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Revision as of 23:10, 19 January 2008

For other uses, see Bono (disambiguation).
Bono

Paul David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), known as Bono, is the lead singer and principal lyricist of the Irish rock band U2.[1] Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his wife, Ali Hewson, and the future members of U2.[2][3][4] Since that time he has been referred to as Bono, his stage- and nickname, by his family and fellow band members.[3] Almost all U2 lyrics are written by Bono and he often writes using political, social and religious themes.[1][5] During their early years, Bono's lyrics partly contributed to U2's rebellious tone.[1] As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences with members of U2.[1][3]

Bono has taken part in several other endeavors outside of U2 and has collaborated and recorded with numerous artists.[6][7][8] He has also participated in different business ventures. Bono sits on the board of Elevation Partners and has refurbished and now owns a hotel with fellow band member, The Edge.[9][10] Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA.[11] He has organized and played in several benefit concerts and has met with several, influential politicians throughout his lifetime.[12][11][13] He is furthermore the co-founder of EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red.[3] Bono has been the subject of both substantial praise and criticism due to his activism and involvement with U2.[14][15][16] Among numerous awards and nominations, Bono has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, was granted an honorary knighthood by the United Kingdom, and was named as a Person of the Year by Time.[14][17][18]

Biography

Childhood

Bono was raised in Dublin alongside his brother, Norman Hewson, by his mother, Iris (née Rankin), a Church of Ireland Protestant, and his father, Brendan Robert "Bob" Hewson, a Roman Catholic.[2][3] His parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Protestant and the second Catholic. [19] However, although Bono was the second child, he also attended Protestant services with his mother and brother.[19]

In 2005, he told Rolling Stone that "I believe there's a force of love and logic...behind the universe. And I believe in the poetic genius of a creator who would choose to express such unfathomable power as a child born in 'straw poverty'; i.e., the story of Christ makes sense to me." He added, "I guess that would make me a Christian. Although I don't use the label, because it is very hard to live up to. I feel like I'm the worst example of it, so I just kinda keep my mouth shut."[20]

Bono was 14 when his mother died on 10 September 1974 of a cerebral aneurysm at her father's funeral.[3] Many songs from U2's albums, including "I Will Follow", "Mofo", "Out of Control", "Lemon" and "Tomorrow", focus on the loss of his mother.[21][22][3][23] Many other songs focus on the theme of childhood vs. maturity such as "Into the Heart," "Twilight" and "Stories for Boys."

Personal life

Bono is married to Alison Hewson (née Alison Stewart). Their relationship began in 1975 and the couple was married on 21 August, 1982 in a Church of Ireland (Anglican) ceremony at All Saints Church, Raheny (built by the Guinness family), with Adam Clayton acting as Bono's best man.[4] The couple has four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve, and sons Elijah Bob Patricius and John Abraham.[24] Bono lives in Killiney in south County Dublin, Ireland, with his family and shares a villa in Èze in the Alpes-Maritimes in the south of France with U2 bandmate The Edge, as well as an apartment at The San Remo in Manhattan.[25]

Bono is almost never seen in public without wearing sunglasses. During a Rolling Stone interview he stated:

[I have] very sensitive eyes to light. If somebody takes my photograph, I will see the flash for the rest of the day. My right eye swells up. I've a blockage there, so that my eyes go red a lot. So it's part vanity, it's part privacy and part sensitivity.[26]

Stage name

Bono on stage in 1983

Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called "Lypton Village," which had a ritual of nickname-giving. He had several names: first, he was "Steinvic von Huyseman", then just "Huyseman", then "Houseman", then "Bon Murray", "Bono Vox of O'Connell Street", and finally just "Bono".[3]

"Bono Vox" is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to "a good voice", as in "I'd do anything for a good voice". It is said he was nicknamed "Bono Vox" by his friend Gavin Friday, after a hearing aid shop they regularly passed in Dublin because he sang so loudly he seemed to be singing for the deaf. Initially, Bono did not like this name. However, when he learned it loosely translated to "good voice", he accepted it. Hewson has been known as "Bono" since the late seventies, even before formation of U2. Although he uses Bono as his stage name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono, including his wife and fellow band members.[3]

U2

U2 performing at Madison Square Garden in November 2005.

