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The gang has moved beyond its Salvadoran and American origins and now can be found in other nations, including Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, England and Germany, according to international press on criminal activity. Membership in the U.S.A. was believed to be about 20,000 and 100,000, world wide as of 2005.<ref name="nprnews">[[Mandalit Del Barco|del Barco, Mandalit]] ([[2005-03-17]], 20,000 in the U.S.). "[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4539688 The International Reach of the Mara Salvatrucha]". ''NPR News''. Retrieved [[2006-11-15]].</ref> Maras criminal activities include [[illegal drug trade|drug smuggling and sales]], black market gun sales, [[trafficking in human beings|human trafficking]], [[assassination]]s for hire, [[theft]], and assaults on law enforcement officials.<ref name="drugintelligence-va">"[http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs07/797/marijuan.htm Marijuana - Virginia Drug Threat Assessment]". Drug Intelligence Center (March 2002).</ref>
The gang has moved beyond its Salvadoran and American origins and now can be found in other nations, including Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, England and Germany, according to international press on criminal activity. Membership in the U.S.A. was believed to be about 20,000 and 100,000, world wide as of 2005.<ref name="nprnews">[[Mandalit Del Barco|del Barco, Mandalit]] ([[2005-03-17]], 20,000 in the U.S.). "[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4539688 The International Reach of the Mara Salvatrucha]". ''NPR News''. Retrieved [[2006-11-15]].</ref> Maras criminal activities include [[illegal drug trade|drug smuggling and sales]], black market gun sales, [[trafficking in human beings|human trafficking]], [[assassination]]s for hire, [[theft]], and assaults on law enforcement officials.<ref name="drugintelligence-va">"[http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs07/797/marijuan.htm Marijuana - Virginia Drug Threat Assessment]". Drug Intelligence Center (March 2002).</ref>


Their activities have caught the eye of the FBI, who in September 2005 initiated wide-scale raids against suspected gang members, netting 660 arrests across the country.<ref name="cbsnews">Rather, Dan ([[2005-12-04]])."[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/01/60minutes/main1090941.shtml The Fight Against Maras]". ''CBS News''. Retrieved [[2006-11-16]].</ref> In the United States, the gang's strongholds have historically been in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]], [[New York City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], [[Southern California]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Northern Virginia]], [[Maryland]], the [[Hampton Roads]] area of [[Virginia]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Michigan]], and [[Alabama]]. In Allentown and other areas, the gang is known for its street [[grafitti]], which is used to depict their presence on certain blocks and also sometimes provides clues to their forthcoming crimes, including murder, robbery, narcotics, and especially as a prediction of retalitatory violence.
Their activities have caught the eye of the FBI, who in September 2005 initiated wide-scale raids against suspected gang members, netting 660 arrests across the country.<ref name="cbsnews">Rather, Dan ([[2005-12-04]])."[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/01/60minutes/main1090941.shtml The Fight Against Maras]". ''CBS News''. Retrieved [[2006-11-16]].</ref> In the United States, the gang's strongholds have historically been in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]], [[New York City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], [[Southern California]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Northern Virginia]], [[Maryland]], the [[Hampton Roads]] area of [[Virginia]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Michigan]], [[Missouri]], and [[Alabama]]. In Allentown and other areas, the gang is known for its street [[grafitti]], which is used to depict their presence on certain blocks and also sometimes provides clues to their forthcoming crimes, including murder, robbery, narcotics, and especially as a prediction of retalitatory violence.


Former gang member [[Brenda Paz]] has said that MS is well structured, with multiple leaders, and that the gang's goal is to become the top gang in the United States.<ref name="cbsnews" />
Former gang member [[Brenda Paz]] has said that MS is well structured, with multiple leaders, and that the gang's goal is to become the top gang in the United States.<ref name="cbsnews" />

Revision as of 18:58, 15 February 2008

MS gang member with gang's name tattooed on his back.
File:Thanh vien ms 13.jpg

Mara Salvatrucha refers to large gangs involved in criminal activities in Central America and the United States. The gang names are commonly abbreviated as MS[1], Mara, and MS-13, and are composed mostly of Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, and other Central Americans. The Mara Salvatrucha gangs have cliques, or factions, located throughout the United States and Latin America.

