscrapers blend with the post-modern neogothic spires of Comerica Tower. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form the city's marque.

Detroit's architecture is recognized as being among the nation's finest with the National Trust for Historic Preservation listing many of Detroit's skyscrapers and buildings as some of America's most endangered landmarks.[3] Detroit has one of the nation's largest surviving collections of late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings.[4] Meanwhile, the suburbs contain a great deal of significant contemporary architecture, grand estates, and Gilded Age mansions.

Skyscrapers

Night skyline along the Detroit International Riverfront
See also: List of tallest buildings in Detroit

In the 1880s, Gilded Age notables such as Gordon Lloyd and others turned their attention to office and commercial buildings. They designed some of Detroit's ornately stone-carved nineteenth century tall buildings, many of which are still standing. Lloyd's Romanesque 8 story Wright-Kay (1891) at 1500 Woodward Ave and his R. H. Traver Building (1889) at 1211 Woodward are prime examples. The Wright-Kay or Schwankovsky was among the first with an electric elevator. At more than 10 stories, the Chamber of Commerce Building (1895) qualifies as Detroit's oldest remaining skyscraper.

The Wright-Kay Building (1891), originally the Schwankovsky Temple of Music by Gordon Lloyd.
The ornate Guardian Building, a National Historic Landmark by Wirt Rowland.
The Fisher Building along with Cadillac Place are National Historic Landmarks in the City's New Center area - both by Albert Kahn.

Though too numerous to list, the city has a surprising number of architecturally significant late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings and skyscrapers. Daniel Burnham, Louis Kamper, and the Smith Hinchman & Grylls firm are among the architects who designed some of the city's other important skyscrapers at the turn of the century which endure today. Burnham's three remaining Detroit skyscraper designs are the Neo-Classical styled Dime (1912) - renovated in 2002, and the Neo-Renaissance Whitney (1915) and Ford (1909) buildings. Among their early projects Smith Hinchman & Grylls designed the Neo-Gothic R.H. Fyfe (1919) at Woodward and Adams, now a high rise residential building.

Rising higher

During the Roaring Twenties, Detroit's skyline rose higher. The city's architectural legacy is rich in Art Deco style. Examples include Wirt C. Rowland's Penobscot Building (1928) and Guardian Building (1929), Albert Kahn's Fisher Building (1928), and John M. Donaldson's David Stott Building (1929). Rowland is also known for his Buhl Building (1925) with its Gothic Revival design and clever blend of Romanesque accents. Louis Kamper's designed the ornate Neo-Renaissance styled Book-Cadillac Hotel (1924).

Albert Kahn, sometimes called the "architect of Detroit," originally worked for John Scott, the architect of the Wayne County Building (1897). Kahn designed what is now Cadillac Place (1923), with its Neo-Classical architecture, for General Motors. It opened as the second largest office building in the world.[5] The seven Fisher brothers who owned the automotive company Fisher Body essentially gave architect Albert Kahn a blank check to design and build the "most beautiful building in the world."[6] This became Detroit's famous Fisher Building (1927) which, with its detailed work, has been called the city's "largest art object;" its opulent three story barrel vaulted lobby is constructed with 40 different kinds of marble.[7][8] The Fisher Building and Cadillac Place are among the National Historic Landmarks in Detroit.

With the notable exception of the 1001 Woodward (1965) building, Detroit's skyscrapers show less influence by the Chicago school of architecture and are more eastern in character. Minoru Yamasaki patterned his award winning design for the New York City's former World Trade Center towers after his design for Detroit's One Woodward Avenue (1962). Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1994), with its neogothic spires, is a fine example of post modern architecture by leading architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee.

Contemporary highlights

An indicator of economic strength, the competitive office market in Metro Detroit is one of the nation's largest, with 147,082,003 square feet (13,664,000 m²) of space.[9] Two notable office complexes are the 5,500,000 sq. ft. (511,000 m²) Renaissance Center and the 2,200,000 sq. ft. (204,400 m²) Southfield Town Center. Each complex is an interconnected group of skyscrapers termed a "city within a city" or a "pseudo-city".

The Renaissance Center by John Portman on the International Riverfront
Southfield Town Center
2000 Town Center
by Sikes Jennings Kelly & Brewer

The construction of the Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit marked a new era for the city's architecture. In the 1970s, Detroit Renaissance, chaired by Henry Ford II, commissioned highly regarded architect John Portman to design an enormous skyscraper complex called the Renaissance Center in hopes of stemming the tide of white flight to the suburbs precipitated by court-ordered busing. Portman had hoped to halt the exodus.

