Arthur Conan Doyle: Difference between revisions
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He wrote sherlock holmes books. |
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{{Infobox Writer |
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| name = Sir Arthur Conan Doyle |
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| image = Conan doyle.jpg |
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| caption = Sir Arthur Conan Doyle |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1859|5|22|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Edinburgh, Scotland]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|7|7|1859|5|22|df=y}} |
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| death_place = |
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| occupation = Novelist, short story writer, poet, doctor |
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| movement = |
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| genre = [[Detective fiction]], [[historical novels]], [[non-fiction]] |
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| magnum_opus = |
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| influences = [[Edgar Allan Poe]] |
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| influenced = [[Agatha Christie]] and other detective fiction authors |
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| footnotes = }} |
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'''Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle''', [[Deputy Lieutenant|DL]] ([[22 May]] [[1859]]–[[7 July]] [[1930]]) was a Scottish [[author]] most noted for his stories about the [[Detective fiction|detective]] [[Sherlock Holmes]], which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of [[crime fiction]], and for the adventures of [[Professor Challenger]]. He was a prolific writer whose other works include [[science fiction]] stories, [[historical novel]]s, plays and romances, poetry, and non-fiction. |
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==Life== |
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Arthur Conan Doyle was born on [[22 May]] [[1859]], in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], to an English father, [[Charles Altamont Doyle]], and an Irish mother, Mary Foley, who had married in 1855.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lellenberg |first=Jon |coauthors=Daniel Stashower and Charles Foley |title=Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters |publisher=HarperPress |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-00-724759-2 |pages=pp. 8–9 }} {{cite book |author=Stashower, Daniel |title=Teller of Tales: The Life of Arthur Conan Doyle |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2000 |isbn=0-8050-5074-4 |pages=pp. 20–21}}</ref> Although he is now referred to as "Conan Doyle", the origin of this compound [[surname]] is uncertain.<ref>Stashower says that the name originated from his great-uncle Michael Conan, a distinguished journalist, from whom Arthur and his elder sister, Annette, received the compound surname of "Conan Doyle" (Stashower 20–21). The same source points out that in 1885 he was describing himself on the brass nameplate outside his house, and on his doctoral thesis, as "A. Conan Doyle". However, other sources (such as the 1901 census) indicate that Conan Doyle's surname was "Doyle", and that the form "Conan Doyle" was only used as a surname in his later years.{{fact|date=January 2008}}</ref> Conan Doyle's father was an artist, as were his paternal uncles (one of whom was [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|Richard Doyle]]), and his paternal grandfather [[John Doyle (artist)|John Doyle]]. |
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Conan Doyle was sent to the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] preparatory school St. Mary's Hall, [[Stonyhurst]], at the age of eight. He then went on to [[Stonyhurst College]], but by the time he left the school in 1875, he had rejected [[Christianity]] to become an [[agnosticism|agnostic]]. |
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From 1876 to 1881 he studied [[medicine]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], including a period working in the town of [[Aston]] (now a district of [[Birmingham]]). While studying, he also began writing short stories; his first published story appeared in ''[[Chambers's Edinburgh Journal]]'' before he was 20.<ref>Stashower 30–31.</ref> Following his term at university, he served as a ship's doctor on a voyage to the [[West Africa]]n coast. He completed his [[doctorate]] on the subject of ''[[tabes dorsalis]]'' in 1885.<ref name="Archive">Available at the [http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/418 Edinburgh Research Archive].</ref> |
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In 1882, he joined former classmate George Budd as his partner at a medical practice in [[Plymouth]], but their relationship proved difficult, and Conan Doyle soon left to set up an independent practice.<ref>Stashower 52–59.</ref> Arriving in [[Portsmouth]] in June of that year with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, [[Southsea]].<ref>Stashower 55, 58–59.</ref> The practice was initially not very successful; while waiting for patients, he again began writing stories. His first significant work was ''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'', which appeared in ''Beeton's Christmas Annual'' for 1887 and featured the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes, who was partially modelled after his former university professor, [[Joseph Bell]]. Future short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were published in the English ''[[Strand Magazine]].'' Interestingly, [[Rudyard Kipling]] congratulated Conan Doyle on his success, asking "Could this be my old friend, Dr. Joe?" Sherlock Holmes, however, was even more closely modelled after the famous [[Edgar Allan Poe]] character, [[C. Auguste Dupin]]. |
