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* [[1763]] − Nicolai Olahi metropolitae Strigoniensis ''Hungaria et Attila sive de originibus gentis regni Hungariae [...] emondato coniumctim editi.'' Vienna. Edited and annotated by A. F. Kollár.
* [[1763]] − Nicolai Olahi metropolitae Strigoniensis ''Hungaria et Attila sive de originibus gentis regni Hungariae [...] emondato coniumctim editi.'' Vienna. Edited and annotated by A. F. Kollár.
* [[1764]] − ''De Originibus et Usu perpetuo potestatis Legislatoriae circa sacra Apoststolicorum Regum Ungariae.'' Vienna.
* [[1764]] − ''De Originibus et Usu perpetuo potestatis Legislatoriae circa sacra Apoststolicorum Regum Ungariae.'' Vienna.
* [[1769]] − ''Humillimum promemoria de ortu, progressu et in Hungaria incolatu gentis Ruthenicae.'' Manuscript for the Vatican.<ref>The title adjusted from Paul Robert Magocsi and Ivan Popp, ''Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture.'' 2002. The same source gives the year of publication as 1749. Soňa Švácová, "Adam František Kollár - riaditeľ cisársko-kráľovskej Dvorskej knižnice vo Viedni." ''Bibliografický zborník.'' 2006/2007, gives a modified title and the year 1769.</ref> A history of the Kingdom of Hungary's [[Rusyns]].
* [[1769]] − ''Humillimum promemoria de ortu, progressu et in Hungaria incolatu gentis Ruthenicae.'' Manuscript for the Vatican.<ref>The title adjusted from Paul Robert Magocsi and Ivan Popp, ''Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture.'' 2002. The same source gives the year of publication as 1749. Soňa Švácová, "Adam František Kollár - riaditeľ cisársko-kráľovskej Dvorskej knižnice vo Viedni." ''Bibliografický zborník.'' 2006/2007, gives a modified title and the year 1769.</ref> A history of the Kingdom of Hungary's [[Rusyn|Rusyns]].
* [[1772]] − ''Jurium Hungariae in Russiam minorem et Podoliam, Bohemiaeque in Oswicensem et Zatoriensem ducatus explicatio.'' Vienna. And the same in German: ''Vorläufige Anführung der Rechte des Königreiches Hungarn auf Klein- oder Roth-Reussen und Podolien und des Königreichs Böheim auf die Herzogthümer Auschwitz und Zator.'' Vienna.
* [[1772]] − ''Jurium Hungariae in Russiam minorem et Podoliam, Bohemiaeque in Oswicensem et Zatoriensem ducatus explicatio.'' Vienna. And the same in German: ''Vorläufige Anführung der Rechte des Königreiches Hungarn auf Klein- oder Roth-Reussen und Podolien und des Königreichs Böheim auf die Herzogthümer Auschwitz und Zator.'' Vienna.
* [[1777]] − ''Ratio educationis totiusque rei literariae per regnum Hungariae et provincias eidem adnexas.'' Vienna. A. F. Kollár contributed to the shape of this imperial and royal ordinance.
* [[1777]] − ''Ratio educationis totiusque rei literariae per regnum Hungariae et provincias eidem adnexas.'' Vienna. A. F. Kollár contributed to the shape of this imperial and royal ordinance.

Revision as of 19:16, 2 December 2007

Adam František Kollár
Adam František Kollár, 1779
Born17 April 1718
Terchová, Habsburg Monarchy (now Slovakia)
Died10 July 1783 (aged 65)
Vienna, Habsburg Monarchy (now Austria)
NationalitySlovakia Slovak
Other namesAdam Franciscus Kollar
Adam Franz Kollar
Ádám Ferenc Kollár
EducationUniversity of Vienna
Occupation(s)Chief Imp. & Royal Librarian
Imp. & Royal Court Councilor
EmployerEmpress Maria Theresa
Known forCoined the term ethnology
Contributions to Ratio educationis of 1777
Advocacy of Habsburg Enlightened centralism
TitleNobilis (landed in 1775)
PredecessorGerard van Swieten
SuccessorJoseph von Martines
Parent(s)Matej Kolárik
Regína Myslovská

Adam František Kollár (1718-1783) − Adam Franz Kollár in English sources, a Slovak lower nobleman, was a historian, ethnologist, and as Imperial and Royal Court Councilor and Chief Imperial and Royal Librarian, an influential advocate of Empress Maria Theresa's Enlightened and centralist policies. His advancement of Maria Theresa's status in the Kingdom of Hungary as its apostolic ruler in 1772 was used as an argument in support of the subsequent Habsburg annexations of Galicia and Dalmatia. Kollár is also credited with coining the term ethnology and providing its first definition in 1783. Some authors see him as one of the earliest pro-Slovak, pro-Slavic, and pan-Slavic activists in the Habsburg Monarchy.