Portman expanded on his earlier design for the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia for the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan beginning a new popular architectural era for the skyscraper hotel.[4] (See Portman's Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angelos, California). In the ensuing decades, the Renaissance Center would undergo expansions joining other the city's restored historic art deco skycrapers to form the current skyline.

In 1924, Detroit's Book-Cadillac opened as the world's tallest hotel (it is now a re-developed Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel). Completion of first phase of the Renaissance Center in 1977 restored this distinction to the city. The Renaissance Center's central tower opened with a flagship 1,298-room Westin hotel, the tallest in the world, and a conference center with the world's largest rooftop restaurant. However, Westin moved its flagship Detroit hotel to the Southfield Town Center across from Lawrence Technological University. The central tower of the Renaissance Center became occupied by Marriott International's largest hotel. (Though it is no longer the world's tallest hotel, it remains the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.)

Stemming the flight of capital from the city proved difficult, however, as the suburban office market continued to grow, notably in Southfield and Troy. The Southfield Town Center, constructed from 1975 to 1989, became easy to recognize with its marque of five golden glass skyscapers. It attracted tenants in competition with the Renaissance Center as Metro Detroit's office market continued its suburban sprawl.

Portman designed the Renaissance Center with "interior spaces," yet secure. It quickly became a symbol of the city of Detroit. Some criticized its circular corridors as confusing. Moreover, the concrete berms erected on Jefferson Avenue behind the center were criticized for making the complex too isolated from the rest of the city.

RenCen's ringed walkway.

In 1996, the Renaissance Center's design would change when General Motors purchased the entire complex for its new headquarters. The $500-million makeover of the complex included a $100-million renovation of the hotel. A new front door Wintergarden (2003) provided waterfront views and expanded retail space. Construction of a lighted glass walkway (known as the "green ring") provided for ease of navigation circling the interior mezzanine. The concrete berms were removed and replaced by a pedestrian-friendly glass entry way facing Jefferson Avenue.

Today, the city's restored historic skyscapers stand beside the contemporary. Wirt Rowland's historic Penobscot Building (1928) is in the heart of the financial district's wireless Internet zone and blends with the post modern neogothic spires of the Comerica Tower (1994). While some cities had demolished historic structures to make way for the new, Detroit has preserved a large number with many of its buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Even so, the city has many historic structures awaiting restoration. The most significant of these is the Michigan Central Station (1913) by Warren & Wetmore and Reed & Stern.

Renaissance Center from the Detroit River Walk.

The city, together with the Riverfront Conservancy, undertook another major project planned at $559-million along the Detroit International Riverfront to construct a three-mile riverfront promenade park along the east river from Hart Plaza and the Renaissance Center to the Belle Isle bridge.[10] Detroit Wayne County Port Authority added the Dock of Detroit (2005), a state of the art cruise ship dock near the Renaissance Center on Hart Plaza. A two-mile extension along the west river will take the riverfront promenade park from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge (1929) for a total of five miles of parkway from bridge to bridge. The state of Michigan constructed its first urban state park, the Tri-Centennial State Park (2003) and Harbor. The 2007, two major casino resorts were completed in the city, the MGM Grand Detroit by SmithGroup and Motor City Casino resort. The third, Greektown Casino resort, is scheduled for 2008-09. Caesars Windsor casino resort is visible from the International Riverfront.

Chrysler Headquarters, by the SmithGroup, with its attached Technology Center by CRSS Architects, in the suburb of Auburn Hills.

Other notable centers of commerce in the area are Dearborn, Troy, and Auburn Hills. Dearborn contains the world headquarters of the Ford Motor Company. Dearborn's 14 story Hyatt Regency (1976) luxury hotel with its contemporary arced design by Charles Luckman is among the region's finest. One of the largest in the Hyatt chain, it has 772 rooms.

File:Somersetcollection-3.JPG
Somerset Collection in the suburb of Troy by JPRA Architects.

Troy has a large number of office buildings, many of which are situated along the corridor of Big Beaver Road. The tallest of these is the Top of Troy building, a 27-story triangular tower. Troy also contains what is generally considered to be the most upscale shopping center in the region, the Somerset Collection.