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While living in [[Southsea]] he played [[football (soccer)|football]] for an amateur side (that disbanded in 1894), Portsmouth Association Football Club. (This club had no connection with the [[Portsmouth F.C.]] of today.) |
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In 1885, he married Louisa (or Louise) Hawkins, known as "Touie", who suffered from [[tuberculosis]] and died on [[4 July]] [[1906]].<ref name="Leeman">Leeman, Sue, "Sherlock Holmes fans hope to save Conan Doyle's house from developers", Associated Press, [[28 July]] [[2006]].</ref> He married Jean Leckie in 1907, whom he had first met and fallen in love with in 1897 but had maintained a [[Platonic love|platonic relationship]] with her out of loyalty to his first wife. Conan Doyle had five children, two with his first wife (Mary Louise (born 1889) and Alleyne Kingsley (1892–1918)) and three with his second wife ([[Jean Conan Doyle|Jean Lena Annette]], Denis Percy Stewart ([[17 March]] [[1909]]–[[9 March]] [[1955]]), second husband in 1936 of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] Princess Nina Mdivani (circa 1910–[[19 February]] [[1987]]) (former sister-in-law of [[Barbara Hutton]]), and [[Adrian Conan Doyle|Adrian Malcolm]]). |
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[[Image:PortraitOfACD.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle by [[Sidney Paget]], 1897.]] |
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In 1890, Conan Doyle studied the [[eye]] in [[Vienna]]; he moved to [[London]] in 1891 to set up a practice as an [[ophthalmologist]]. He wrote in his [[autobiography]] that not a single patient crossed his door. This gave him more time for writing, and in November 1891 he wrote to his mother: "I think of slaying Holmes... and winding him up for good and all. He takes my mind from better things." His mother responded, saying, "You may do what you deem fit, but the crowds will not take this lightheartedly." In December 1893, he did so in order to dedicate more of his time to more "important" works (his [[historical novel]]s). |
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Holmes and [[Professor Moriarty|Moriarty]] apparently plunged to their deaths together down a waterfall in the story, "[[The Final Problem]]". Public outcry led him to bring the character back; Conan Doyle returned to the story in "The Adventure of the Empty House", with the explanation that only Moriarty had fallen but, since Holmes had other dangerous enemies, he had arranged to be temporarily "dead" also. Holmes ultimately appears in a total of 56 [[short story|short stories]] and four Conan Doyle [[novel]]s (he has since appeared in many novels and stories by other authors). |
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Following the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]] in [[South Africa]] at the turn of the 20th century and the condemnation from around the world over the United Kingdom's conduct, Conan Doyle wrote a short pamphlet titled, ''The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct'', which justified the UK's role in the Boer war, and was widely translated. |
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Conan Doyle believed that it was this pamphlet that resulted in 1902 in his being [[knighthood|knighted]] and appointed Deputy-Lieutenant of [[Surrey]]. He also in 1900 wrote the longer book, ''[[The Great Boer War]]''. During the early years of the 20th century, Sir Arthur twice ran for Parliament as a [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionist]], once in Edinburgh and once in the [[Hawick Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Hawick Burghs]], but although he received a respectable vote he was not elected. |
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[[Image:conandoylestatue.jpg|thumb|right|Arthur Conan Doyle statue in Crowborough.]] |
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Conan Doyle was involved in the campaign for the reform of the [[Congo Free State]], led by the journalist [[E. D. Morel]] and the diplomat [[Roger Casement]]. He wrote ''[[The Crime of the Congo]]'' in 1909, a long pamphlet in which he denounced the horrors in that country. He became acquainted with Morel and Casement, taking inspiration from them for two of the main characters in the novel, ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle)|The Lost World]]'' (1912). |
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He broke with both when Morel became one of the leaders of the [[pacifism|pacifist]] movement during the [[World War I|First World War]], and when Casement committed [[treason]] against the UK during the [[Easter Rising]] out of conviction for his [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]] views. Conan Doyle tried, unsuccessfully, to save Casement from the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]], arguing that he had been driven mad and was not responsible for his actions. |
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Conan Doyle was also a fervent advocate of justice, and personally investigated two closed cases, which led to two imprisoned men being released. The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named [[George Edalji]], who had allegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated animals. Police were set on Edalji's conviction, even though the mutilations continued after their suspect was jailed. |
