Circle line (London Underground)

Template:Otheruses2 Template:Infobox TfL line The Circle line of the London Underground became known as such in 1949, when it was designated separately from its parent lines, the Metropolitan line and the District line, although it had been shown on Underground maps since 1947 (see history below). Because of this, it can be thought of as a "virtual line", as the Circle line does not have any stations for its sole use and only has two short sections of track over which it operates exclusively: the chords between High Street Kensington and Gloucester Road, and between Tower Hill and Aldgate. The line has direct interchanges (i.e. stops at the underground station attached to the National Rail station) with most of the major London terminals. Some do not have a direct interchange:

• Charing Cross - on the Bakerloo and Northern. Embankment is commonly designated on maps as having interchange with London Charing Cross within a 'short walk'.
• Euston - on the Victoria and Northern. Euston Square is commonly designated on maps as having interchange with London Euston within a 'short walk'.
• Fenchurch Street - Fenchurch Street does not have its own tube station, but Tower Hill is within a short walk.
• London Bridge - on the Northern and Jubilee. London Bridge is located south of the Thames, but most of the National Rail services stopping there carry on to a station that is on the Circle Line.
• Marylebone - on the Bakerloo. Marylebone is located between Edgware Road and Baker Street on the Circle line. and
• Waterloo - on the Bakerloo, Northern, Jubilee and Waterloo & City. Waterloo is located south of the Thames, but the two stop Waterloo & City line has its other terminus at Bank, whih connects with the Circle at Monument.

As the name implies, trains on the line run a continuous circuit. A complete journey around the line would take 45 minutes, but time-tabling constraints mean that each train has a scheduled two-minute stop at High Street Kensington and Aldgate, extending the time required for a full circuit to 49 minutes. This allows the service to operate with seven trains in each direction with a seven-minute service interval. It has 27 stations and 14 miles (22.5 km) of track. There are usually quicker routes on other lines when travelling from south to north or vice versa. In the north, east and west of central London, the Circle line approximately outlines Travelcard Zone 1, but in the south there is a substantial portion of the zone outside the Circle line. It and the two-stop Waterloo & City line are the only lines completely within Zone 1. Out of the 27 stations served, most have Circle line platforms that are wholly or almost wholly underground, while those at Edgware Road, Farringdon, Barbican, Aldgate, Sloane Square, South Kensington, High Street Kensington, Notting Hill Gate and Paddington are in cuttings or under train-sheds. However these are still all below street level, albeit only a few feet.

History

Main article: Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Railways

The route now known as the Circle line was authorised when Acts of Parliament in 1853 and 1854 empowered the Metropolitan Railway (MR) and the Metropolitan District Railway (MDR) to construct the world's first underground railway in central London. From an initial section between Farringdon and Paddington stations, the route was gradually extended at each end. Financial difficulties in the construction of the section through the City of London as well as animosity between the two railway companies delayed completion of the full circuit until 6 October 1884, although it had been known as the Inner Circle since the 1870s.

Trains on the route were originally hauled by steam engines, but electrification was started with an experimental section in 1900. A disagreement between the two companies over the method of electrification delayed the exercise, so that the first electric trains were introduced gradually over the 11 days to 24 September 1905.

The introduction of this line took over many parts of the Metropolitan Line, confining it to the north-west and making it have no interchange with the Metropolitan Line.

Other circle routes

The Inner Circle and other circular routes

The success of the Inner Circle led to the operation of three other "circular" routes within the capital, over existing main line routes and sections of the Inner Circle tracks. Like the Inner Circle at the time they were established, none of them was actually a complete circle:

• Middle Circle: Aldgate to Mansion House via Addison Road (now Kensington Olympia)
• Outer Circle: Broad Street to Mansion House via Willesden Junction
• Super Outer Circle: St. Pancras to Earl's Court via Cricklewood and South Acton

These routes failed to attract the passenger numbers hoped for. The Super Outer Circle lasted only two years; the other two routes lasted longer, but were eventually cut back and finally ended (see the map for details). Other services on the lines continued. Today parts of the Outer Circle and Super Outer Circle routes are operated by London Overground trains on the North London Line. Plans to complete an outer rail loop have been relaunched under the name Orbirail.

7 July 2005 terrorist attack

Main article: 7 July 2005 London bombings

On 7 July 2005, two Circle line trains were bombed. The blasts occurred almost simultaneously at 08:50 BST, one between Liverpool Street and Aldgate and the other on a train at Edgware Road.