In 1976, Bono responded to an advertisement by fellow student Larry Mullen Jr. to form a rock band, as did The Edge (David Howell Evans), Dick Evans, and Adam Clayton. Their band went with the name "Feedback" for a few months, and changed it to "The Hype" later on. After Dick (nicknamed 'Dik') Evans left the group to join another local band, the Virgin Prunes, the remaining four officially changed the name from "The Hype" to "U2". Initially Bono sang, played guitar, and wrote the band's songs. He said of his early guitar playing in a 1982 interview, "When we started out I was the guitar player, along with the Edge - except I couldn't play guitar. I still can't. I was such a lousy guitar player that one day they broke it to me that maybe I should sing instead. I had tried before but I had no voice at all. I remember the day I found I could sing. I said, 'Oh, that's how you do it.'"[27] When The Edge's guitar playing improved, Bono was relegated mostly to the microphone, although he occasionally still plays rhythm guitar and harmonica.

Bono writes the lyrics for almost all U2 songs, often rich in social and political themes.[1] Frequently his lyrics allude to a religious connection or meaning, evident in songs such as "Gloria" from the band's album October and "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For", from The Joshua Tree album.[5] During the band's early years, Bono was known for his rebellious tone which turned to political anger and rage during the band's War, The Joshua Tree and Rattle and Hum eras.[1] Following the Enniskillen bombing that left 11 dead and 63 injured on 8 November 1987, the Provisional IRA paramilitaries threatened to kidnap Bono. IRA supporters also attacked a vehicle carrying the band members. These acts were in response to his speech condemning the Remembrance Day Bombing during a live performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday".[3] The singer had been advised to cut his on-stage outburst from the Rattle and Hum film, but it was left in.[28]

U2's sound and focus dramatically changed with their next album, Achtung Baby. Bono's lyrics became more personal, inspired by experiences related to the private lives of the members of the band.[1][3] During the band's Zoo TV Tour several of his stage personas were showcased; these included "The Fly", a stereotypical rock star, the "Mirror Ball Man", a parody of American televangelists, and "Mr. MacPhisto", a combination of a corrupted rock star and the Devil.[1][3]

During performances he attempts to interact with the crowd as often as possible and is known for pulling audience members onto the stage or moving himself down to the physical level of the audience.[3] This has happened on several occasions including at the Live Aid concert in 1985 where he leapt off the stage, over a security barricade to the floor of the arena, and pulled a woman from the crowd to dance with her as the band played "Bad", and in 2005 during U2's Vertigo Tour stop in Chicago, where he pulled a boy onto the stage during the song "An Cat Dubh / Into the Heart".[3][29]

Bono has won numerous awards with U2, including 22 Grammy awards and a Golden Globe award for best original song, "The Hands That Built America" for the film Gangs of New York.[15][30] In 2005, the U2 band members were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility.[31]

Other endeavors

In addition to his work with U2, he has collaborated with, Frank Sinatra,[6] Johnny Cash,[7] Willie Nelson,[32] Luciano Pavarotti,[33] Sinéad O'Connor,[34] Roy Orbison,[35] Bob Dylan,[8] Tina Turner,[36] and BB King.[37] He has recorded with Ray Charles,[38] Quincy Jones,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Bruce Springsteen,[39] Tony Bennett,[40] Clannad,[41] The Corrs,[42] and Wyclef Jean,[43] as well as reportedly completing an unreleased duet with Jennifer Lopez.[44] On Robbie Robertson's 1987 eponymous album, he plays bass guitar and vocals.[45] On Michael Hutchence's 1999 posthumous eponymous album Bono completed a recording of Slide Away as a duet with Hutchence.[46]

In 1992, together with The Edge, Bono bought and refurbished Dublin's two-star 70-bedroom Clarence Hotel and converted it into a five-star 49-bedroom hotel.[10] The Edge and Bono have also recorded several songs together, exclusive of the band. They have also been working on penning the score for the upcoming Spider-Man Musical.[47] Bono is on the board of the Elevation Partners private-equity firm, which attempted to purchase Eidos Interactive in 2005 and has since gone on to invest in other entertainment businesses.[9][48] Bono is a known Celtic F.C. fan,[24] and in 1998 it was rumored that Bono was going to buy shares in the Scottish club.[49] However, it was reported on 28 April 1998 that this was not the case with Bono saying "it's rubbish. I've been to a couple of games and I'm a fan, but I've got no financial connections."[50]