Life

Dates

Kollár was born to the family of a lower nobleman on 17 April 1718 in Terchová, now in Slovakia, then in the Kingdom of Hungary, a province of the Habsburg Monarchy.[2] Some earlier sources give the day of his birth as 15 April, and the oldest Austrian biographies had the year 1723.[3] His ancestor Ladislaus (Ladislav) Kollar was ennobled in 1593.[4] A. F. Kollár died on 10 July 1783 in Vienna, Austria, then the capital of the Habsburg Monarchy.[5] Sources also give other dates for his death: 13th, and 15th of the same month.

Although Kollár probably used František as his middle name when he spoke in his native Slovak, he used the Latin Franciscus or the German Franz as his middle name in all of his works, which were published only in the two languages. The version František did not begin to appear as his middle name in Slovak and Czech publications until later in the 20th century. Hungarian texts use Ferenc. English authors always use Franz.

Education

Kollár's parents moved to Banská Bystrica where he attended a Jesuit middle school. He later used the town's German name (Neusohl) as an appendix to his own name in some of his Latin publications − Pannonius Neosoliensis ("Pannonian of Banská Bystrica"). He he continued his education in a preparatory high school (gymnázium) in another mining town, Banská Štiavnica, and graduated in the university town of Trnava. He was a member of the Society of Jesus between the ages 20 and 30. He attended the Jesuit College at Vienna, taught at a Jesuit preparatory high school at Liptovský Mikuláš and then graduated in theology, which comprised languages of the Middle East area, from the University of Vienna.

Employment

A. F. Kollár's book plate

A. F. Kollár began his career at the Imperial and Royal Library in 1748 as a scribe and eventually became its chief librarian and Councilor at the Court of the Habsburgs.

Significance

Politics

A. F. Kollár was closely associated with the centralist policies of Empress Maria Theresa. Some of his publications were commissioned by her Court, although not marked as such, many others espoused its policies.[6] As a native of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg province that resisted centralization the most, he knew its situation. He devoted his 1764 work De Originibus et Usu perpetuo... to argue for the supremacy of the Habsburgs' rule over the traditional legislative powers of the Kingdom's Diet and, indirectly, over the privileges of its nobility, which he supported with a copious body of references to the Kingdom's history.[7] Among other things, he proposed that the tax-free status of the Kingdom's nobility be abolished. The tensions between the Habsburgs and the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely unresolved during Kollár's lifetime, but his stance brought him the wrath of his fellow noblemen in the province.[8] He also wrote in favor of the Habsburgs' Enlightened policies, opposed serfdom and advocated religious freedom in the whole monarchy. His arguments in Jurium Hungariæ in Russiam Minorem... [9] published in Latin and German in 1772 were called on by the Habsburgs to support their subsequent annexations of Galicia and Dalmatia.[10]

Educational reforms

Kollár influenced some of Empress Maria Theresa's reforms, including her ordinance Ratio educationis in 1777, which aimed to standardize teachnig methods, curricula, and textbooks. He was appreciated by the Habsburgs for the enlargement of their scholarly library collections.[11] Maria Theresa, however, postponed indefinitely his proposal in 1774 to establish what would have been the Habsburg Monarchy's first research institute, which he planned to call the Academy of Sciences.[12]

Ethnology

With his training in Turkish, Persian, and the classical languages, A. F. Kollár was able to edit and publish or republish numerous manuscripts and earlier volumes from the collections of the Imperial and Royal Library. His annotated editions of texts in the languages of the Middle East area became particularly respected. Kollár's editorial work with manuscripts from various cultures and languages, in addition to his familiarity with the linguistic and cultural diversity of his native Kingdom of Hungary,[13] made him an early student of ethnology and the scholar who actually coined and defined the term in Historiae jurisque publici...[14] published in 1783.[15].

Nationalism

Linked to A. F. Kollár's academic interest in ethnic diversity of Central Europe are his occasional comments on the developing relationships among its peoples. In tandem with his intensifying support for the suppression of the self-governing powers of the Habsburg provinces in favor of Maria Theresa's absolutist rule, he moved from his own closer identification with the Kingdom of Hungary still evidenced in the attribute Hungarus Neosoliensis he gave himself in the book he edited in 1756 (authors explain the Latin Hungarus used by ethnic non-Hungarians like Kollár as "a subject of the Kingdom's sovereign" rather than as a linguistic-ethnic attribute)[16] to the less explicit attribute Pannonius Neosoliensis ("Pannonian of Banská Bystrica") with the name of the ancient Roman province of Pannonia as a symbolic reference to his native Kingdom's territory (although the area where he grew up, including Banská Bystrica, was never part of that province)[17] that echoed neither its actual name, nor the name of one of its largest ethnic groups. He was one of the first academic authors who commented on the Slovaks and other Slavs of the Habsburg Monarchy and on linguistic and cultural identities of its subjects in addition to their determination by political borders. Along with his centralist Habsburg-Monarchic nationalism, authors see him as an early pro-Slovak,[18] pro-Slavic,[19] and pan-Slavic[20] activist in the Habsburg Monarchy. Some of the arguments brought forth by the Habsburgs in support of their annexation of parts of Poland in 1772 called on Kollár's writings on the Rusyns with the proto-ethnic-nationalist concept of their joint identity irrespective of the existing political boundaries.[21]

