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{{Infobox Military Conflict |
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|conflict=Invasion of Italy |
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|partof=[[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]], [[World War II]] |
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|image=[[Image:ItalySalernoInvasion1943.jpg|300px]] |
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|caption=Troops and vehicles being landed under shell fire during the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943. |
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|date=[[3 September]], [[1943]] – [[16 September]], [[1943]] |
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|place=[[Salerno]], [[Calabria]] & [[Taranto]], [[Italy]] |
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|result=Allied victory |
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|combatant1={{UK}}<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}<br>{{flag|Canada|1921}}<br>{{flagicon|India|British}} [[India in World War II|India]] |
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|combatant2={{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}<br> {{flagicon|Italy|1861-state}} [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italy]] |
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|commander1={{flagicon|UK}} [[Harold Alexander]]<br>{{flagicon|UK}} [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]]<br>{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Mark Wayne Clark]]<br> |
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|commander2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Albert Kesselring]]<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]] |
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|strength1=190,000 |
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|strength2=100,000 |
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|casualties1=2,009 killed<br>7,050 wounded<br>3,501 missing |
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|casualties2=3,500 casualties |
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}} |
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{{Campaignbox Italy}} |
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The '''Allied invasion of Italy''', was the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of mainland [[Italy]] in September 1943, by General [[Harold Alexander]]'s [[15th Army Group]] (comprising [[Mark Wayne Clark|Mark Clark]]'s [[Fifth United States Army|U.S. Fifth Army]] and [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery's]] [[British Eighth Army]]) during [[World War II]]. The operation followed the successful [[Allied invasion of Sicily|invasion of Sicily]] during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]. The main invasion force landed around [[Salerno]] on the western coast in '''Operation Avalanche''', while two supporting operations took place in [[Calabria]] ('''Operation Baytown''') and [[Taranto]] ('''[[Operation Slapstick]]'''). |
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==Background== |
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===Allied strategy=== |
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Following the defeat of the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis Powers]] in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], there was disagreement between the Allies as to what the next step should be. [[Winston Churchill]] in particular wanted to invade Italy, which he called the "underbelly of Europe" (commonly misquoted as "soft underbelly"). Popular support in Italy for the war was declining, and he believed an invasion would remove Italy, and thus the influence of the [[Regia Marina]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], opening it to Allied traffic. This would make it much easier to supply Allied forces in the [[Middle East]] and [[Far East]], and increase [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[United States|American]] supplies to the [[Soviet Union]]. In addition, it would tie down [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces, keeping them away from the planned [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy - Operation Overlord]]. |
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However, General [[George Marshall]] and much of the American staff wanted to undertake no operations that might delay the Normandy invasion. When it became clear that ''Operation Overlord'' could not be undertaken in 1943, it was agreed forces in North Africa should be used to invade Sicily, with no commitment made to any follow-up operations. |
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Joint Allied Forces Headquarters [[AFHQ]] were operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations|Mediterranean theatre]], and it was they who planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland. |