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It was partially as a result of this case that the [[Court of Criminal Appeal]] was established in 1907, so not only did Conan Doyle help George Edalji, his work helped establish a way to correct other [[miscarriages of justice]]. The story of Conan Doyle and Edalji is told in fictional form in [[Julian Barnes]]' 2005 [[novel]], ''[[Arthur & George]]''. |
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The second case, that of [[Oscar Slater]], a [[Germany|German]] [[Jew]] and gambling-den operator convicted of bludgeoning an 82-year-old woman in [[Glasgow]] in 1908, excited Conan Doyle's curiosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution case and a general sense that Slater was framed. |
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After the death of his wife Louisa in 1906, and the deaths of his son Kingsley, his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law, and his two nephews shortly after [[World War I]], Conan Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting [[Spiritualism]] and its alleged scientific proof of existence beyond the grave. |
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According to the [[History Channel]] program ''Houdini: Unlocking the Mystery'' (which briefly explored the friendship between the two), Conan Doyle became involved with Spiritualism after the deaths of his son and his brother. [[Kingsley Doyle]] died from pneumonia on [[28 October]] [[1918]], which he contracted during his convalescence after being seriously wounded during the 1916 [[Battle of the Somme]]. Brigadier-General Innes Doyle died in February 1919, also from pneumonia. Sir Arthur became involved with Spiritualism to the extent that he wrote a [[Professor Challenger]] novel on the subject, ''The Land of Mist''. |
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His book, ''The Coming of the Fairies'' (1921) shows he was apparently convinced of the veracity of the [[Cottingley Fairies]] photographs, which he reproduced in the book, together with theories about the nature and existence of fairies and spirits. |
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In his ''The History of Spiritualism'' (1926) Conan Doyle praised the [[psychic]] phenomena and spirit materialisations produced by [[Eusapia Palladino]] and [[Mina Crandon|Mina "Margery" Crandon]].<ref name= Houdini>Kalush, William, and Larry Sloman, ''The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero'', Atria Books, 2006. ISBN 0743272072.</ref> |
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His work on this topic was one of the reasons that one of his short story collections, ''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'', was banned in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1929 for supposed [[occult]]ism. This ban was later lifted. <!-- when? --> Russian actor [[Vasily Livanov]] later received an [[Order of the British Empire]] for his portrayal of [[Sherlock Holmes]]. |
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Conan Doyle was friends for a time with the American magician [[Harry Houdini]], who himself became a prominent ''opponent'' of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s following the death of his beloved mother. Although Houdini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery (and consistently attempted to expose them as frauds), Conan Doyle became convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural powers, a view expressed in Conan Doyle's ''The Edge of the Unknown''. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Conan Doyle that his feats were simply magic tricks, leading to a bitter public falling out between the two.<ref name= Houdini/> |
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[[Image:Arthur Conan Doyle house.JPG|300px|Arthur Conan Doyle's house in [[South Norwood]], [[London]]|thumb|left]] |
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Richard Milner, an [[United States|American]] historian of science, has presented a case that Conan Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the [[Piltdown Man]] hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit [[Hominidae|hominid]] [[fossil]] that fooled the scientific world for over 40 years. Milner says that Conan Doyle had a motive, namely revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychics, and that [[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle)|''The Lost World'']] contains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in the hoax.<ref>Highfield, Roger, [http://www.arts.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml;jsessionid=JXWTHVY1DHO5NQFIQMGSNAGAVCBQWJVC?html=/archive/1997/03/20/npil20.html "The mysterious case of Conan Doyle and Piltdown Man."], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]], Thursday [[20 March]] [[1997]].</ref> |
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[[Samuel Rosenberg]]'s 1974 book ''[[Naked is the Best Disguise]]'' purports to explain how Conan Doyle left, throughout his writings, open clues that related to hidden and suppressed aspects of his mentality. |
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Conan Doyle was found clutching his chest in the family garden on [[7 July]] [[1930]]. He soon died of his [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], aged 71, and is buried in the Church Yard at [[Minstead]] in the [[New Forest]], [[Hampshire]], [[England]]. His last words were directed toward his wife: "You are wonderful." The epitaph on his gravestone reads:<br /> <p align=center> |
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STEEL TRUE<br /> |
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BLADE STRAIGHT<br /> |
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ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE<br /> |
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KNIGHT<br /> |