The suburb of Auburn Hills is home to the Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center. The Chrysler headquarters complex has 4,400,000 sq. ft. (409,000 m²) on 504 acres located near I-75. CRSS Architects designed the Chrysler Technology Center (1993) in a cross-axial formation where its elongated atrium topped concourses converge with an octagonal radiant skylight at its center. The SmithGroup designed the attached Chrysler Headquarters (1996) tower crowned with the pentastar marque. The nearby Palace of Auburn Hills (1988) by Rosetti is a sports arena that has served as a prototype for many others of its kind.

Future development

See also: Economy of metropolitan Detroit and Urban development in Detroit

In downtown Detroit, there are $1.3 billion in new construction projects.[11] Speculative development for Detroit includes a new downtown headquarters for Quicken Loans in order to consolidate its suburban offices.[12] Plans for a major residential and retail development adjacent to the Renaissance Center have been announced. In 2007, DTE announced a major transformation of the area around its downtown headquarters into an urban oasis with parks, walkways, and a reflecting pool.[13] Many residential lofts and high rises are under construction in the Detroit area. The Inn at Ferry Street is an example of a successful historic downtown resoration project. Other historic restoration projects in Detroit include housing in the Midtown area, the Fort Shelby Hotel, and the Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel. Meanwhile, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) is studying the feasibility of a light rail or other rapid transit link from Ann Arbor to Detroit.[14][15]

Landmarks

Richardsonian Romanesque: First Presbyterian Church (1891) in Detroit by George D. Mason and Zachariah Rice
Most Holy Redeemer Church in Detroit. (architect unknown)
Romanesque style St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (1875) by architect Peter Dederichs is a Greektown fixture.

Founded in 1701, Detroit contains the second oldest Roman Catholic parish in the United States. Consequently, Metro Detroit's many churches and cathedrals, though too numerous to list, are among its architectural gems and sites in the National Register of Historic Places. Churches dominated the city's Civil War era skyline. The Gothic Revival architecture of Ste. Anne de Detroit (1887) by Alert E. French and Leon Conquard includes flying buttresses, displaying the French influence. It is on the site of the city's original French Catholic Parish. The Gothic styled St. Joseph Church, (1873/1883), by Francis Himpler is an authentic German Catholic Parish and an important site listed in the National Register of Historic Places, noted for its architecture and stained glass.

Other architecturally significant churches include the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament (1915) on Woodward, the Victorian Gothic style Fort Street Presbyterian Church (1855), Old St. Mary's Church (1885) in Greektown, the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1911) by Ralph Adams Cram, Kirk in the Hills Presbyterian (1958) in Bloomfield Hills by Wirt C. Rowland, and the French Gothic St. Paul on the Lake Catholic Church (1899) by Harry J. Rill in Grosse Pointe Farms.

Sculptor Corrado Parducci's work adorns many of Detroit's churches including the ornate facade of St. Aloysius Church (1930). The Victorian Gothic style St. John's Episcopal Church (1861) sits across from the opulent Fox Theater (1928) by C. Howard Crane on Woodward Avenue. Among his Detroit projects, Gordon W. Lloyd designed the Christ P.E. Church (1863) at 960 E. Jefferson Avenue.

The large concentration of Poles in the metropolitan Detroit resulted in a number of ornate churches in the Polish Cathedral style designed by noted architects. Henry Engelbert designed the Gothic styled St. Albertus' (1885), Detroit's first Polish Catholic parish. Harry J. Rill designed St. Hedwig's (1915) and the Baroque styled St. Stanislaus' (1913). (Rill also designed the ornate Beaux-Arts facade of Detroit Cornice and Slate (1897) at 733 Antoine). Donaldson and Meier designed St. Hyacinth's (1924). Ralph Adams Cram designed the ornate Gothic styled St. Florian's Church (1928) at 2626 Poland Street in Hamtramck. Joseph G. Kastler and William B.N. Hunter designed the Victorian styled St. Josaphat's (1901) which has spires that line-up with the Renaissance Center towers when approaching the city on I-75. The Historical Society at the Detroit Historical Museum provides information on tours of the area's many historic churches.

Grand Circus

Woodward's plan for baroque styled radial avenues and Grand Circus.