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The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] in July 1943, codenamed ''Operation Husky'', was highly successful, although many of the Axis forces there were allowed to avoid capture and escape to the mainland. More importantly a ''[[coup]]'' deposed [[Benito Mussolini]] as head of the Italian government, which then began approaching the Allies to make peace. It was believed a quick invasion of Italy might hasten an Italian surrender and produce quick military victories over the German troops that could be trapped fighting in a hostile country. However, Italian (and more so German) resistance proved relatively strong, and fighting in Italy continued even after the [[Battle of Berlin|fall of Berlin]]. In addition, the invasion left the Allies in a position of supplying food and supplies to conquered territory, a burden which would otherwise have fallen on Germany. As well, Italy occupied by a hostile German army would have created additional problems for the German Commander-in-Chief [[Albert Kesselring|Albrecht von Kesselring]].<ref>John Grigg, ''1943:The Victory that Never Was''</ref> |
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===Plan=== |
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[[Image:Invasionofitaly1943.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Invasion of Italy.]] |
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Prior to Sicily, Allied plans envisioned crossing the Strait of Messina, a limited invasion in the "instep" area (Taranto), and advancing up the toe of Italy, anticipating a defense by both German and Italian forces. The overthrow of [[Mussolini]] and the ''Fascisti'' made a more ambitious plan feasible, and the Allies decided to supplement the crossing of the Eight Army with a seizure of the port of Naples. They had a choice of two landing areas: one at the Volturno River basin and the other at Salerno, both at the range limits of Allied fighters based in Sicily. Salerno was chosen because it was closer to air bases, experienced better surf conditions for landing, allowed transport ships to anchor closer to the beaches, had narrower beaches for the rapid construction of exit roads, and had an excellent pre-existing road net behind the beaches. |
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''Operation Baytown'' was the preliminary step in the plan in which the [[British Eighth Army]] under General [[Bernard Montgomery]] would depart from the port of [[Messina]] on [[Sicily]], to cross the [[Straits of Messina]] and land near the tip of [[Calabria]] (the "toe" of Italy), on [[3 September]] [[1943]]. The short distance from Sicily meant [[landing craft]] could launch from there directly rather than be carried by ship. The [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 5th Infantry Division]] would land on the north side of the "toe" while the [[1st Canadian Infantry Division]] would land at Cape Spartivento on the south side. British General [[Bernard Montgomery]] was strongly opposed to ''Operation Baytown'' because he predicted it would be a waste of effort since it assumed the Germans would give battle in Calabria; if they failed to do so, the diversion would not work, and the only effect of the operation would be to place the Eighth Army 300 miles (550 km) south of the main landing at [[Salerno]]. He was proved correct; after ''Operation Baytown'' the Eighth Army marched 300 miles north to the Salerno area against no opposition other than engineer obstacles. |
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Plans for the use of airborne forces took several forms, all of which were cancelled. The initial plan to land airborne forces near Salerno in gliders as part of ''Operation Avalanche'' gave way to ''Operation Grant'', in which they would seize and hold crossings over the Volturno River. This was deemed logistically unsupportable and replaced tentatively by ''Operation Grant II'', a drop of the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]] on airfields near [[Rome]]. Because of the distance from the Allied beachheads at Salerno, this required the active cooperation of Italian forces, and 82nd Airborne Assistant Division Commander Brig. Gen. [[Maxwell D. Taylor]] was spirited into Rome to negotiate. Taylor's judgment was that the operation would be a trap and he advised cancellation, which occurred [[September 8]]. |
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The main landings (''Operation Avalanche'') were scheduled to take place one week later on [[9 September]], during which the main force would land around Salerno on the western coast. It would consist of the [[Fifth United States Army]] under Lieutenant-General [[Mark W. Clark]], comprising the [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]] under Major-General [[Ernest J. Dawley]], the [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]] under Lieutenant-General [[Richard McCreery]], with the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|U.S. 82nd Airborne Division]] in reserve, a total of eight divisions and two brigade-sized units. Its primary objectives were to seize the port of [[Naples]] to ensure resupply, and to cut across to the east coast, trapping Axis troops further south. The [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 1st Airborne Division]] would be landed by sea near [[Taranto]], on the "heel" of Italy in ''[[Operation Slapstick]]'', as a diversion for Salerno. Their task was to capture the port and several nearby airfields and link with the Eighth Army before pressing north to join the Fifth Army near [[Foggia]]. |