Works

De Originibus & Usu...
  • 1756 − Francisci à Mesgnien Meninski Institutiones linguae turcicae cum rudimentis parallelis linguarum arabicae & persicae [...] discendi aucta. Vienna. Edited and annotated by A. F. Kollár.
  • 1761-1762 − Analecta monumentorum omnis aevi Vindobonensia, I-II. Vienna. Edited and annotated by A. F. Kollár.
  • 1762 − Casparis Ursini Velii De bello Pannonico libri decem ex codicibus manu exaratis caesareis [...] maxima exscriptis illustrati. Vienna. Edited and annotated by A. F. Kollár.
  • 1962 − Historiae diplomaticae juris patronatus apostolicorum Hungariae regum libri tres. Vienna.
  • 1763 − Nicolai Olahi metropolitae Strigoniensis Hungaria et Attila sive de originibus gentis regni Hungariae [...] emondato coniumctim editi. Vienna. Edited and annotated by A. F. Kollár.
  • 1764 − De Originibus et Usu perpetuo potestatis Legislatoriae circa sacra Apoststolicorum Regum Ungariae. Vienna.
  • 1769 − Humillimum promemoria de ortu, progressu et in Hungaria incolatu gentis Ruthenicae. Manuscript for the Vatican.[22] A history of the Kingdom of Hungary's Rusyns.
  • 1772 − Jurium Hungariae in Russiam minorem et Podoliam, Bohemiaeque in Oswicensem et Zatoriensem ducatus explicatio. Vienna. And the same in German: Vorläufige Anführung der Rechte des Königreiches Hungarn auf Klein- oder Roth-Reussen und Podolien und des Königreichs Böheim auf die Herzogthümer Auschwitz und Zator. Vienna.
  • 1777 − Ratio educationis totiusque rei literariae per regnum Hungariae et provincias eidem adnexas. Vienna. A. F. Kollár contributed to the shape of this imperial and royal ordinance.
  • 1783 − Historiae jurisque publici regni Ungariae amoenitates, I-II. Vienna

References

  1. ^ Ignaz Franz von Mosel, Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien. 1835.
  2. ^ Štefan Valentovič, et al. Slovenský biografický slovník, III zväzok K-L. 1989.
  3. ^ Ignaz Franz von Mosel, Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien. 1835.
  4. ^ Constant v. Wurzbach, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich... Zwölfter Theil. 1864.
  5. ^ Štefan Valentovič, et al. Slovenský biografický slovník, III zväzok K-L. 1989.
  6. ^ Olwen H. Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest, 1730-1789. 1980.
  7. ^ Ernst Wangermann, The Austrian Achievement 1700-1800. 1973.
  8. ^ Horst Haselsteiner, "Cooperation and Confrontation between Rulers and the Noble Estates, 1711-1790." In: Peter F. Sugar, et al., eds. A History of Hungary. 1990.
  9. ^ Published anonymously and often misattributed to another author.
  10. ^ Joachim Bahlcke, Ungarischer Episkopat und österreichische Monarchie: Von einer Partnerschaft zur Konfrontation (1686-1790). 2005.
  11. ^ Bernhard Fabian, "Österreichische Nationalbibliothek: Druckschriftenbestand." In: Bernhard Fabian, ed. Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände in Österreich. 2002.
  12. ^ Joseph Feil, "Versuche zur Gründung einer Akademie der Wissenschaften under Maria Theresia." In: Jahrbuch für vaterländische Geschichte. 1861.
  13. ^ Gheorghiţă Geană, "Discovering the whole of humankind: the genesis of anthropology through the Hegelian looking-glass." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology. 1995.
  14. ^ The unuadjusted spelling of the title: Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates.
  15. ^ Zmago Šmitek and Božidar Jezernik, "The anthropological tradition in Slovenia." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology. 1995.
  16. ^ István Soós, "Értelemiségi minták és a Hungarus-tudat." In: Štefan Šutaj and László Szarka, Regionális és nemzeti identitásformák a 18-20. századi magyar és a szlovák történelemben. 2007.
  17. ^ Franz Miklosich, ed. Barth. Kopitars Kleinere Schriften sprachwissenschaftlichen, geschichtlichen, ethnograpishchen und rechtshistorischen inhalts. 1857.
  18. ^ Ján Tibenský, Slovenský Sokrates. Život a dielo A. F. Kollára. 1983.
  19. ^ Dezső Dümmerth, "Történetkutatás és nyelvkérdés a magyar-Habsburg viszony tükrében." Filológiai Közlöny, 1966.
  20. ^ Robert John Weston Evans, Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c.1683-1867. 2006.
  21. ^ Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyn-Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia: An Historical Survey. 1983.
  22. ^ The title adjusted from Paul Robert Magocsi and Ivan Popp, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture. 2002. The same source gives the year of publication as 1749. Soňa Švácová, "Adam František Kollár - riaditeľ cisársko-kráľovskej Dvorskej knižnice vo Viedni." Bibliografický zborník. 2006/2007, gives a modified title and the year 1769.
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