In 1805, Detroit suffered a devastating fire, which destroyed most of the city's French colonial architecture. Shortly afterward, Father Gabriel Richard said, "Speramus meliora; resurget cineribus," meaning "We hope for better things; it will arise from the ashes" which became the city's official motto. For Detroit, Justice Augustus B. Woodward devised a plan similar to Pierre Charles L'Enfant's design for Washington, DC. Detroit's monumental avenues and traffic circles fan out in a baroque styled radial fashion from Grand Circus Park in the heart of the city's theater district.[16]

The ornate Fox Theatre (1928), by C. Howard Crane, near the city's Grand Circus is a National Historic Landmark. The renowned Detroit Opera House (1922), also by Crane, faces Grand Circus Park. The grounds include antique statuary and old-fashioned water fountains. Architect Henry Bacon designed the Russell Alger Memorial Fountain (1921) in Grand Circus Park. The Russell Alger Memorial Fountain contains a classic Roman figure symbolizing Michigan by renowned American sculptor Daniel French.[17]

Campus Martius

Soldiers's and Sailors' Monument (1872) on Campus Martius.
Woodward Foutain

Campus Martius is a park at the encircled confluence of Woodward Avenue and Michigan Avenue. Grand Circus is also on Woodward Avenue, down the street from Campus Martius. It serves as one of the city's central gathering place for events. The park disappeared in the 1900s as the downtown reconfigured to accommodate increased vehicular traffic. In 2004, the city restored the park with traffic circle. Hart Plaza, along the riverfront, was designed to replace Campus Martius as a focal point. Yet Hart Plaza is a primarily hard-surfaced area, many residents came to lament the lack of true park space in the city's downtown area. This led to calls to rebuild Campus Martius. Compuware World Headquarters overlooks the reconstructed traffic cicle surrounding Campus Martius Park with the historic Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument of the American Civil War by Randolph Rogers.[18] The old Detroit City Hall (1861) was demolished in 1961. It was built by Alexander Chapoton of one of the city's oldest French families. The Queen Anne style Alexander Chapoton House (c. 1870) stands at 511 Beubien.

Paris of the West

Wayne County Building (1897) from Monroe Street by John and Arthur Scott.

In the late nineteenth century, Detroit was called the Paris of the West for its architecture and open public spaces,[19] in keeping with the City Beautiful movement.[20] Architects John and Arthur Scott designed the Wayne County Building (1897) in downtown Detroit. Expense was not a factor in construction of its lavish design. Topped with bronze quadrigas by J. Massey Rhind and an Anthony Wayne pediment by Edward Wagner, it may be America's finest surviving example of Roman Baroque architecture with a blend of Beaux-Arts. Stanford White, architect of Newport, Rhode Island's Rosecliff mansion, designed Detroit's Neo-Classical Savoyard Centre (1900) at 151 Fort St.

The Detroit area is home to light houses, yacht clubs, and many unique monuments. Examples include the Grosse Pointe Yacht Club (1929) and the Beaux-Arts Chauncey Hurlbut Memorial Gate (1894) at Waterworks Park.[21] Achitects such as Cass Gilbert who designed the United States Supreme Court in Washington, DC also designed the Detroit Public Library (1921) and Belle Isle's exquisite James Scott Fountain.[22] Frederick Olmsted, landscape architect of New York City's Central Park, designed Detroit's 982 acre Belle Isle park.

Col. Frank Hecker House (1891), 5510 Woodward, designed by Louis Kamper after Château de Chenonceaux.

The French-American architect Paul Philippe Cret designed the Detroit Institute of Arts. Cret was educated at the École des Beaux-Arts in Lyon then in Paris, and came to the United States in 1903 to teach at the University of Pennsylvania. Cret was also the architect of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington D.C. Michael Graves designed the 2007 rennovation and expansion of the Detroit Institute of Arts with its exterior covered in white marble. Marshall Fredericks' sculptures, which include the Spirit of Detroit, may be seen throughout the metropolitan area. Sculptor Corrado Parducci's adorns many notable Metro Detroit buildings such as the Meadowbrook Hall mansion, the Guardian Building, the Buhl Building (1925), the Penobscot Building, the Fisher Building and the David Stott Building.

Eliel Saarinen was the architect for the Cranbrook Educational Community in the Metro Detroit suburb of Bloomfield Hills. Eliel's son, the famed modernist Eero Saarinen, designed a complex of buildings in the suburb of Warren, Michigan for General Motors known as the GM Technical Center.

Residential architecture

File:MeadowBrookHall.jpg
Meadow Brook Hall (1929) in the suburb of Rochester Hills, by William Kapp (Smith Hinchman & Grylls)

.