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The plan was daring but flawed; The 5th Army would be landing on a very broad 35-mile front, using only three assault divisions, and the two Corps were widely-separated both in distance and by a river. Furthermore, the terrain was highly favorable to the defender. A US Army Ranger force under Colonel [[William O. Darby]] consisting of three US Ranger battalions and two British Commando units was tasked with holding the mountain passes leading to Naples, but no plan existed for linking the Ranger force up with X Corps' follow-up units. Finally, although tactical surprise was unlikely, Clark ordered no naval preparatory bombardment take place, despite experience in the [[Pacific Theatre]] demonstrating it was necessary.<ref>Grigg</ref> |
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Six German divisions were positioned to cover possible landing sites on the western coast of Italy from Rome to the toe, including the [[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|Hermann Goering Panzer Division]], [[German 26th Panzer Division|26th]] and [[German 16th Panzer Division|16th]] [[Panzer]] Divisions, the [[33rd Infantry Division (Germany)|15th]] and [[29th Infantry Division (Germany)|29th]] [[Panzergrenadier]] Divisions, and the [[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)|2nd]] [[Fallschirmjäger]] (Parachute) Division. [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]], the [[German Tenth Army]] commander, specifically positioned the 16th Panzer Division in the hills above the Salerno plain. |
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''Operation Avalanche'' was planned under the name ''Top Hat'' and supported by a deception plan ''[[Operation Boardman]]'', a false threat of an Allied invasion of the [[Balkans]]. |
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==Battle== |
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===Operations in southern Italy=== |
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[[Image:Mark w clark 1943.jpg|thumb|300px|US General [[Mark Wayne Clark]] on board [[USS Ancon (AGC-4)|USS ''Ancon'']] during the landings at Salerno, Italy, [[12 September]] [[1943]].]] |
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[[Image:Ww2 allied advance prato italy.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The 370th Regiment advances through [[Prato, Italy]].]] |
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In ''Operation Baytown'' on [[3 September]] [[1943]], the first troops ashore on the mainland were the British Eighth Army, which included British and Canadian troops, under General [[Bernard Montgomery]]. Opposition to the landings was light; the Italian units surrendered almost immediately, leaving a single German regiment to defend 17 miles (27 km) of coast. [[Albert Kesselring]] and his staff did not believe the Calabria landings were the main Allied attack, the Salerno region or possibly even north of Rome being the more logical points of attack. He therefore ordered General [[Traugott Herr]]'s [[LXXVI Panzerkorps|LXXVI Panzer Corps]] to pull back from engagement with 8th Army and delay them with demolition of bridges. Thus Montgomery's objections to the operation were proved correct: the Eighth Army could not tie down German units that refused battle, and the main obstacle to their advance was the terrain and German demolitions of roads and bridges. By [[8 September]], Kesselring had concentrated [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]'s 10th Army, ready to make a rapid response to any Allied landing.<ref>Lloyd Clark, ''Anzio'', p20</ref> |
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On [[8 September]], before the main invasion, the [[armistice with Italy|surrender of Italy]] to the Allies was announced. Italian units ceased combat, and the Navy sailed to Allied ports to surrender. However the German forces in Italy were prepared for such an eventuality and moved to disarm Italian units and occupy important defensive positions. |
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''Operation Slapstick'' commenced on [[9 September]], during which the British 1st Airborne Division was landed at Taranto, an important naval base. Since the Italians surrendered the previous day and since few [[Germany|German]] forces were in the area, the British troops were landed directly into the port from warships rather than carrying out an amphibious assault. Resistance was slight, and the town and ports were captured almost immediately and quickly secured with few losses. |
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===Salerno landings=== |
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''Operation Avalanche'' - the main invasion at Salerno by the United States Fifth Army - began on [[9 September]], and in order to secure surprise, the decision had been taken to assault without preliminary naval or aerial bombardment. Tactical surprise was however not achieved, as the naval commanders had predicted. As the first wave of the [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 36th Infantry Division]] approached the shore at Paestum a loudspeaker from the landing area proclaimed in English: ''"Come on in and give up. We have you covered."'' The Allied troops attacked nonetheless. |
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X Corps, composed of the British [[46th (North Midland) Division|46th]] and [[56th (London) Division (United Kingdom)|56th Divisions]] and a light infantry force of [[U.S. Rangers]] and [[Royal Marine]] [[British Commandos|Commando]]s, experienced mixed reactions to its landings. The Rangers were unopposed and seized their mountain pass objectives. The Commandos came ashore against light resistance and captured the city of Salerno quickly. The two infantry divisions, however, met determined resistance and had to fight their way ashore with the help of naval bombardments. The depth and intensity of German resistance forced British commanders to concentrate their forces, rather than driving for a linkup with the Americans to the south. |
