User:Wadewitz/Epilepsy collaboration page

Article structure

Classification

• Engel J Jr. Report of the ILAE classification core group. Epilepsia. 2006 Sep;47(9):1558–68. PMID 16981873.
• Engel J Jr; International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2001 Jun;42(6):796–803. PMID 11422340.
• Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005 Apr;46(4):470–2. PMID 15816939.
  • Beghi E, Berg A, Carpio A, Forsgren L, Hesdorffer DC, Hauser WA, et al. Comment on epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) [letter]. Epilepsia. 2005 Oct;46(10):1698–9; author reply 1701–2. PMID 16190948.
  • Gomez-Alonso J, Andrade C, Koukoulis A. On the definition of epileptic seizures and epilepsy [letter]. Epilepsia. 2005 Oct;46(10):1699–700; author reply 1701–2. PMID 16190949.
  • Ahmed SN. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy [letter]. Epilepsia. 2005 Oct;46(10):1700–1; author reply 1701–2. PMID 16190950.
• Lüders HO, Acharya J, Alexopoulos A, Baumgartner C, Bautista J, Burgess R, et al. Are epilepsy classifications based on epileptic syndromes and seizure types outdated? Epileptic Disord. 2006 Mar;8(1):81–5. PMID 16567333.

Seizure types

Main article: Seizure types

An epileptic seizure is "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain".

There are three main types of seizures: partial, generalized, and unclassified. In terms of their origin within the brain, seizures may be described as either partial (focal) or generalized. Partial seizures only involve a localized part of the brain, whereas generalized seizures involve the the whole of both hemispheres. The term secondary generalisation may be used to describe a partial seizure that later spreads to the whole of the cortex and becomes generalized.

While most seizures can be neatly split into partial and generalized, some cannot. For example, a seizure that is generalized only within one hemisphere of the brain. Alternatively, there may be many focal points (multifocal seizures) that are distributed in a symmetrical or asymmetrical pattern.

• Partial seizures - Simple partial seizures, Complex partial seizures, Partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures

• Generalized seizures - Absence seizures (Older term: petit mal), Myoclonic seizures, Clonic seizures, Tonic seizures, Tonic-clonic seizures (Older term: grand mal), Atonic seizures

• Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1981 Aug;22(4):489–501 PMID 6790275.
• Dreifuss FE. The epilepsies: clinical implications of the international classification (PDF). Epilepsia. 1990;31 Suppl 3:S3–10. PMID 2226370.
• eMedicine: Seizures and Epilepsy: Overview and Classification (Not a source, but may be helpful to read).

Causes

• Shostak S, Ottman R. Ethical, legal, and social dimensions of epilepsy genetics. Epilepsia. 2006 Oct;47(10):1595–602. PMID 17054679.

Triggers

• Flickering light
• Thinking music
• Eating
• Praxis [Exercise?]
• Somatosensory [Explain]
• Proprioceptive [Explain]
• Reading
• Exposure to hot water
• Being startled

Mechanism

• Nair, Dileep R. "Epilepsy". Retrieved 2007-11-27.

Diagnosis

• Baumer JH; "Paediatric Accident and Emergency Research Group". Evidence based guideline for post-seizure management in children presenting acutely to secondary care. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Mar;89(3):278–80. PMID 14977713.

Treatment

Chronic

• Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Chadwick D, Guerreiro C, et al. ILAE treatment guidelines: evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2006 Jul;47(7):1094–120. PMID 16886973.
  • Shorvon S. We live in the age of the clinical guideline [Editorial]. Epilepsia. 2006 Jul;47(7):1091–3. PMID 16886972.
• Tudur Smith C, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, Williamson PR. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials (PDF). Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8(1):34 [Epub ahead of print]. PMID 17983480.
• Dunkley C, Cross JH. NICE guidelines and the epilepsies: how should practice change? Arch Dis Child. 2006 Jun;91(6):525–8. PMID 16714728.
• Wilby J, Kainth A, Hawkins N, Epstein D, McIntosh H, McDaid C, et al'. Clinical effectiveness, tolerability and cost-effectiveness of newer drugs for epilepsy in adults: a systematic review and economic evaluation (PDF). Health Technol Assess. 2005 Apr;9(15):1–157, iii–iv. PMID 15842952.
• Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1000–15. PMID 17382827.
• Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1016–26. PMID 17382828.
• Marson AG, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, Doughty J, Eaton B, et al. A randomised controlled trial examining the longer-term outcomes of standard versus new antiepileptic drugs. The SANAD trial (PDF). Health Technol Assess. 2007 Oct;11(37):1–154. PMID 17903391.
• Koren G, Nava-Ocampo AA, Moretti ME, Sussman R, Nulman I. Major malformations with valproic acid. Can Fam Physician. 2006 Apr;52:441–2, 444, 447. PMID 16639967.