The mansions of metropolitan Detroit are among the nation's grandest estates. Meadow Brook Hall (1929), the 110 room 88,000 sq. ft. mansion of Matilda Dodge Wilson at 480 South Adams Rd. in the suburb of Rochester Hills, is the fourth largest in the United States. The suburbs of Bloomfield Hills and Grosse Pointe are replete with grandiose mansions. Albert Kahn designed Cranbrook House in Bloomfield Hills and the Edsel & Eleanor Ford House at 1100 Lakeshore Dr. in Grosse Pointe. Rose Terrace (1934-1976), the mansion of Anna Dodge, once stood at 12 Lakeshore Dr. in Grosse Pointe. Designed by Horace Trumbauer as a Louis XV styled château, Rose Terrace was an enlarged version of the firm's Miramar in Newport, RI. A developer, the highest bidder for Rose Terrace, demolished it in 1976 to create an upscale neighborhood. This gave a renewed sense of urgency to preservationists.[23] The Dodge Collection from Rose Terrace may be viewed at the Detroit Institute of Arts. The Russell A. Alger House, at 32 Lakeshore Dr., serves as the Grosse Pointe War Memorial.[24]

File:RiverfrontApartmentsDetroitIthruIII.JPG
Riverfront Towers by Kadushin, a residential development on the Detroit International Riverfront.
The historic Kales Building by Albert Kahn was renovated into a residential high rise with retail in 2004.

Bloomfield Hills, contains vast estates from the early twentieth century, as well as newer developments, such as Turtle Lake.[25] The five Grosse Pointe communities also have grand estates from the twentieth century. They once featured a nearly unbroken string of early twentieth century mansions flanking the shores of Lake St. Clair, but some were redeveloped into upscale subdivisions, beginning in the 1950s.

1920's tudor in Detroit

Detroit's heritage includes many other famous architects. Frank Lloyd Wright participated in the initial design for Henry Ford's Fair Lane Estate,[26] a National Historic Landmark in Dearborn. Frank Lloyd Wright also designed the Turkel house at 2760 West Seven Mile Rd.[27], the Affleck House at 1925 N. Woodward Ave., the Marvin Smith House at 5045 Ponvalley Rd., and the Wall House in Plymouth. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the buildings for Detroit's Lafayette Park neighborhood (1958-1965), including three high-rise apartment buildings and over 200 townhouses. A successful 78 acre urban renewal project, this development is the largest concentration of buildings designed by Mies van der Rohe in the world. Noted architect Gordon W. Lloyd designed the Whitney House (1894) constructed of jasper stone. The Whitney House is now a fine restaurant at 4421 Woodward Avenue.

While the downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, apartments and high-rises are found in neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. Many of the city's neighborhoods were constructed prior to World War II, and feature the architecture of the times. Wood frame and simple brick houses in the working class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in vast middle class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and others. The oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and Jefferson corridors, while newer neighborhoods, built as late as the 1950s, are found in the far west and closer to 8-mile Road. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include Corktown, a working class, formerly Irish neighborhood, and Brush Park. Both are now seeing redevelopment and construction of new homes and condos.

Selected buildings:

Architectural sculpture examples:

See also

Royal Park Hotel (2004) in the suburb of Rochester by Victor Saroki

(For notable buildings and architects, see navigational boxes below).