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At [[Paestum]], the Germans had established artillery and machine-gun posts and dispersed tanks through the landing zones that made progress difficult. The 36th Division had not been in combat before, and despite being slow to organize, the beach areas were successfully taken. Around 07:00 a concerted counterattack was made by the 16th Panzer division. It caused heavy casualties but was beaten off with naval gunfire support. To the south, the 1st Battalion of the division's 141st Infantry Regiment, was pinned down in an all day battle and out of radio contact. |
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Because the British and American beachheads were still separated by a five mile gap, all of which was in the area assigned to the two British divisions, the Corps boundaries were re-drawn to facilitate X Corps' operations, assigning most of the unsecured area to VI Corps. The two forces linked up by the end of day two and occupied 35-45 miles (55-70 km) of coast line to a depth of six or seven miles (10-12 km). |
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===German counterattacks=== |
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During [[12 September]]-[[14 September]], the Germans began a concerted counterattack with parts of six divisions of motorised troops, hoping to throw the Salerno [[beachhead]] into the sea before it could link with the British 8th Army. Heavy casualties were inflicted; the American troops especially were too thinly spread to be able to resist concentrated attacks. The entire 2nd Battalion 143rd Infantry of the 36th Division was trapped between German tank thrusts and virtually destroyed. |
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On the left of the VI Corps, where the [[U.S. 45th Infantry Division]] had landed and moved into the line to fill the area formerly assigned to 10 Corps, German Panzer units made significant gains. On [[13 September]], the right of the 45th Division gave way, driving a salient between the two American divisions where the [[Sele River]] and [[Calore Lucano]] river merged. The German armored attack, approximately 4 miles from the forward supply dumps on the beachhead, was stopped by artillery, naval gunfire, and a makeshift infantry position manned by artillerymen. |
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The forward units of both divisions were withdrawn behind the T. La Caso (river) to reduce the length of defensive lines. The new perimeter was held with the assistance of the 82nd Airborne Division. Two battalions (1,800 paratroops) of the [[504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] jumped on the night of [[13 September]] inside the beachhead and moved immediately into the line on the right of VI Corps. The next night, with the crisis passed, the [[505th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] also parachuted into the beachhead and reinforced the 504th. The [[325th Glider Infantry Regiment]], reinforced by the 3rd Battalion 504th PIR, landed by sea on [[15 September]]. |
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With strong naval gunfire support, and well-served by Fifth Army's artillery, the reinforced and reorganized infantry units defeated all German attempts on [[14 September]] to find a weak spot in the lines. German losses, particularly in tanks, were severe. German probes continued on [[15 September]], but when it became clear early on [[16 September]] that the Allies were too strong and well-positioned to be displaced, von Vietinghoff ordered 10th Army to withdraw to the north, covered by skilled delaying actions. Patrols in both Allied corps areas on [[17 September]] found that the Germans had broken contact everywhere on the beachhead, and after re-securing all objectives on [[18 September]], Fifth Army began its advance north. |
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General [[Mark W. Clark]] was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], the second-highest U.S. award for valor in combat, for his front-line leadership during this crisis. He was frequently seen in the most forward positions encouraging the troops. However, in the opinion of historian Carlo D'Este, Clark's poor planning of the operation caused the crisis in the first place. Clark himself blamed the slowness of the Eighth Army for the beachhead crisis, for which there was at least some validity. On [[9 September]], the day of the landings, Montgomery had stopped his advance for two days to give Eighth Army a rest. |
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The Salerno battle was also the site of the [[Salerno Mutiny]] instigated by about 600 men of the British X Corps, who on [[16 September]] refused assignment to new units as replacements. They had previously understood that they would be returning to their own units from which they had been separated during the fighting in the [[North African Campaign]], mainly because they had been wounded. Eventually the corps commander, McCreery, persuaded most of the men to follow their orders. The [[Non-commissioned officer|NCOs]] who led the mutiny were sentenced to death but were eventually allowed to rejoin units and the sentence was not carried out. |