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PATRIOT, PHYSICIAN & MAN OF LETTERS</p> |
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Undershaw, the home Conan Doyle had built near [[Hindhead]], south of London, and lived in for at least a decade, was a hotel and restaurant from 1924 until 2004. It was then bought by a developer, and has been empty since then while conservationists and Conan Doyle fans fight to preserve it.<ref name="Leeman"/> |
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A statue honours Conan Doyle at Crowborough Cross in [[Crowborough]], [[East Sussex]], England, where Sir Arthur lived for 23 years. There is also a statue of Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, close to the house where Conan Doyle was born. |
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==Bibliography== |
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[[Image:Doyle Arthur Conan grave.jpg|right|thumb|Grave of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at Minstead, England]] |
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===Holmes books=== |
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{{Main|Canon of Sherlock Holmes}} |
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*''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'' (1887) |
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*''[[The Sign of Four]]'' (1890) |
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*''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1892) |
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*''[[The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1894) |
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*''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'' (1902) |
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*''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1904) |
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*''[[The Valley of Fear]]'' (1914) |
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*''[[His Last Bow]]'' (1917) |
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*''[[The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1927) |
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===Challenger stories=== |
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*''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle)|The Lost World]]'' (1912)<ref name=bleiler>Bibliographic information from: {{cite book | last=Bleiler | first=Everett | authorlink=Everett F. Bleiler | title=The Checklist of Fantastic Literature | location=Chicago | publisher=Shasta Publishers | pages=102 | date=1948}} |
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</ref> |
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*''[[The Poison Belt]]'' (1913)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Land of Mist]]'' (1926)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Disintegration Machine]]'' (1927) |
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*''[[When the World Screamed]]'' (1928) |
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===Historical novels=== |
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*''[[Micah Clarke]]'' (1888) |
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*''[[The White Company]]'' (1891) |
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*''[[The Great Shadow]]'' (1892) |
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*''[[The Refugees]]'' (publ. 1893, written 1892) |
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*''[[Rodney Stone]]'' (1896) |
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*''[[Uncle Bernac]]'' (1897) |
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*''[[Sir Nigel]]'' (1906) |
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*''[[The British Campaign in France and Flanders: 1914]]'' (1916) |
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===Other works=== |
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*"[[J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement]]" (1884), a story based on the fate of the ship ''[[Mary Celeste]]'' |
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*''[[The Mystery of Cloomber]]'' (1889) |
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*''[[The Firm of Girdlestone]]'' (1890) |
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*''[[The Captain of the Polestar, and other tales]]'' (1890) |
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*''[[The Great Keinplatz Experiment]]'' (1890)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Doings Of Raffles Haw]]'' (1891)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[Beyond the City]]'' (1892) |
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*''[[Jane Annie|Jane Annie, or the Good Conduct Prize]]'' (1893) |
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*''[[My Friend the Murderer and Other Mysteries and Adventures]]'' (1893)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[Round The Red Lamp]]'' (1894)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Parasite]]'' (1894)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Stark Munro Letters]]'' (1895) |
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*''[[Songs of Action]]'' (1898) |
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*''[[The Tragedy of The Korosko]]'' (1898) |
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*''[[A Duet]]'' (1899) |
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*''[[The Great Boer War]]'' (1900) |
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*''[[Brigadier Gerard|The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard]]'' (1903) |
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*''[[Through the Magic Door]]'' (1907) |
