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The Huns lost their agricultural dependencies in the "Western Territory" of the Chinese annals, turned west to find new dependencies, and split again. The "Weak" Huns remained in Semirechje, where they established a princedom '''Chuban''', commonly called in the literature by its Chinese rendition '''Yueban''', which existed for 300 years from 160es CE until 480es CE, and the strongest Huns left to Europe, where they finished with Alans, Goths, and, surrounded by new Ugrian and Caucasian allies, reached Rome. Grave defeats inflicted by the Huns on many European peoples created them in the west a reputation of bandits and robbers, while the Chinese authors characterized them as people most acculturate of all "barbarians". <ref>Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph15.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
The Huns lost their agricultural dependencies in the "Western Territory" of the Chinese annals, turned west to find new dependencies, and split again. The "Weak" Huns remained in Semirechje, where they established a princedom '''Chuban''', commonly called in the literature by its Chinese rendition '''Yueban''', which existed for 300 years from 160es CE until 480es CE, and the strongest Huns left to Europe, where they finished with Alans, Goths, and, surrounded by new Ugrian and Caucasian allies, reached Rome. Grave defeats inflicted by the Huns on many European peoples created them in the west a reputation of bandits and robbers, while the Chinese authors characterized them as people most acculturate of all "barbarians". <ref>Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph15.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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'''Chuban''' (Yueban) are those Huns who in the 2nd century CE settled in Tarbagatai. Later Chuban moved to [[Zhetysu|Jeti-su]]. In the 5th century they were conquered by Uigurs and split into four tribes: [[Chuyue]], [[Chumi]], [[Chumuhun]], [[Chuban]]. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph16.htm (In Russian)</ref> In the literature, the Chu tribes of Late Antique period are also called by their generic appelation '''Middle Asian Huns'''. The Middle Asian Huns formed a possession '''Chuban''' (Yueban)in Jeti-su. A.N.Bernshtam correlated the Chinese "Yueban" with the tribal name Chuban and with related Chuyue, Chumi, Chumugun, all of them descendants of the Huns. The Chuyue branch, intermixing with [[Turkuts]], formed a tribe [[Shato]] in Southern [[Dzungaria]], west from the lake [[Barkul]]. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
'''Chuban''' (Yueban) are those Huns who in the 2nd century CE settled in Tarbagatai. Later Chuban moved to [[Zhetysu|Jeti-su]]. In the 5th century they were conquered by Uigurs and split into four tribes: [[Chuyue]], [[Chumi]], [[Chumuhun]], [[Chuban]]. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph16.htm (In Russian)</ref> In the literature, the Chu tribes of Late Antique period are also called by their generic appelation '''Middle Asian Huns'''. The Middle Asian Huns formed a possession '''Chuban''' (Yueban)in Jeti-su. A.N.Bernshtam correlated the Chinese "Yueban" with the tribal name Chuban and with related Chuyue, Chumi, Chumugun, all of them descendants of the Huns. The Chuyue branch, intermixing with [[Uyghur people|Turkuts]], formed a tribe [[Shato Turks|Shato]] in Southern [[Dzungaria]], west from the lake [[Barkul]]. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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The Chuban (Yueban) Huns took advantage of [[Abar]] weakness, and spread to the whole Jeti-su. Later, Abars returned to the Jeti-su, but not any more as an independent tribe. They had to cooperate with [[Mukrins]], one of [[Syanbi]] tribes that in the 2nd century AD |
The Chuban (Yueban) Huns took advantage of [[Abar]] weakness, and spread to the whole Jeti-su. Later, Abars returned to the Jeti-su, but not any more as an independent tribe. They had to cooperate with [[Mukrins]], one of [[Xianbei|Syanbi]] tribes that in the 2nd century AD carted to the Tianshan slopes, and retained there their independence for some time under a name of a '''Western Syanbi horde'''. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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In 448 Toba Dao received an embassy from Chuban (Yueban) princedom, from the Middle Asian branch of the Huns, who at that time were living in Tarbagatai and Western Dzungaria. Negotiations, recorded in history, meant a conclusion of an alliance which could have had only one purpose, a war with [[Rouran|Jujans]]. If the Chubans would pressure Jujans from the west, the Jujans at once would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the [[Jujan Empire]] began declining. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