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===Further Allied advances=== |
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[[Image:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943 4.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Map of the [[Winter Line|German prepared defensive lines south of Rome]].]] |
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With the Salerno beachhead secure, the Fifth Army began its attack northwest towards Naples on [[19 September]]. The 82nd Airborne, after suffering serious casualties near [[Altavilla Silentina]], was shifted to X Corps, joining the Rangers and the [[British 23rd Armoured Brigade]] on the Sorrento Peninsula to flank the German defenses at [[Nocera]], which the [[46th (North Midland) Division]] attacked. The [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]], passing through the 46th Division, was assigned the task of taking Naples, while the newly landed [[U.S. 3rd Infantry Division]] took [[Acerno]] on [[22 September]] and [[Avellino]] on [[28 September]]. |
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The 8th Army had been making good progress from the "toe" in the face of German engineer actions and linked with the 1st Airborne Division on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic coast]]. It united the left of its front with the Fifth Army's right on [[16 September]] and advancing up the Adriatic coast captured the airfields near Foggia on [[27 September]]. Foggia was a major Allied objective because the large airfield complex there would give the Allied air forces the ability to strike new targets in France, Germany and the Balkans. |
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Squadron A of the [[1st King's Dragoon Guards|King's Dragoon Guards]] entered Naples on [[1 October]] and the entire Fifth Army, now consisting of three British and five U.S. divisions, reached the line of the [[Volturno]] River on [[6 October]]. This provided a natural defensive barrier, securing Naples, the Campainian Plain and the vital airfields on it from German counterattack. Meanwhile, on the Adriatic coast, the British 8th Army had advanced to a line from [[Campobasso]] to [[Larino]] and [[Termoli]] on the Biferno river. |
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==Aftermath== |
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The German 10th Army had come close to defeating the Salerno beachhead. Despite using six divisions of tanks and mechanzed infantry, the German attacks had not had sufficient forces to both break through Allied lines and exploit the gains in the face of Allied artillery and naval gunfire support. The Allies had been fortunate that at this time [[Adolf Hitler]] had sided with the view of his Army Group commander in Northern Italy, [[Erwin Rommel|Field Marshall Erwin Rommel]], and decided that defending Italy south of Rome was not a strategic priority. As a result, the Army Group Commander in southern Italy, Field Marshall Albert Kesselring had been forbidden to call upon reserves from the northern Army Group. |
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The subsequent success of the 10th Army in inflicting heavy casualties, and Kesselring's strategic arguments, led Hitler to agree that the Allies should be kept away from German borders and prevented from gaining the oil resources of the Balkans. On [[6 November]]<ref> Orgill, ''The Gothic Line'', p5</ref> Hitler withdrew Rommel to oversee the build-up of defenses in northern France and gave Kesselring command of the whole of Italy with a remit to keep Rome in German hands for as long as possible.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/70-7_12.htm Mavrogordato,] p. 321</ref> |
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By early October, the whole of southern Italy was in Allied hands, and the Allied armies stood facing the [[Volturno Line]], the first of a series of prepared defensive lines running across Italy from which the Germans chose to fight delaying actions, giving ground slowly and buying time to complete their preparation of the [[Winter Line]], their strongest defensive line south of Rome. The next stage of the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] became for the Allied armies a grinding and attritional slog against skillful, determined and well prepared defenses in terrain and weather conditions which favoured defense and hampered the Allied advantages in mechanised equipment and air superiority. It took until mid-January 1944 to fight through the [[Volturno Line|Volturno]], [[Barbara Line|Barbara]] and [[Bernhardt Line|Bernhardt]] lines to reach the Gustav Line, the backbone of the [[Winter Line]] defenses, setting the scene for the four [[Battle of Monte Cassino|battles of Monte Cassino]] which took place between January and May 1944. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] |
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* [[Military history of Italy during World War II]] |
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* [[European Theatre of World War II]] |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<div class="references-small"></div> |
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==References== |
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*{{cite book | author=Clark, Lloyd | title=Anzio | publisher=Headline Publishing Group, London | year=2006 | id=ISBN 0 7553 1420 1}} |