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*''[[Round the Fire Stories]]'' (1908)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Crime of the Congo]]'' (1909) |
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*''[[The Lost Gallery]]'' (1911)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Terror of Blue John Gap]]'' (1912) |
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*''[[Danger! and Other Stories]]'' (1918)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The New Revelation]]'' (1918) |
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*''[[The Horror of the Heights]]'' (1918) |
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*''[[The Vital Message]]'' (1919) |
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*''[[Tales of Terror & Mystery]]'' (1923) |
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*''[[The Black Doctor and Other Tales of Terror and Mystery]]'' (1925)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Dealings of Captain Sharkey]]'' (1925)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The Man from Archangel and Other Tales of Adventure]]'' (1925)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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*''[[The History of Spiritualism]]'' (1926) |
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*''[[The Maracot Deep]]'' (1929)<ref name=bleiler/> |
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==See also== |
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* The [[Toronto Public Library]] has an extensive collection of Arthur Conan Doyle's works. |
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*[[William Gillette]] Personal friend. Performed the most famous stage-version of ''Sherlock Holmes''. |
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* American horror writers [[Christopher Golden]] and [[Thomas E. Sniegoski]] feature Arthur Conan Doyle as a protagonist in their fictional “[[The Menagerie (books)|The Menagerie]]” series. |
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==Notes and references== |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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{{wikisource author|Arthur Conan Doyle}} |
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'''Biographical''' |
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*[http://sirconandoyle.com Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - His Life, All His Works, And More] |
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*[http://www.ash-tree.bc.ca/acds%20details.htm The Arthur Conan Doyle Society] |
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*[http://www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk The Sherlock Holmes Museum] |
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*[http://www.westminsteronline.org/conandoyle/index.html Arthur Conan Doyle Online Exhibition] |
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*[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/doyle Conan Doyle in Birmingham] |
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*[http://www.siracd.com/ The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle] |
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*[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/10932.html Arthur Conan Doyle: Cricket Statistics] |
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'''Real life cases''' |
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*[http://www.theplebeian.net/ Conan Doyle and the Parson's Son -The George Edalji case] |
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*[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/edalji The George Edalji Case] |
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*[http://www.crimefiction.com/slater.htm The Oscar Slater Case] |
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*[http://www.visitdunkeld.com/barnbougle-castle.htm The true legend of the Hound of the Baskervilles.] |
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'''Works''' |
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*{{gutenberg author|id=Arthur_Conan_Doyle|name=Arthur Conan Doyle}} |
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*[http://www.gutenberg.net.au/pages/doyle.html Works at Project Gutenberg Australia] |
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*[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/d/doyle/arthur_conan/ Online works available from The University of Adelaide Library] |
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*[http://sherlock.mindcop.net/etc/index.php Sherlock Holmes: Audio books] |
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*[http://camdenhouse.ignisart.com/canon/index.html The Complete Sherlock Holmes: Illustrated] |
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*[http://www.booksinmyphone.com/index.php?author=Arthur%20Conan%20Doyle Free to read on a cell phone] - Conan Doyle works. |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME=Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur; Conan Doyle, Arthur |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United Kingdom|British]] author of [[Sherlock Holmes]] |
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|DATE OF BIRTH=May 22, 1859 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH=July 7, 1930 |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Conan Doyle, Arthur}} |
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[[Category:Arthur Conan Doyle| ]] |
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[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Surrey]] |
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[[Category:Scottish mystery writers]] |
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Revision as of 19:02, 10 January 2008
He wrote sherlock holmes books.