In May 2007, MTV reported that Bono is working on a collection of poetry entitled "Third Rail".[51] Bono said the poetry is inspired by rock music. The book's foreword gives detail of the meanings of the poetry, saying "The poets who fill the pews here have come to testify, to bear witness to the mysterious power of rock and roll...Rock and roll is truly a broad church, but each lights a candle to their vision of what it is."[51] The collection, which is edited by poet Jonathan Wells, contains titles such as "Punk Rock You're My Big Crybaby," "Variation on a Theme by Whitesnake" and "Vince Neil Meets Josh in a Chinese Restaurant in Malibu (After Ezra Pound)."[51] Bono has invested in the Forbes Media group in the US through his private equity investment firm Elevation Partners. Elevation Partners became the first outsider to invest in the company, taking a minority stake in Forbes Media LLC, a new company encompassing the 89-year-old business which includes Forbes magazine, the Forbes.com website and other assets. The terms of the deal were not disclosed, but reports said the stake was worth about €194 million ($250m).[52]

In film, Bono has played the character of "Dr. Robert", an anti-war shaman, in the musical, Across the Universe.[53]. Also in this movie, he sang the Beatles songs I am the Walrus and Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. Bono's other acting credits include cameos in 1999's "Entropy" and 2000's "Million Dollar Hotel." In 2000 he acted as himself in the short film Sightings of Bono adapted from a short story by Irish writer Gerard Beirne.

Humanitarian work

In a 1986 interview with Rolling Stone magazine Bono explained that he was motivated to become involved in social and political causes by seeing one of the benefit shows staged by Monty Python's John Cleese and producer Martin Lewis for the human-rights organization Amnesty International in 1979.[54] "I saw 'The Secret Policeman's Ball' and it became a part of me. It sowed a seed..."[54] In 2001 Bono arranged for U2 to videotape a special live performance for that year's Amnesty benefit show. Introducing the performance, Bono referred to The Secret Policeman's Ball as "a mysterious and extraordinary event that certainly changed my life..."

Bono and U2 performed on Amnesty's Conspiracy Of Hope tour of the United States in 1986 alongside Sting.[12] U2 also performed in the Band Aid and Live Aid projects, organized by Bob Geldof.[55] In 1984, Bono sang on the Band Aid single "Do They Know it's Christmas?/Feed the World" (a role that was reprised on the 2004 Band Aid 20 single of the same name).[56] Geldof and Bono later collaborated to organize the 2005 Live 8 project, where U2 also performed.[13]

Bono with President Lula da Silva of Brazil
Bono & U.S. President George W. Bush

Since 1999, Bono has become increasingly involved in campaigning for third-world debt relief and raising awareness of the plight of Africa, including the AIDS pandemic. In the past decade Bono has met with several influential politicians, including United States President George W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin.[57] During a March 2002 visit to the White House, after President Bush unveiled a $5 billion aid package, he accompanied the President for a speech on the White House lawn. He stated, "This is an important first step, and a serious and impressive new level of commitment. ... This must happen urgently, because this is a crisis."[57] In May of that year, Bono took US Treasury Secretary Paul H. O'Neill on a four-country tour of Africa. In 2005 Bono spoke on CBC Radio, alleging Prime Minister Martin was being slow about increasing Canada's foreign aid.[58]

Bono spoke in advance of President Bush at the 54th Annual National Prayer Breakfast, held at the Hilton Washington Hotel on 2 February, 2006. In a speech peppered with biblical references, Bono encouraged the care of the socially and economically depressed. His comments included a call for an extra 1% "tithe" of the United States' national budget. He brought his Christian views into harmony with other faiths by noting that Christian, Jewish, and Muslim writings all call for the care of the widow, orphan, and stranger. Bono continued by saying much work is left to be done to be a part of God's ongoing purposes.[11]

The organization DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa) was established in 2002 by Bono and Bobby Shriver, along with activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign.[59] It is DATA's mission to eradicate poverty and HIV/AIDS in Africa.[59] DATA encourages Americans to contact senators and other legislators and elected officials to voice their opinions.[59]

In early 2005, Bono, his wife Ali Hewson, and New York-based Irish fashion designer Rogan Gregory launched the socially conscious line EDUN in an attempt to shift the focus in Africa from aid to trade.[60] EDUN's goal is to use factories in Africa, South America, and India that provide fair wages to workers and practice good business ethics to create a business model that will encourage investment in developing nations.[61]