Following the attacks, the whole of the Circle line was closed. While most other lines re-opened on 8 July, the Circle remained closed for several weeks, reopening a little less than a month after the attacks, on 4 August. 14 people were killed by the blasts on the Circle line trains. A third attack occurred on the Piccadilly line between King's Cross St Pancras and Russell Square.

Trains

All Circle line trains are in the distinctive London Underground livery of red, white and blue and are the larger of the two sizes used on the network. These trains use C stock, introduced 1969-70, and also in 1978. They are expected to be replaced with S Stock by 2012.

See London Underground rolling stock for more information

Depots

The principal depot for the Circle line is at Hammersmith, but there are several other sidings at Barking, Triangle Sidings (in Kensington) and Farringdon.]

Future

Template:Future uk public transportation The Circle line could cease to exist in its current form in 2011 and be merged with the Hammersmith & City line to form a spiral route. The new route would run from Hammersmith to Paddington and then do a complete loop of the current Circle line, terminating at Edgware Road.

Orbital routes have an intrinsic timetabling robustness problem. The trains are constantly "in orbit" so there is little scope for "recovery time" if they are delayed. A single delay can have long lasting knock on effects and be much more disruptive than on a non-orbital railway. Recovery time can be created by timetabling for longer stops at some stations but this increases journey times and reduces train frequency. The proposed spiral route would remove this problem because there would be adequate recovery time at both ends of the route.

Map

Stations

Circle line
Hammersmith District and Piccadilly lines Hammersmith Hammersmith depot Goldhawk Road Shepherd's Bush (MR) Shepherd's Bush Market White City Wood Lane │ White City Central line West London Line Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove GWML to Bristol Elizabeth line via Acton Main Line Westbourne Park Royal Oak Paddington Bayswater Notting Hill Gate Elizabeth line via Bond Street Edgware Road High Street Kensington Metropolitan line to Harrow District line via Earl's Court Baker Street Gloucester Road South Kensington Great Portland Street Euston Square │ Euston Sloane Square King's Cross St Pancras Victoria Thameslink via St Pancras St James's Park King's Cross Metropolitan Westminster Clerkenwell not built Embankment City Widened Lines Temple Elizabeth line via Bond Street Farringdon Blackfriars City Thameslink Mansion House Barbican Cannon Street Monument Moorgate Mark Lane Liverpool Street Tower Hill Elizabeth line via Whitechapel Tower Gateway Aldgate District and Hammersmith & City lines via Aldgate East

in order, clockwise from Paddington

• Paddington, for Great Western Main Line
• Edgware Road
• Baker Street
• Great Portland Street
• Euston Square, for Euston station and West Coast Main Line
• King's Cross St Pancras for St. Pancras International (Eurostar, Midland Main Line, High Speed 1) and King's Cross (East Coast Main Line)
• Farringdon
• Barbican
• Moorgate
• Liverpool Street for Great Eastern Main Line
• Aldgate
• Tower Hill
• Monument
• Cannon Street
• Mansion House
• Blackfriars
• Temple
• Embankment
• Westminster
• St. James's Park
• Victoria for Chatham Main Line and Brighton Main Line
• Sloane Square
• South Kensington
• Gloucester Road
• High Street Kensington
• Notting Hill Gate
• Bayswater

Wheel wear

As trains are constantly running in the same direction around the line, the wear on the wheels becomes uneven. To combat this, one train per day travels from Tower Hill to Liverpool Street via Aldgate East, instead of directly via Aldgate. This reverses the train, and puts the wear on the opposite set of wheels.

Trivia

• The Circle Line Pub Crawl aims to visit each Circle line station in turn, drinking a half pint or shot in a pub near to each. This is a popular event on the Saturday closest to Waitangi Day.

• There were, in 2004, three occurrences of a Circle Line Party. These were promoted by grassroots organisations such as the Space Hijackers, and involve the "hijacking" of a Circle line train.

• Composer Robert Steadman wrote an experimental composition titled Mind the Gap for cello and orchestra, which depicts a journey around the Circle line of the London Underground, beginning and ending with the performers shouting "Mind the gap!

• The Circle line is mentioned in the Siouxsie and the Banshees song "Circle" from their 1982 album A Kiss in the Dreamhouse.

• Circle Line is the title of a track on Fish's 2007 album 13th Star.

• The Cast Off knitting club sometimes holds knit-ins on the Circle line

Gallery

• 
  Bayswater station on the Circle and District lines, 2008
• 
  Bayswater station roundel

External links

• Circle line - London Underground website
• Subsurface network (SSL) upgrade - Information about planned changes to the route.
• Proposals for the Upgrade of the Sub-surface lines.
• The Circle line Pub Crawl website