Emergency

• Connock M, Frew E, Evans BW, Bryan S, Cummins C, Fry-Smith A, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of newer drugs for children with epilepsy. A systematic review (PDF). Health Technol Assess. 2006 Mar;10(7):iii, ix–118. PMID 16545206.
• Choudhery V, Townend W. Best evidence topic reports. Lorazepam or diazepam in paediatric status epilepticus. Emerg Med J. 2006 Jun;23(6):472–3. PMID 16714516.
• Walker M. Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide. BMJ. 2005 Sep 24;331(7518):673–7. PMID 16179702.

Surgery

• Téllez-Zenteno JF, Dhar R, Wiebe S. Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain. 2005 May;128(Pt 5):1188–98. Epub 2005 Mar 9. PMID 15758038.

Prognosis

• Kwan P, Sander JW. The natural history of epilepsy: an epidemiological view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;75(10):1376–81. PMID 15377680.
• Lhatoo SD, Sander JW. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (PDF). Hong Kong Med J. 2002 Oct;8(5):354–8. PMID 12376713.

Epidemiology

• Udani V. Pediatric epilepsy – an Indian perspective. Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Apr;72(4):309–13. PMID 15876759.

Society

• Discuss legal implications, stigma, disability rights. Issues regarding how society handles the person with epilepsy and individual seizures. Briefly mention issues regarding photosensitive epilepsy.

History

I'll have a go at drafting this section. Any contributory sources or facts or questions are welcome. -- Colin.

• Hunt SJ, Morrow JI, Craig JJ. Are we failing those with 'The Falling Sickness'? Time to modernise the approach to epilepsy care. Ulster Med J. 2007 Jan;76(1):3–5. PMID 17288297.
• Pearce JM. Early accounts of epilepsy: a synopsis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 May;64(5):679, 682. PMID 9598691.
• Pearce JM. Bromide, the first effective antiepileptic agent. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Mar;72(3):412. PMID 11861713.
• Temkin O. The Falling Sickness: History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology. 2^nd Ed. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1994. ISBN 0801848490.
  • I have this book. It is so comprehensive, it is hard to know what to pick. It only covers up to the late 19th C. -- Colin.
• Goldensohn ES, Porter RJ, Schwartzkroin PA. The American Epilepsy Society: an historic perspective on 50 years of advances in research (PDF). Epilepsia. 1997 Jan;38(1):124–50. PMID 9024195.

Bibliography

Books

• Engel J, Pedley TA, Aicardi J, Dichter MA, Moshe S. Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. 2^nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. ISBN 0781757770.
• Arzimanoglou A, Guerrini R, Aicardi J. Aicardi's Epilepsy in Children. 3^rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. ISBN 0781726980.
• Shorvon S, Perucca E, Fish D, Dodson WE, editors. The Treatment of Epilepsy. 2^nd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd; 2004. ISBN 0632060468.
• Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS , Perucca E. Antiepileptic Drugs. 5^th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. ISBN 0781723213.
• Panayiotopoulos CP. A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and Their Treatment. 2^nd ed. London: Springer-Verlag; 2007. ISBN 1846286433.
• Roger J, Dravet C, Bureau M, Genton P, Tassinari CA, Wolf P, editors. Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. 4^th ed. John Libbey Eurotext; 2005. ISBN 2742005692.
• Bromfield EG, Cavazos JE, Sirven JI, editors. An Introduction to Epilepsy. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; 2006.
  • Shame the text has no inline citations, only a list of references for each chapter. -- Colin.

Journals

• Epilepsy Currents. American Epilepsy Society.

Epilepsy Currents is the journal of the AES. Freely available online to all readers.

Web sites

• Atlas: Epilepsy Care in the World. World Health Organisation. September 2005. ISBN 9241563036. (Available in chapter downloads from WHO's Global Epilepsy Campaign Website).

Probably the most useful resource for international facts and figures. The campaign website also contains reports from around the world, though it doesn't seem to have moved on since 2005.

• WHO Epilepsy Factsheets. World Health Organisation. February 2001.

Has a few interesting resources. The History and the Social Consequences factsheets look promising but basic.

• E-epilepsy The National Society for Epilepsy.

Has a large number of articles, literature reviews and other information pages for the professional. Some are reprints of work published in journals; others seem to be written for NSE.

• ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. International League Against Epilepsy.

The authority on classification and terminology. Useful glossary and extensive information on seizure types and syndromes.

• eMedicine Neurology – Seizures and Epilepsy. eMedicine.

Loads of clinical overviews of various topics. Not as highly regarded as established peer-reviewed print journals.

Clinical guildelines

• NICE Clinical Guideline 20: Epilepsy. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. October 2004.

Comprises a number of PDF documents that contain a wealth of UK-focused data and guidelines built on evidence-based-medicine.

• SIGN Guideline 81: Diagnosis and management of epilepsies in children and young people. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. March 2005.

These Scottish guidelines, like the NICE equivalent for England & Wales, are thoroughly reviewed and evidence-based.

• SIGN Guideline 70: Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. October 2005. (Also available as HTML here.)

• AAN Practice Guidelines: Epilepsy. American Academy of Neurology.

A substantial number of guidelines with an American flavour. Often jointly supported by the American Epilepsy Society.