Product Red is an initiative begun by Bono and Bobby Shriver to raise money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.[62] Bobby Shriver has been announced as the CEO of Product Red, whilst Bono is currently an active public spokesperson for the brand. Product Red is a brand that is licensed to partner companies, such as American Express, Apple Computer, Converse, Motorola, The Gap, and Giorgio Armani.[63] Each company creates a product with the Product Red logo and a percentage of the profits from the sale of these labelled products will go to the Global Fund.[64]

Bono was a special guest editor of the July 2007 issue of Vanity Fair magazine. The issue was named "The Africa Issue: Politics & Power" and featured an assortment of 20 different covers, with photographs by Annie Leibovitz, taken of a number of prominent celebrities, political leaders, and philanthropists, each one showcased in the issue for their contributions to the humanitarian relief in Africa.[65]

Bono has become one of the world's best-known philanthropic performers.[66][67] He has been dubbed, "the face of fusion philanthropy",[68] both for his success enlisting powerful allies from a diverse spectrum of leaders in government, religious institutions, philanthropic organizations, popular media, and the business world, as well as for spearheading new organizational networks binding global humanitarian relief with geopolitical activism and corporate commercial enterprise.[69]

Bono was honored by NBC Nightly News on November 2007 as someone who has been "making a difference" in the world.[70] He and Nightly anchor Brian Williams had traveled to Africa in May 2007, to showcase the humanitarian crisis on the continent.[71]

Praise and criticism

Recognition

File:Bono Liberty Medal.jpg
Bono after accepting the Philadelphia Liberty Medal on 2007-09-27

Criticism

In 2003, during the Golden Globe Awards ceremony being broadcast live by NBC, Bono referred to his reception of his band's award for "The Hands That Built America" as being "really, really fucking brilliant!"[85] In response, the Parents Television Council condemned Bono for his profanity and started a campaign for its members to file complaints with the FCC.[86] Although Bono's use of "fuck" violated FCC indecency standards, the FCC refused to fine NBC because the network did not receive advance notice of the consequences of broadcasting such profanity and the profanity in question was not used in its literal sexual meaning.[87]

Bono and the other members of U2 moved part of their multi-million euro song catalogue from Ireland to a tax shelter in Amsterdam, six months before Ireland ended a tax exemption on musicians' royalties.[16] Until then U2 benefited from the artists' tax exemption introduced by the late Taoiseach Charles Haughey. Future income will fall under Dutch tax law, which charges bands like U2 very low to nonexistent tax rates.[16] By moving its major assets to Amsterdam, U2 no longer pays tax on income from their artistic ventures as residents in Ireland.[88] Moving their taxable status to a nation with a lower tax rate, U2 may have also placed a greater tax burden on others in their homeland.[89] U2's manager, Paul McGuinness, stated that the arrangement is legal and customary and businesses often seek to minimize their tax burdens.[16] The move prompted criticisms in the Oireachtas (Irish parliament).[88][90]

On December 15, 2005 Paul Theroux published an op-ed in the New York Times called The Rock Star's Burden criticizing Bono, Brad Pitt, and Angelina Jolie as "mythomaniacs, people who wish to convince the world of their worth." Theroux, who lived in Africa as a Peace Corps Volunteer and a university teacher, added that "the impression that Africa is fatally troubled and can be saved only by outside help—not to mention celebrities and charity concerts—is a destructive and misleading conceit."[91] Bono responded to critics in Times Online on February 19, 2006 calling them "cranks carping from the sidelines. A lot of them wouldn’t know what to do if they were on the field. They’re the party who will always be in opposition so they’ll never have to take responsibility for decisions because they know they’ll never be able to implement them. "[92]

In November 2007, the charity campaigns which Bono is involved with were criticized by Jobs Selasie, head of the charity African Aid Action. Selasie claims that these charities have increased corruption and dependency in Africa because they have failed to work with African entrepreneurs and grassroots organizations, and as a result, Africa has become more dependent on international handouts.[93]

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Bono.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bono.