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*{{cite book | author=D'Este, Carlo | title=Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome | publisher= | year=1991 | id=ISBN 0-06-092148-X}} |
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*{{cite book | author=Fifth Army Historical Section| url=http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/salerno/sal-fm.htm#cont |title=Salerno American Operations From the Beaches to the Volturno 9 September - 6 October 1943 | series=CMH Online bookshelves: American Forces in Action Series | publisher=US Army Center of Military History|location=Washington| year=1990| origyear=1944| id=CMH Pub 100-7}} |
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*{{cite book | author=Grigg, John | title=1943: The Victory that Never Was | publisher=Kensington Pub Corp | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0-8217-1596-8}} |
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*{{cite book | first=Ralph S.|last=Mavrogordato| url=http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/70-7_0.htm |title=Command Decisions | chapterurl=http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/70-7_12.htm| series=CMH Online bookshelves| publisher=US Army Center of Military History|location=Washington| year=2000 |origyear=1960| id=CMH Pub 72-7| chapter=Chapter 12: Hitler's Decision on the Defense of Italy| editor=Greenfield, Kent Roberts}} |
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*{{cite book | author=Muhm, Gerhard | title=La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia, in Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani, (Hrsg.) | publisher=Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas|location=Roma |language=Italian| year=1993 | id=}} |
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*{{cite web| author=Muhm, Gerhard | title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign | language=in English| url=http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm | year= | id=}} |
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*{{cite book | first=Douglas| last=Orgill | title=The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944)| publisher =Heinemann |location= London |year= 1967}} |
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*{{cite book | first=Col. Kenneth V.|last=Smith| url=http://www.army.mil/cmh/brochures/naples/72-17.htm |title=Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944 | series=CMH Online bookshelves: World War II Campaigns |publisher=US Army Center of Military History|location=Washington| year=1990?| id=CMH Pub 72-17}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/pages/Second-war/Italy.html British Army museum on Italian Campaign]Bad link |
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*[http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/secondwar/Italy&CFID=7306822&CFTOKEN=14403978 Canada and the Italian Campaign] |
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*[http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsItaly.htm Details of naval operations around the Italian landings] |
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* [http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/sicilianitalian_e.html Online Canadian World War 2 Newspaper Archives - The Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, 1943-1945] |
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*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers and Second World War (Italy) |
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*[http://www.worldwar2history.info/Italy/ Summary of the Italian Campaign] |
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*[http://www.ku.edu/carrie/specoll/AFS/4/e/4e4.html University of Kansas Electronic Library]Bad link |
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*[http://www.btinternet.com/~oneofmany/html/avalanche.html One of Many - Overview of 10 Corps operations at Salerno] |
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{{World War II}} |
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</noinclude> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Italy, Allied Invasion of}} |
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[[Category:Invasions]] |
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[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign]] |
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[[Category:Italian Campaign]] |
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[[cs:vylodění v Itálii]] |
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[[de:Operation Avalanche (Zweiter Weltkrieg)]] |
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[[fr:Opération Avalanche]] |
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[[it:Operazione Avalanche]] |
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[[he:פלישת בעלות הברית לאיטליה]] |
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[[ja:アヴァランチ作戦]] |
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[[no:Operasjon Avalanche]] |
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[[ro:Operaţiunea Avalanşa]] |
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[[ru:Высадка в Италии]] |
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[[fi:Malline:Toinen maailmansota]] |
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[[zh:入侵義大利]] |
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Revision as of 20:27, 28 January 2008
Harlan anderson did all this page too