In 448 Toba Dao received an embassy from Chuban (Yueban) princedom, from the Middle Asian branch of the Huns, who at that time were living in Tarbagatai and Western Dzungaria. Negotiations, recorded in history, meant a conclusion of an alliance which could have had only one purpose, a war with [[Rouran|Jujans]]. If the Chubans would pressure Jujans from the west, the Jujans at once would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the [[Nomadic empire|Jujan Empire]] began declining. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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Based on his reconstructions of the events of the Chuban (Yueban) history, [[Lev Gumilev|L.N.Gumilev]] argued against a widespread view that the Jujans were the "Abars" ([[Avars]]) who pushed Sabirs, starting a "[[Great Migration|Great Migration of people]]", because the Chuban (Yueban) state separated Jujan Empire from the Siberia peoples, and therefore the Jujans did not border on Sabirs. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9 Note 26, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
Based on his reconstructions of the events of the Chuban (Yueban) history, [[Lev Gumilev|L.N.Gumilev]] argued against a widespread view that the Jujans were the "Abars" ([[Avars]]) who pushed Sabirs, starting a "[[Great Migration|Great Migration of people]]", because the Chuban (Yueban) state separated Jujan Empire from the Siberia peoples, and therefore the Jujans did not border on Sabirs. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9 Note 26, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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By the 6th century CE the [[Chuy]] [[Hun]], [[Abar]], and [[Mukrins]] tribes merged and formed [[Turgesh]] people. The Chuban (Yueban) state survived to the end of 480es. Its independence was destroyed by [[Teleuts]], who split from the [[Nomadic empire|Jujan Empire]] in 487. But the Teleut's luck was short-lived, first the [[Ephtalites]] conquered them in 495-496, then Jujans crushed them, and at last in 547 [[Turkuts]] subdued Teleuts. But the Chuban descendants of the Middle Asia Huns lived on. They formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban, playing a huge role during the existence of the [[Great Turkic Kaganate]] and thereafter, but at that time the Huns' descendants were already known under new tribal names. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
By the 6th century CE the [[Chuy]] [[Hun]], [[Abar]], and [[Mukrins]] tribes merged and formed [[Turgesh]] people. The Chuban (Yueban) state survived to the end of 480es. Its independence was destroyed by [[Teleuts]], who split from the [[Nomadic empire|Jujan Empire]] in 487. But the Teleut's luck was short-lived, first the [[Hephthalite|Ephtalites]] conquered them in 495-496, then Jujans crushed them, and at last in 547 [[Uyghur people|Turkuts]] subdued Teleuts. But the Chuban descendants of the Middle Asia Huns lived on. They formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban, playing a huge role during the existence of the [[Turkic Khaganate|Great Turkic Kaganate]] and thereafter, but at that time the Huns' descendants were already known under new tribal names. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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==Theism, spirits, and magic== |
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No records address Chuy Huns' religion, shamanic cures, and magic, though Chinese annals depict outward religious rites and magic. A narration about Yuebans tells about sorcerers, able to cause frost and rainstorm. During a war with Jujans, Yueban sorcerers incited a snowstorm against Jujans, who had so many frost-bitten that they had to stop their campaign and retreat. A similar legend is later told about [[Avar]] sorcerers in a war with [[Francs]], and [[Naiman]] sorcerers against [[Chingis-Khan]]. <ref>Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.7 http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/OT/ot07.htm (In Russian)</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 07:20, 21 January 2008
Chumuhun is one of six Chuy Hun tribes, the name Chumuhun was used by Chinese historians as a collective name for the six Chu tribes: Chuüe, Chumi, Chumuhun, Chuban, and two divisions of Shato which sprung from the Chuüe (Pinyin: Chuyue, Ch. 處月 Chuyue = 'abode of the Moon [god]').
The Chuy Hun tribes were also collectively called Üeban (Pinyin: Yueban) "Weak Huns" by the Chinese historians, Üeban Huns underwent a strong influence of the Sogdian culture[1]. The Chuy-descendent tribe Kimak was one of the Türkic tribes known from Arab and Persian Middle Age writers as one of the seven tribes in the Kimak Kaganate in the period of 743-1050 AD. The other six constituent tribes per Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) were Kipchaks, Imi, Tatars, Bayandur, Lanikaz, and Ajlad. The present endoethnonym of the Chuy Hun descendents is Chuy Kiji, Türkic for "Chuy People"[2].