The gang has moved beyond its Salvadoran and American origins and now can be found in other nations, including Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, England and Germany, according to international press on criminal activity. Membership in the U.S.A. was believed to be about 20,000 and 100,000, world wide as of 2005.[2] Maras criminal activities include drug smuggling and sales, black market gun sales, human trafficking, assassinations for hire, theft, and assaults on law enforcement officials.[3]

Their activities have caught the eye of the FBI, who in September 2005 initiated wide-scale raids against suspected gang members, netting 660 arrests across the country.[4] In the United States, the gang's strongholds have historically been in Allentown, Pennsylvania, New York City, New Jersey, Miami, Southern California, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, Maryland, the Hampton Roads area of Virginia, Richmond, Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama. In Allentown and other areas, the gang is known for its street grafitti, which is used to depict their presence on certain blocks and also sometimes provides clues to their forthcoming crimes, including murder, robbery, narcotics, and especially as a prediction of retalitatory violence.

Former gang member Brenda Paz has said that MS is well structured, with multiple leaders, and that the gang's goal is to become the top gang in the United States.[4]

History

La Mara Salvatrucha gang originated in Los Angeles.[5] There is some dispute about the etymology of the name (see below: Etymology). The most common belief is that the word "Mara" refers to the Spanish word for "gang", and "Salvatrucha" (which is Spanish slang) for "Salvadoran army ant". Alternatively, it is suggested that "Salvatrucha" refers to the Salvadoran peasant guerrillas[citation needed], the source of much of the gang's early manpower. The gang was set up in Los Angeles in 1980's by Salvadoran immigrants in the city's Pico-Union neighborhood.[6]

Originally, the gang's main purpose was to protect Salvadoran immigrants from other, more established gangs of Los Angeles, who were predominately comprised of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans. For this reason, the gang initially allowed only Salvadorans to join, but later allowed other Hispanics to join as well.[citation needed].

Many Mara Salvatrucha gang members from the Los Angeles area have been deported either because of their illegal status in the United States, or for committing crimes as non-citizens, or both. As a result of these deportations, members of La Mara Salvatrucha have recruited more members in their home countries. The Los Angeles Times contends that deportation policies have contributed to the size and influence of the gang both in the United States and in Central America. El Salvadoran authorities report that approximately 60% of prison inmates serving time for gang-related crimes there have either fled prosecution or been deported from the United States.[7] But Now we've Got Around The 250.000/275.000 Clan Members

Infamous crimes

On July 23, 2003, Brenda Paz, a 17-year old female, was found murdered on the banks of the Shenandoah River in Virginia. Brenda Paz was killed for "snitching" or telling the police about how Mara Salvatrucha was running and getting her ex-boyfriend arrested for murdering a teen who he thought was in a gang. Four of her friends were later convicted of the murder.[8]

On December 23, 2004, one of the most widely publicized MS-13 crimes in Central America happened in Chamelecón, Honduras. An intercity bus was intercepted and sprayed with automatic gunfire, killing 28 passengers most of whom were women and children. [9] Those convicted were MS-13 gang leaders and in February 2007 the courts found Juan Carlos Miranda Bueso and Darwin Alexis Ramírez guilty of several crimes including murder and attempted murder. Ebert Anibal Rivera was held over the attack and was arrested in Texas after having fled [10]. Juan Bautista Jimenez, accused of masterminding the attack, was killed in prison. According to the authorities, he was hanged by fellow Mara inmates.

On May 13, 2006, Ernesto "Smokey" Miranda was murdered at his home in El Salvador, a few hours after declining to attend a party for a gang member who had just been released from prison. He had begun studying law and working to keep kids out of gangs. He was an Ex- high ranking soldier and founder of the MS gang.[11]

Illegal immigration and human smuggling

According to The Washington Times, MS-13 "is thought to have established a major smuggling center" in Mexico.[12] There were reports that MS-13 members were ordered to Arizona to target border guards and Minuteman Project volunteers.[13][14].