References

Further reading

  • Assayas, Michka. (2005). Bono on Bono: Conversations with Michka Assayas. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
  • Vagacs, R. (2005). Religious Nuts, Political Fanatics: U2 in Theological Perspective. Eugene: Cascade Books.
  • Stockman, S. (2005). Walk On: The Spiritual Journey Of U2. Lake Mary: Relevant Books.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Byrne, K. (Unknown last update). U2 biography: Bono (from @U2). Retrieved February 12 2007, from http://www.atu2.com/band/bono/index.html
  2. ^ a b Macphisto.net. (2006). U2 Biography - Bono. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from MacPhisto.net
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Assayas, Michka (2005). Bono on Bono: Conversations with Michka Assayas. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-83276-2.
  4. ^ a b @U2. (Unknown last update). Biography:Adam Clayton. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from atu2.com; Moss, V. (2006, December 24). The Unforgettable Sire. Sunday Mirror. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from The Unforgettable Sire; McIntosh, E. (2006, October 3). In music and love, U2 has staying power. Staten Island Advance.
  5. ^ a b Stockman, S. (2005). Walk On: The Spiritual Journey Of U2. Florida: Relevant Books.
  6. ^ a b Simon, S. (Host). (1993, November 13). Weekend Edition Saturday. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.
  7. ^ a b Lost Highway Records. (2005, October 10). News. Retrieved May 05, 2007, from http://www.johnnycashmusic.com/news.html
  8. ^ a b Bono (1984, August 10). BONO, BOB AND VAN. Hot Press
  9. ^ a b Elevation Partners. (2007). Introduction to Elevation Partners. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.elevation.com/images/Elevation_Partners_Intro.pdf
  10. ^ a b The Clarence Hotel. (Unknown last update). At the Clarence. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.theclarence.ie/dublin_hotel
  11. ^ a b c Bono. (2006, February). Remarks at the National Prayer Breakfast. Speech presented at Hilton Washington Hotel at Washington, D.C.
  12. ^ a b Booth, C. (1986, June 23). Conspiracy of Hope Tour. Time, 127.
  13. ^ a b Wolinsky, D. (2005, May 31). DMB, U2 Lead Live 7 Shows. Rolling Stones. Retrieved July 25, 2007, from Rolling Stone
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  15. ^ a b GRAMMY Winners List grammy.com. Retrieved October 15 2006
  16. ^ a b c d Browning, Lynnley (2007-02-04). "The Netherlands, the New Tax Shelter Hot Spot". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  17. ^ a b [Unknown Author] (2006, December 23). Honorary knighthood for U2's Bono. BBC News. Retrieved January 14 2007, from BBC.co.uk
  18. ^ a b Gibbs, N. (2005, December 26). The Good Samaritans. Time, 166.
  19. ^ a b http://www.amazon.com/Unforgettable-Fire-Eamon-Dunphy/dp/0446389749
  20. ^ Jann S. Wenner, Interview, Rolling Stone, Nov. 3, 2005. Quoted in The Rolling Stones Interviews (Wenner and Joe Levy, ed., New York, Boston, and London: Black Bay Books, 2007), pp. 464-5.
  21. ^ Ripperda, J. (1998, February 20). Boy - I Will Follow. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from http://hem.bredband.net/steverud/U2MoL/Boy/follow.html
  22. ^ McCormick, N. (1997, January 01). Growing Up With U2. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from [1]
  23. ^ Schruers, F. (May 1 1983). U2. Musician, 7.
  24. ^ a b IMDB. (Unknown last update). Bono - Biography. Retrieved May 02, 2005, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095104/bio
  25. ^ Scott, P. (2006, August 11). St Bono the hypocrite? Daily Mail. Retrieved January 14 2007, from St Bono the hypocrite?
  26. ^ Bonos (Speaker). (2005). Interview with J. Wenner. Bono: The Rolling Stone Interview. Rolling Stone, New York, New York.
  27. ^ "Bono in San Antonio". U2 magazine, No. 3. May 1, 1982. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
  28. ^ Hamlyn, M. (Producer), & Joanou, P. (Director). (1988). Rattle and Hum [Motion Picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  29. ^ O'Hanlon, N. (Producer), & Hamish, H. (Director). (2005). Vertigo 2005//U2 Live From Chicago [Motion Picture]. United States: 3DD Entertainment.
  30. ^ HFPA. (Unknown last update). HFPA Awards Search. Retrieved February 12 2007, from http://www1.hfpa.org/browse/member/28459