Chuban (Yueban) state
Between 155 and 166 the old Hun dependents Syanbi (Pinyin: Hsien-pi/Hsien-pei/Xienbi) Tungus tribes confederated under Tian-Shih-huai (Pinyin rendition) conducted a series of campaigns against Western (Nothern) Hun dominance, leading Huns to a major defeat and a start of a westward migration (93-c.380). The defeat ended the prominence of the Huns as a major power in inner Asia. The western border of Tian-Shih-huai state leaped 6,5 thousand km from Ussuri to the meridian of Volga or Ural, Tian-Shih-huai expelled Huns from Dzungaria to beyond the Tarbagatai, and pushed Dinlins beyond the Sayan mountains. This siyuation lasted for 400 years.
The Huns lost their agricultural dependencies in the "Western Territory" of the Chinese annals, turned west to find new dependencies, and split again. The "Weak" Huns remained in Semirechje, where they established a princedom Chuban, commonly called in the literature by its Chinese rendition Yueban, which existed for 300 years from 160es CE until 480es CE, and the strongest Huns left to Europe, where they finished with Alans, Goths, and, surrounded by new Ugrian and Caucasian allies, reached Rome. Grave defeats inflicted by the Huns on many European peoples created them in the west a reputation of bandits and robbers, while the Chinese authors characterized them as people most acculturate of all "barbarians". [3]
Chuban (Yueban) are those Huns who in the 2nd century CE settled in Tarbagatai. Later Chuban moved to Jeti-su. In the 5th century they were conquered by Uigurs and split into four tribes: Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, Chuban. [4] In the literature, the Chu tribes of Late Antique period are also called by their generic appelation Middle Asian Huns. The Middle Asian Huns formed a possession Chuban (Yueban)in Jeti-su. A.N.Bernshtam correlated the Chinese "Yueban" with the tribal name Chuban and with related Chuyue, Chumi, Chumugun, all of them descendants of the Huns. The Chuyue branch, intermixing with Turkuts, formed a tribe Shato in Southern Dzungaria, west from the lake Barkul. [5]
The Chuban (Yueban) Huns took advantage of Abar weakness, and spread to the whole Jeti-su. Later, Abars returned to the Jeti-su, but not any more as an independent tribe. They had to cooperate with Mukrins, one of Syanbi tribes that in the 2nd century AD carted to the Tianshan slopes, and retained there their independence for some time under a name of a Western Syanbi horde. [6]
In 448 Toba Dao received an embassy from Chuban (Yueban) princedom, from the Middle Asian branch of the Huns, who at that time were living in Tarbagatai and Western Dzungaria. Negotiations, recorded in history, meant a conclusion of an alliance which could have had only one purpose, a war with Jujans. If the Chubans would pressure Jujans from the west, the Jujans at once would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the Jujan Empire began declining. [7]
Based on his reconstructions of the events of the Chuban (Yueban) history, L.N.Gumilev argued against a widespread view that the Jujans were the "Abars" (Avars) who pushed Sabirs, starting a "Great Migration of people", because the Chuban (Yueban) state separated Jujan Empire from the Siberia peoples, and therefore the Jujans did not border on Sabirs. [8]
By the 6th century CE the Chuy Hun, Abar, and Mukrins tribes merged and formed Turgesh people. The Chuban (Yueban) state survived to the end of 480es. Its independence was destroyed by Teleuts, who split from the Jujan Empire in 487. But the Teleut's luck was short-lived, first the Ephtalites conquered them in 495-496, then Jujans crushed them, and at last in 547 Turkuts subdued Teleuts. But the Chuban descendants of the Middle Asia Huns lived on. They formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban, playing a huge role during the existence of the Great Turkic Kaganate and thereafter, but at that time the Huns' descendants were already known under new tribal names. [9]
Theism, spirits, and magic
No records address Chuy Huns' religion, shamanic cures, and magic, though Chinese annals depict outward religious rites and magic. A narration about Yuebans tells about sorcerers, able to cause frost and rainstorm. During a war with Jujans, Yueban sorcerers incited a snowstorm against Jujans, who had so many frost-bitten that they had to stop their campaign and retreat. A similar legend is later told about Avar sorcerers in a war with Francs, and Naiman sorcerers against Chingis-Khan. [10]
See also
Chigils Turks
References
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph15.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph15.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/hph/hph16.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9 Note 26, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.7 http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/OT/ot07.htm (In Russian)