In 2005, Honduran Security Minister Oscar Alvarez and the President of El Salvador raised alarm by claiming that Al-Qaeda was meeting with MS-13 and other Central American gangs to help them infiltrate the United States. FBI agent Robert Clifford said that the U.S. intelligence community and governments of several Central American countries found there is no basis to believe that MS-13 is connected to Al-Qaeda or other Islamic radicals although he did visit Central America to discuss the issue.[15]

Robert Morales, a prosecutor for Guatemala, indicated to The Globe and Mail that some Central American gang members seek refugee status in Canada. Superintendent of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police integrated gang task force, John Robin, said in an interview that "I think [gang members] have a feeling that police here won't treat them in the harsh manner they get down there".[16] Robin noted that Canadian authorities "want to avoid ending up like the U.S., which is dealing with the problem of Central American gangsters on a much bigger scale".[16]

Etymology

There are various possible explanations for the name Mara Salvatrucha. Some sources state the gang is named for La Mara, a street in San Salvador, and the Salvatrucha guerrillas who fought in El Salvador's bloody civil war [17]. Additionally, the word mara means gang in Caliche and is taken from marabunta, the name of a fierce type of ant. "Salvatrucha" is a portmanteau of Salvadoran and trucha, a Caliche word for being alert, usually entailing preparedness for crime or abuse from police. Mara Salvatrucha is also commonly translated as Salvadoran Gang.

Gang markings and hand signs

An MS-13 suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the FBI created the MS-13 National Gang Task Force. A year later, the FBI helped create National Gang Intelligence Center.

Many Mara Salvatrucha members often cover themselves in tattoos. Common markings include "MS", "Salvadorian Pride" the "Devil Horns" the name of their clique and sometimes the number "13".[18] A December 2007 CNN internet news article stated that the gang was moving away from the tattoos in an attempt to commit crimes without being noticed. [19]

Members of MS-13, like members of most modern American gangs, utilize a system of hand signs for purposes of identification and communication. One of the most commonly displayed is the "devil's head" (formed by extending the first and fourth fingers of the hand while tucking in the middle and ring fingers with the thumb), which forms an M when displayed upside down. This hand sign is similar to the same symbol commonly seen displayed by heavy metal musicians and their fans, and it is alleged that the founders of Mara Salvatrucha copied the hand sign after having seen it at concerts.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Fight Against MS-13." _CBC News_. 04-12-2005. 60 Minutes. Accessed 14-11-2007. p.1 Note: See before last paragraph. The expression "MS" appears within this article as a term used by Brenda Paz. She says "...the three places MS will lead you – jail, hospital or the cemetery,..." and makes reference to the gang MS-13. This reference may be a violation of WP:SYNT.
  2. ^ del Barco, Mandalit (2005-03-17, 20,000 in the U.S.). "The International Reach of the Mara Salvatrucha". NPR News. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  3. ^ "Marijuana - Virginia Drug Threat Assessment". Drug Intelligence Center (March 2002).
  4. ^ a b Rather, Dan (2005-12-04)."The Fight Against Maras". CBS News. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  5. ^ NPR: The International Reach of the Mara Salvatrucha
  6. ^ NPR: The International Reach of the Mara Salvatrucha
  7. ^ Lopez, Robert J. (October 30, 2005). "Gang Uses Deportation to its Advantage to Flourish in the U.S." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-12-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Bradley, Paul (2005-04-10). "[1]".Potomac News Online. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  9. ^ BBC NEWS | Americas | Gang linked to Honduras massacre
  10. ^ BBC NEWS | Americas | Honduras massacre 'leader' held
  11. ^ del Barco, Mandalit (2006-05-16). "Gang Leader Shot to Death on Road to Reform". NPR News. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  12. ^ http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040928-123346-3928r.htm
  13. ^ http://www.washtimes.com/national/20050328-125306-7868r.htm
  14. ^ DailyBulletin.com - Report: MS-13 gang hired to murder Border Patrol
  15. ^ Danna Harman (2/23/2005). "U.S. steps up battle against Salvadoran gang MS-13". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-11-13. "The FBI, in concert with the U.S. intelligence community and governments of several Central American republics, have determined that there is no basis in fact to support this allegation of al-Qaeda or even radical Islamic ties to MS-13 (Mara Salvatrucha)," says Robert Clifford, director of the new task force. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b Mason, Gary (2008-01-07). "Canada is a haven to gangsters on the run". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2008-01-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ America's Most Dangerous Gang
  18. ^ Werner, Zach (2005-10-05). "FBI Targets MS-13 Street Gang". NewsHour Extra. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
  19. ^ "[2]"

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