  31. ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. (2005) Inductee Detail. Retrieved February 12 2007, from http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=2348
  32. ^ U2. (1998). Slow Dancing. On If God Will Send His Angels [CD-Single]. New York: Island Records.
  33. ^ Louie, R. (1996, February 6). Short Takes. Buffalo News. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from Opera man Luciano Pavarotti wants to be hip
  34. ^ Voyer, R. (2005, October 01). Splendid Magazine reviews Sinéad O'Connor. Splendid. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from splendidezine.com
  35. ^ Orbison, R. (1989). She's a Mystery to Me. On Mystery Girl [CD]. London: Virgin Records.
  36. ^ Various Artists. (1995). Goldeneye. On Goldeneye: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack [CD]. New York: Virgin Records
  37. ^ U2. (1988). When Love Comes to Town. On Rattle and Hum [CD]. New York: Island Records.
  38. ^ U2 Wanderer. (Unknown last update). U2 Discography - Q's Jook Joint. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.u2wanderer.org/disco/coll23.html
  39. ^ Stanley, A. (2007 May 19). Bruce Springsteen: THE RISING TOUR 2003-2003 FINAL TOUR STATISTICS. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.echoes.com/greymatter/archives/00000082.html
  40. ^ TonyBennett.net. (Unknown last update). Tony Bennett, Columbia Records. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.tonybennett.net/
  41. ^ U2tour.de. (Unknown last update). In A Lifetime (Clannad & Bono). Retrieved July 04, 2007 from u2tour.de
  42. ^ Cashmere, P. (2004, April 14). The Corrs Record Another Bono Song. Undercover Media. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from undercover.com.au
  43. ^ U2Wanderer.org. (Unknown last update). U2 Discography - New Day Single. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.u2wanderer.org/disco/newday.html
  44. ^ Barile, L.A. (2003, March 28). PASSAGES: Jennifer Lopez's Latest Duet. People. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,625803,00.html
  45. ^ Robbie Robertson. (1987). Sweet Fire of Love. On Robbie Robertson [CD-Album]. Santa Monica: Geffen Records.
  46. ^ Williams, L. (2006) Michael Hutchence's Brother Praises Kylie And Bono for their discretion and respect 8/15/2006. Retrieved 6/6/07.
  47. ^ Kit, B. (2007, April 19). Bono, Edge Penning Tunes For 'Spider-Man' Musical. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003574114
  48. ^ Fahey, R. (2005, April 22). Elevation Partners withdraws its offer for Eidos. gi. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=8195
  49. ^ (1998) Sport: Football - Keep Celtic alive and kicking: Kerr. BBC Online. Retrieved 6/6/07.
  50. ^ BONO JUDGES JIM KERR OFFSIDE ON CELTIC SHOWBIZ CONSORTIUM
  51. ^ a b c MTV News staff. (2007, May 17). U2 frontman writes forward to poetry collection. MTV News. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559829/20070517/panic_at_the_disco.jhtml
  52. ^ RTE; New York Times; Business Week
  53. ^ IMDB Bono. Retrieved September 27, 2007, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095104/#actor
  54. ^ a b Boyd, B. (2006, October 20). A secret history of the old Ball game. Irish Times. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.ireland.com/theticket/articles/2006/1020/1160606784745.html
  55. ^ Flannery, M. (1985, July 15). Bob Geldof. Philadelphia Daily News, pp. L15.
  56. ^ Palmer, R. (1985, April 21). Music becomes food for the hungry. New York Times, section 1, page 60, column 1.
  57. ^ a b Denny, C., & Black, I. (2002, March 15). US and Europe boost aid to poorest countries. The Guardian. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,667739,00.html
  58. ^ Harris, K. (2005, April 23). Bono Upset at PM. Toronto Sun. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.torontosun.com/News/Canada/2005/04/23/1009529-sun.html
  59. ^ a b c debt AIDS trade africa. (2007). Our Mission. Retrieved July 07, 2007, from http://www.data.org/about/mission.html
  60. ^ EDUN (Unknown last update). About EDUN. Retrieved March 24, 2007, from http://www.edun.ie/about.asp
  61. ^ EDUN. (Unknown Last Update). FAQs. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.edun.ie/faq.asp
  62. ^ Persuaders, LLC. (2007). What RED Is, How RED Works. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.joinred.com/red/