Notes

  1. ^ Deborah Chatr Aryamonti (2006).Review of Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.10.43
  2. ^ Detroit News (11-06-2005).Detroit, ancient Rome share past.Model D Media
  3. ^ Publisher review of American City: Detroit Architecture (accessed 03-31-2007).
  4. ^ a b Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
  5. ^ Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press.
  6. ^ Kay Houston and Linda Culpepper (2007).The beautiful building in the world Rearview Mirror, The Detroit News (accessed 03-31-2007).
  7. ^ Rebecca Mazzei (11-30-2005).Still Standing Metro Times
  8. ^ AIA Detroit Urban Priorities Committee, (1-10-2006).Top 10 Detroit InteriorsModel D Media
  9. ^ Collier's International Market Report - Detroit, Third Quarter, 2006 (accessed 03-31-2007).
  10. ^ Detroit News Editorial (December 13, 2002). At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront. Detroit News.
  11. ^ The world is coming, see the change City of Detroit Partnership (accessed 03-31-2007).
  12. ^ Robert Ankeny, (05-08-2006).Quicken offered 2 Detroit sites for HQCrain's Detroit Business
  13. ^ July 4, 2007 Detroit News Downtown Detroit Partnership
  14. ^ Ann Arbor to Detroit Transit Study SEMCOG (accessed 03-31-2007).
  15. ^ Ann Arbor to Detroit Rapid Transit Study Plan SEMCOG (accessed 03-31-2007).
  16. ^ Vivian M. Baulch. Woodward Avenue, Detroit's Grand old "Main Street" Rearview Mirror, The Detroit News (accessed 03-31-2007).
  17. ^ Zacharias, Pat (compiled). Monuments of Detroit Rearview Mirror, Detroit News. Retrieved on June 14, 2007.
  18. ^ Zacharias, Pat (compiled). Monuments of Detroit Rearview Mirror, Detroit News. Retrieved on June 14, 2007.
  19. ^ Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit: 1701-2001. Wayne State University Press.
  20. ^ Bluestone, Daniel M., Columbia University, (September 1988).Detroit's City Beautiful and the Problem of Commerce Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. XLVII, No. 3, pp. 245-62. Retrieved on May 18, 2007.
  21. ^ Chauncey Hurlbut Memorial Gate Detroit 1701.org (accessed 03-31-2007).
  22. ^ James Scott Fountain Detroit 1701.org (accessed 03-31-2007).
  23. ^ Patricia Zacharias. Mrs. Dodge and the Regal Rose Terrace Rearview Mirror, The Detroit News (accessed 03-31-2007).
  24. ^ Grosse Pointe War Memorial, the Russell A. Alger Mansion (accessed 03-31-2007).
  25. ^ Turtle Lake in Bloomfield Hills (accessed 03-31-2007)
  26. ^ A&E, with Richard Guy Wilson, Ph.D.,(2000). America's Castles: The Auto Baron Estates, A&E Television Network
  27. ^ Michael Jackman (06-26-2006).Wright or wrong: Detroit's Turkel house drips with history. Metro Times
  28. ^ Strother, Michael Guide to Ann Arbor Architecture AIA Michigan. Retrieved on July 21, 2007.

References and further reading

  • A&E with Richard Guy Wilson, Ph.D.,(2000). America's Castles: The Auto Baron Estates, A&E Television Network.
  • Bridenstine, James (1989). Edsel and Eleanor Ford House. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814321615.
  • Eckhert, Katheryn Bishop (1993). Buildings of Michigan (Society of Architectural Historians). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-5061-49-7.
  • Ferry, W. Hawkins (1968). The Buildings of Detroit: A History. Wayne State University Press.
  • Fisher, Dale (1996). Ann Arbor: Visions of the Eagle. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 096156234X.
  • Fisher, Dale (2003). Building Michigan: A Tribute to Michigan's Construction Industry. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 1891143247.
  • Fisher, Dale (2005). Southeast Michigan: Horizons of Growth. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 1891143255.
  • Fisher, Dale (1994). Detroit: Visions of the Eagle. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 0-9615623-3-1.
  • Fogelman, Randall (2004). Detroit's New Center. Arcadia. ISBN 0738532711.
  • Godzak, Roman (2004). Catholic Churches in Detroit (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-3235-5.
  • Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2003). Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of the American Dream. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812237625.
  • Hauser, Michael and Marianne Weldon (2006). Downtown Detroit's Movie Palaces (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4102-8.
  • Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
  • Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (2001). Detroit's Michigan Central Station (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-1881-6.
  • Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, Architectural Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript
  • Meyer, Katherine Mattingly and Martin C.P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A. (1980). Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1651-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Matuz, Roger (2001). Albert Kahn, Architect of Detroit. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814329578.
  • Nawrocki, Dennis Alan and Thomas J. Holleman (1980). Art in Detroit Public Places. Wayne State University Press.
  • Portman, John and Jonathan Barnett (1976). The Architect as Developer. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-0705-0536-5.
  • Rodriguez, Michael and Thomas Featherstone (2003). Detroit's Belle Isle Island Park Gem (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2315-1.
  • Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
  • Savage, Rebecca Binno and Greg Kowalski (2004). Art Deco in Detroit (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-3228-2.
  • Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow (2005). Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Regents of the University of Michigan. ISBN 0933691092.
  • Socia, Madeleine and Suzie Berschback (2001). Grosse Pointe: 1890 - 1930 (Images of America). Arcadia. ISBN 0738508403.
  • Tutag, Nola Huse with Lucy Hamilton (1988). Discovering Stained Glass in Detroit. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1875-4.
  • Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701-2001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.

Notable buildings and architects

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