Navarre

Template:Redirect6 Template:Autonomous community Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) or Upper Navarre (Spanish Alta Navarra, Basque Nafarroa Garaia) is an autonomous community in Spain.

Its official name of the territory in Spanish is the "Comunidad Foral de Navarra"; in Basque it is "Nafarroako Foru Erkidegoa". In English it is "Chartered Community (Commonwealth) of Navarre" (see fuero).

History

Main article: Kingdom of Navarre

A chapel in Roncesvalles

During the time of the Roman Empire, the territory of the province was inhabited by the Vascones, a pre-Roman tribe who inhabited the southern slopes of the Pyrenees. The tribe managed to keep its Basque language and traditions under the Romans. The area was never fully subjugated, either by the Visigoths or by the Arabs. In 778 a Frankish army was defeated by the Basques in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. In 824 the chieftain Iñigo Arista (also Eneko Aritza) was chosen king of Pamplona which laid the foundations of the Kingdom of Navarre. The kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III of Navarre and covered the areas of the present-day Navarre, Basque Country, La Rioja, and parts of Cantabria, Castilla y Leon and Aragon. However, after his death the country was divided between his sons and never fully recovered. The army of Navarre took part in the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa alongside the other christian Spanish kingdoms in 1212 after which the Muslim possessions in the Iberian Peninsula were reduced to a small territory in the south. Navarre was finally absorbed into the united Spanish Kingdom in 1513 and a small area to the north of the Pyrenees eventually became part of France. The former state obtained some specific rights after its incorporation in united Spain. The northern side was also part of the French empire until Louis XVI (King of France and Navarre) was executed and the kingdom was merged into France.

The Javier Castle

Community, Geography and Climate

Situated in the northeast of the Iberian peninsula, Navarre is bordered by France to the north, Aragón to the east, La Rioja to the south and the Basque Country to the west. The territory includes an enclave, Petilla de Aragón, which is completely surrounded by Aragón.

The community is governed as an autonomous region, with its own parliament (Parlamento de Navarra) and government (Gobierno de Navarra). As in other autonomous regions in Spain, health, employment, education and social services, together with housing, urban development, environment protection policies are under the responsibility of its own institutions. Unlike other regions (and like the Basque Country), it has almost full responsibility for collecting taxes, which must follow the overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences.

It is made up of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 (2006), of which approximately one-third live in the capital, Pamplona (195,769 pop.), and one-half in the capital’s metropolitan area (315,988 pop.). There are no other large municipalities in the region. The next largest are: Tudela (32,802); Barañáin (22,401); Burlada (18,388); Estella - Lizarra (13,892); Zizur Mayor (13,197); Tafalla (11,040); Villava/Atarrabia (10,295); and Ansoáin (9,952).

Despite its relatively small size, Navarre features stark contrasts in geography, from the Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south.

Climate

The climate of Navarre mixes influences from the Pyrenees mountains and Ebro river valley, creating a great difference between the climates of the north (much more humid and with frequent rainfall) and of the south (more Mediterranean with higher temperatures and more sporadic precipitation). One can pass from the humid Cantabrian valleys in the north to the arid, steppe-like Bardenas Reales on the banks of the Ebro river in just a few kilometers.

Cultural heritage

Monastery of Leire

Navarre is a mixture of its ancient tradition and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro. The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat, vegetables, wine, and even olive trees, as in Aragon and La Rioja. It was a part of the Roman Empire, and in the Middle Ages it became the taifa kingdom of Tudela. During the Reconquista, the Northerners extended southwards. In the Middle Ages, Pamplona was a crossroads for Gascons from beyond the Pyrenees and Romance speakers.

Energy policy

Main article: Wind power in Spain

Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology, and is planning to reach 100% renewable energy generation by 2010. By 2004 61% of the region's energy was generated by renewable sources, consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms, 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants. In addition, the region had what was then Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela (1.2 MWp capacity), plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations.

Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión (0.25 MWp) [1] and another at Castejón (2.44 MWp), also once the largest in Spain [2].

Culture

Navarre has two official languages in at least part of its territory: Castilian and Basque. The north-western part of the community is largely Basque-speaking, while the southern part is almost completely Castilian-speaking. The capital (Pamplona/Iruña) is officially in the mixed region. Legally, Navarre is divided into three parts linguistically: regions where Basque is widespread (the Basque-speaking area) and is an official language, regions where Basque is present (the mixed region) and is quasi-official, and regions where Basque is absent (the Castilian-speaking area) and is not official. These areas do not always conform clearly to the actual linguistic boundaries and the Basque associations in Navarre strongly object to this framework, but lack enough political power in Navarre to overturn it. See Basque language.

Navarra has some unique variations in spoken Spanish. The diminutive form, used to show a small amount, may substitute the traditional -ita and -ito endings with -ica and -ico. For example, botella (bottle) normally said botellita instead will sometimes be said as botellica.

See also

• Lower Navarre
• Kingdom of Navarre
• Kings of Navarre
• Parliament of Navarre
• Renewable energy in the European Union

External links

• Bardenas Reales desert (Navarra)
• Official website (in Basque/English/French/Spanish)
• Northern Spanish region leads way on renewable energy
• Navarra: Electricity from renewable energy sources
• Web sites about Navarra Template:Es icon
• Euskara Kultur Elkargoa-Basque Cultural Foundation