  63. ^ Persuaders, LLC. (2007). Products. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.joinred.com/products/
  64. ^ Smykil, J. (2006, November 4). Update: The Other Red meat "charity". Message posted to arstechnica.com; Macintouch Reader Reports. (2006, November 7). Fraud Reports: Jack Campbell. Retrieved January 14 2007, from macintouch.com
  65. ^ "The Africa Issue: Politics & Power", Vanity Fair July 2007. [2] The concept behind the 20 covers was termed as to represent a "visual chain letter". Covers feature 21 individuals: Don Cheadle, Barack Obama, Muhammad Ali, Bono, Queen Rania of Jordan, Condoleezza Rice, George W. Bush, Desmond Tutu, Brad Pitt, Djimon Hounsou, Madonna, Maya Angelou, Chris Rock, Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, Oprah Winfrey, George Clooney, Jay-Z, Alicia Keys, and Iman Abdulmajid
  66. ^ Michael Anft, Brennen Jensen, and Ian Wilhelm, "Voicing Support for Charity", The Chronicle of Philanthropy August 3 2006 [3]
  67. ^ Dean Goodman, "Hollywood Hails U2's Bono for Philanthropy", Reuters New Media February 15, 2002[4]
  68. ^ Tom Zeller, Jr., "Trying to Throw His Arms Around the World", New York Times, November 13, 2006 [5]
  69. ^ Nancy Gibbs, "The Good Samaritans", TIME December 19, 2005 [6]
  70. ^ "Bono thanks you," NBC Nightly News, Nov. 3, 2007 [7]
  71. ^ NBC Nightly News, "Brian Williams in Africa," May 2007 [8]
  72. ^ Langlois, F. (2004, September 23). John Ralston Saul awarded the Pablo Neruda International Presidential Medal of Honour. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4267
  73. ^ Unknown Author. (2003, February 18). Bono Among Nobel Peace Prize Nominees. WNBC. Retrieved January 14 2007, from Bono Among Nobel Peace Prize Nominees
  74. ^ Unknown Author. (2005, February 25). Bono given chance for Peace Prize. The Scotsman. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=596&id=214402005 Scotsman.com]
  75. ^ Bono. Internet Movie Database. Unknown author. retrieved April 10 2007 from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095104/bio
  76. ^ "2004 TIME 100", Time Magazine, 26 April {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  77. ^ "2006 TIME 100", Time Magazine: page 84, 2006 {{citation}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  78. ^ Revista Visão. Retrieved March 30 2007, from http://visao.clix.pt/default.asp?CpContentId=327396
  79. ^ [Unknown Author] (2006, December 23). Bono gets honorary knighthood. RTÉ News. Retrieved January 14 2007, from RTE
  80. ^ [Unknown Author], (2007, March 29). Don't call him 'sir': U2's Bono knighted. Associated Press. Retrieved March 29 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17854722/
  81. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation. (2002, August 21). 100 great British heroes. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm
  82. ^ Bono Receives 38th NIA Chairman's Award
  83. ^ [9]
  84. ^ Yahoo.com, Bono gets medal for his work in Africa
  85. ^ Boliek, Brooks (2007-06-05). "Appeals court throws out FCC indecency ruling". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2007-08-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  86. ^ "PTC CONDEMNS NBC" (Press release). Parents Television Council. 2003-01-20. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  87. ^ Ahrens, Frank (2004-03-19). "FCC Says Bono Profanity Violated Standards, but Won't Fine NBC". The Washington Post. pp. E1. Retrieved 2007-07-16. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  88. ^ a b Bono, Preacher on Poverty, Tarnishes Halo With Irish Tax Move
  89. ^ Peterkin, Tom (August 8, 2006). "U2 move their assets out of Ireland". Telegraph. Telegraph Group Limited. Retrieved 2007-01-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Strom, D. (2007, January 8). Kudos for Bono. Townhall.com. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.townhall.com/columnists/DavidStrom/2007/01/08/kudos_for_bono
  90. ^ Hyde, Marina (February, 2007). "They live like aristocrats. Now they think like them". Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 2007-02-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  91. ^ New York Times
  92. ^ timesonline.co.uk
  93. ^ "Bono and Bob Geldof increase Africa's problems say charity", NME November 23 2007 [10]


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